Energy Exports Research Articles

Research on Changes in International Energy Trade Pattern under the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The impact of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on world energy markets has received great attention. Some researchers have found that the Russia-Ukraine conflict has caused an energy crisis to a certain extent. However, there is a lack of overview of the changes in the trade pattern and the scope of its impact. Therefore, through a comprehensive analysis of changes in policies and economic data, this study analyzes the different response measures taken by countries in different regions such as Europe and Asia to deal with the reduction in Russia's exports of major energy products and the fluctuations in international energy prices. This study also analyzes how the mutual sanctions between Russia and Western countries have contributed to the shift of Russia's energy export focus to the Asia-Pacific region and the diversification of Western countries' energy supply. Research results show that energy trade is at risk of being affected by geopolitical factors such as regional conflicts and mutual sanctions. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has strengthened the attention of countries on energy security issues. The research also highlights the implications for future policies and actions, providing an understanding of emerging trends in the future. Economically, this study, based on past data, emphasizes the inevitability of the Russia-Ukraine conflict affecting energy fluctuations and affirms that the Russia-Ukraine conflict is conducive to global new energy transformation and sustainable development in the long term.

Examining the Influence of Renewable Energy Consumption, Technological Innovation, and Export Diversification on Economic Growth: Empirical Insights from E-7 Nations

The present research focuses on the endogenous development theory and investigates the relationships between economic growth (dependent variable) and renewable energy consumption, technological innovation, and export diversification (independent variables) in seven emerging economies known as the E-7. Previous studies have examined these factors individually but have not explored their combined impact on the E-7 economies. Therefore, this study contributes to the existing literature on the effects of renewable energy consumption, technological advancement, and export diversification on economic development. This study analyses the dynamic connections among these variables in seven selected emerging countries: Brazil, China, Indonesia, India, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey. Panel data from 1990 to 2022 are utilised, and various methodologies, including panel cointegration, the pooled mean group–autoregressive distributed lag (PMG-ARDL) estimator, and robustness tests, such as the fully modified ordinary least square and dynamic ordinary least square tests, are employed. Empirical inferences are drawn using the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality (DHC) test, and the long-run relationships among the variables are validated using the Westerlund residual cointegration tests. The results from the PMG-ARDL estimator show that renewable energy consumption, technological advancement, and export diversification have a significant and positive impact on economic expansion, confirming the validity of the endogenous growth model in the E-7 countries. The control variable of the financial sector has a positive but insignificant effect on economic growth, while trade openness has a negative and significant effect. The DHC test results indicate a neutral feedback effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth. The findings also reveal a unidirectional causal relationship between technological innovation and economic growth. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for economic policymakers in the E-7 countries. By removing barriers to renewable energy consumption, technological innovation, and export diversification, policymakers can promote sustainable economic development.

Enormous inter-country inequality of embodied carbon emissions and its driving forces in South America

South America is a crucial developing region under significant pressure to reduce emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. This study fills a vital gap by comprehensively analysing the continent’s carbon emissions from both production and consumption perspectives. Utilizing the most up-to-date global Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) models, we examine the emissions embodied in the internal and external trade of nine major South American countries, tracing the emission flows from their origins to final consumers and analyzing the socio-economic drivers behind these patterns. Our analysis reveals that regions bearing heavier burdens of energy-intensive production often face exacerbated economic disparities. Trade-related emissions are embodied in heavy industry and transportation, and the share of emissions attributable to developing countries is continuously climbing. Brazil is the sole net-exporter of emissions, while Colombia has become a significant net importer. Energy intensity offsets the increase in carbon emissions caused by per capita consumption, especially in Brazil. Meanwhile, Colombia experiences an increase in emissions due to its energy structure, whereas a general trend towards decreasing emissions is noted elsewhere. The impact of the industrial chain is mainly domestic and extends forward along the supply chain. Interestingly, the consumption structure reduces emissions in Argentina and Bolivia, but increases them in other countries. Key emission mitigation initiatives include Brazil enhancing its leadership in bioenergy, Chile intensifying the development of green industrial chains for high-emission sectors, and Uruguay advancing its wind energy projects to increase clean energy exports, etc. These measures could facilitate targeted and effective decarbonization while promoting equitable and sustainable economic development across South America.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ГІБРИДНОЮ СИСТЕМОЮ ЕЛЕКТРОЖИВЛЕННЯ ТВАРИННИЦЬКОЇ ФЕРМИ З ВІДНОВЛЮВАЛЬНИМИ ДЖЕРЕЛАМИ ТА ЕЛЕКТРОТРАНСПОРТОМ

The article considers the improvement of the control with using the generation of renewable energy sources forecast for a grid-connected a hybrid power supply system of a livestock farm with electric transport and a gas generator. The task is to form a graph of the state of charge of the main battery with a limitation of the depth of discharge with the maximum use of renewable sources energy. The calculation method of the state of charge of a battery and power consumption graph when working with the grid and in autonomous mode has been improved, with the definition of recommendations for charging electric transport. A mechanism has been developed for correcting the power consumption based on the deviation of the battery charge state relative to the specified value, with the correction disabled to implement the function of eliminating the export of excess energy to the grid or gas generator. This ensures the limitation of the gas generator power within certain limits and helps to limit the influence of generation and load deviations relative to the forecast on the battery discharge depth. The structure of the energy processes model in the system for the daily operation cycle has been developed. In the process of modeling, the deviation of renewable energy generation up to 20% and 10% was studied simultane-ously with a 10% increase in load.

Study on the Pathway of Energy Transition in Inner Mongolia under the "Dual Carbon" Goal

As an important strategic energy base in China, Inner Mongolia's energy exports are dominated by coal and electricity. Under the background of "double carbon" target, the energy transition of Inner Mongolia is of great significance to China’s energy security and carbon emission reduction. Based on the energy policy simulation model (EPS model), this paper explores the path of energy transition in Inner Mongolia by constructing the scenarios of developing renewable energy, developing CCS technology and carbon pricing, and simulating the policy situation based on the reality of Inner Mongolia and the energy transition experience of developed countries and regions. The results show that (1) The energy production and power generation under the development of renewable energy scenario (RE) and carbon pricing scenario (CP) are lower than the "Business as usual" scenario (BAU) for a certain period of time, which affects China's energy security. However, by 2060