Energy For Peaceful Purposes Research Articles

МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА РОССИИ И ИНДИИ В ОБЛАСТИ МИРНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

This article explores a framework for cooperation between Russia and India in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy with a view to providing a comprehensive analysis of the international legal acts in this field. The scientific novelty of the research is a reflection of the fact that it is the study in which international legal framework concerning cooperation between Russia and India in the field of nuclear energy are summarized, systematized and analyzed. It is mentioned that the Moscow-New Delhi relationship is based upon mutual needs: Indian energy needs and Russian strategic economic needs. The main agreements for cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy are the Kudankulam nuclear agreement (1988) and the intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes (2010). The legal acts on cooperation in the construction of additional nuclear power plant units at Kudankulam site are of special importance. The article finds, moreover, that the increasing of the number of reactors in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant has been expanding the India-Russian long-term partnership. India continues to view the expansion of its civilian nuclear sector as a critical element in the field of industry and decarbonization. In this regard, developing alternate nuclear fuel resources and civil nuclear cooperation agreements between Russia and India should be concluded.

“ATOMIC LAW” OR “NUCLEAR LAW”? AN ACADEMIC DISCUSSION REVISITED

The terms “atomic law” and “nuclear law” are regularly being (to a certain part as synonyms) used in both scientific and popular literature to refer to a body of legal norms, governing peaceful uses of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation, as provided by sources of international law (“international atomic law,” or “international nuclear law”), national legislation and a complex body of unbinding norms (soft law). Further, several other variations of these terms are also regularly used (such as “atomic energy law,” “nuclear energy law,” “international nuclear law,” “law of the atomic/nuclear energy,” etc.). This contribution aims to identify the origins of this terminological labyrinth and to deal with the perception of these terms in the legal scholarship. Further, this contribution deals with the recent perception of these terms in the legal science of major States, using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. This article aims to clarify the existing terminology, which is to large extent being used in the literature without an appropriate explanation. The author pleads for a consequent use of the term “nuclear law” (droit nucléaire, yadernoe pravo, Nuklearrecht, derecho nuclear, diritto nucleare) and presents arguments for such conclusion.

Fuel for thought? South Africa's position on the multilateralisation of the nuclear fuel cycle

ABSTRACTThe proponents of international nuclear fuel banks maintain that these banks will contribute to nuclear non-proliferation, whereas those opposing it maintain that nuclear weapon states support these banks in order to control and multilateralise the nuclear fuel cycle, thus preventing developing states from developing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Global inequalities pertaining to nuclear energy continue to persist despite developing states’ efforts to reform the international nuclear energy regime. Moreover, some developing states maintain that these nuclear fuel banks perpetuate inequality in international relations. This is one of the reasons why some leading developing states, such as Brazil and South Africa, oppose these banks. South Africa, for example, intends to re-establish its nuclear fuel cycle and has declared uranium a strategic resource. Against the aforesaid, this article, following a constructivist approach, analyses the emergence and social construction of nuclear fuel banks as a practical expression of nuclear non-proliferation norms. The discussion also considers the inter-subjective understanding of these banks, as well as South Africa’s opposition to them. The article concludes with an analysis of the implications of these opposing views for global equity, equality, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

Fusion Technology Information from ITER In-Vessel Components Applicable to DEMO and Beyond

The overall programmatic objective of ITER is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes. The physics part of this objective (including burning plasma, Q of at least 10 and stationary conditions) seems to be well appreciated by the scientific community internationally. However, there seems to be less of an emphasis on the fusion technology part of the objective, which includes demonstrating the availability and integration of technologies essential for a fusion reactor and testing components including tritium breeding blanket modules for a future reactor. In fact important technology information will be obtained from the design, fabrication and operation of the vacuum vessel and out-of-vessel systems such as magnets, tritium system, cryogenic systems, cooling water systems, and associated safety aspects. In addition, DEMO-relevant information will be obtained from the operation of breeding blanket test modules in ITER. Moreover valuable information applicable to DEMO and beyond will also be obtained in a number of areas linked to in-vessel components. This paper summarizes the DEMO-relevant fusion technology information that will be obtained from ITER with a major focus on the areas linked to in-vessel components.

The knowledge of and attitude towards nuclear energy among students of medicine in the north of Iran

The use of nuclear energy globally seems to have become greater in recent decades. Today, society wants to have nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. This study was carried out to investigate the knowledge and attitude of students of medicine towards nuclear energy in the universities of medical sciences in Mazandaran Province in the northern part of Iran. All of the students of medicine in basic science courses (175 students) were asked to complete a questionnaire to determine their knowledge about the physical and technological bases of nuclear energy, and also for their attitude towards the use of nuclear energy. The results showed that 171 students (98.8%) believe that nuclear energy in Iran is a necessity for development, and therefore, nuclear technology should have a native setup in the country. The findings also showed that knowledge of 121 students (69.9%) about the physical and technical bases of nuclear energy was in an acceptable range. Two questionnaires were excluded because of the incomplete filling of items.

Prospects for a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in the Middle East

energy for peaceful purposes.1 This call comes in the midst of global concern over the prolifera tion, particularly in the Middle East, of nuclear material and technology. In the last several years, significant developments have heightened this global concern. In 2003, the United States led an international coalition to destroy Iraq's chemi cal, biological, and nuclear capabilities. Almost simultaneously, Libya, another Middle Eastern state, was holding secret negotiations with the United Kingdom and the United States to dis mantle its nonconventional capabilities. These negotiations reached a successful conclusion in December 2003, with announcements in Lon don, Tripoli, and Washington confirming Libya's intentions to fully cooperate with the internation al nonproliferation regime. Since then, Mummar al-Qadhafi has made good on this pledge, and gradually Libya has been reintegrated in the international community. Iran, on the other hand, has continued to pursue its nuclear ambition for the last two decades. Since

The American Chemical Society's Summer Schools in Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Uses of radioisotopes and radiation in medicine, industry, agriculture are amongst the most beneficial applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. The International Atomic Energy Agency aims - in accordance with its statute - to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. The various Technical Divisions of the Agency carry out this mandate and enhance, particularly through 'manpower development activities' the nuclear applications of radiation and isotopes. Staff members of the 'Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section' in the Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications of the IAEA have supported more than 600 trainees per year for education in nuclear and radiochemistry through fellowships, training courses and workshops. Provision of printed material in various disciplines is supporting our educational efforts.

The ITER In-Vessel System

The overall programmatic objective, as defined in the ITER Engineering Design Activities (EDA) Agreement, is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes. The ITER EDA Phase, due to last until July 1998, will encompass the design of the device and its auxiliary systems and facilities, including the preparation of engineering drawings. The EDA also incorporates validating research and development (RD blanket and shield; plasma heating, fueling, and vacuum pumping equipment; and remote handling equipment.

Atomic energy for peaceful purposes in the Warsaw pact countries

MUCH has been said in the West about Soviet nuclear developments in the military sphere and the nuclear arsenal at the disposal of the Warsaw Pact countries, but less attention has been given to the peaceful applications of atomic energy in these countries.1 Although up to the mid-195os the Soviet nuclear programme was overwhelmingly dominated by military considerations, since that time atomic energy has been increasingly harnessed to economic uses, and the USSR has also decided to pass on some of this technology to other Warsaw Pact countries for peaceful applications. It is not generally realized that several nonmilitary uses of atomic energy were pioneered in these countries and that in some fields they are ahead of the most advanced capitalist nations. In this article we shall examine the considerations which have prompted the Warsaw Pact countries to turn to atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the cost of nuclear power, the extent of nuclear power developments, nuclear power reactors and equipment, other peaceful uses of atomic energy, Soviet nuclear aid and diplomacy and the implications for the capitalist world. Special attention is given to comparisons with Western countries and to the latest and prospective developments.

Brazil and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

. . .We repudiate nuclear armament and are fully aware of the serious risks that its spread could bring to mankind. Nevertheless, it is imperative that no immediate or potential obstacles be created that might in any way present hindrance to the full utilisation of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Otherwise, it would mean our acceptance of a new form of dependence surely incompatible with our aspirations for development. The late Marshal Artur da Costa e Silva, President of Brazil 1967-69.1

Soviet Atomic Energy Agreements

The first indications of Moscow's willingness to share its technological know how in nuclear science with other countries appeared on January 18, 1955. On that date, the Council of Ministers of the USSR published a declaration to the effect that, “attributing great importance to the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the Soviet government has decided to render scientific, technical and production aid to other states in setting up experimental bases for developing research in nuclear physics and in utilizing atomic energy for peaceful purposes.”

SCIENTIFIC SESSION ON LABOR PROTECTION IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. TOM 41, NO. 1 (1960)

The session was convened by the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, M3 of the RSFSR and the All-Russian Hygienic Society and was held on 14-18 / IX-59 in the city of Gorky. 17 reports were heard and discussed at plenary sessions and 62 at sectional sessions. Full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, prof. A. A. Letavet made a report The tasks of occupational health in the light of the decisions of the XXI Congress of the CPSU. The extensive development of mechanization and automation of production processes, the introduction of new advanced technology create favorable conditions for the further improvement of working conditions. The main sections of scientific research in the field of occupational health and occupational diseases in 1959-65. there should be: 1) occupational health in the chemical industry, industrial toxicology, occupational diseases in the chemical industry; 2) physical factors of the working environment, their effect on the body, prevention (the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, high and ultrahigh frequencies, ultrasound, the introduction of vibration and many other physical processes make it especially relevant to study the biological action of physical factors and the development of preventive measures).

Use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

Use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

An exhibition on the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

An exhibition on the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes

Atomic Energy and World Government

First Interim Report of the Atomic Energy Commission was presented to the Security Council under date of December 31, 1946. This significant document represents the result of deliberations from June 14 to December 31. Following prolonged consideration in the Council, during which the representative for the U.S.S.R., Andrei A. Gromyko, raised the major issues upon which agreement could not be reached and submitted twelve amendments thereon, the Council on March 10 referred the Report, together with its record of consideration, back to the Commission with direction to submit a Second Report before the next meeting of the General Assembly. Findings on the scientific and technical aspects included safeguards to ensure the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, among which was the important conclusion that an international control agency must be responsible for the system of safeguards and control. Comprehensive safeguards are listed against diversion of uranium and thorium from declared mines, mills, refineries, chemical and metallurgical plants; of uranium from isotope separation plants; and of uranium, thorium, and plutonium from declared nuclear reactors and chemical extraction plants. These safeguards should be administered through a system of licensing, inspection supervision, and internal managerial operating controls established by and responsible to an international control agency. This agency would be given broad privileges of movement and inspection to ensure detection of clandestine activities. In addition the agency would exercise detailed accounting, and control storage and shipment. Among the general findings it was revealed that effective control of atomic energy depends upon effective control of the production and use of uranium, thorium, and their fissionable derivatives; that whether the ultimate nuclear fuel be destined for peaceful or destructive uses, the productive processes are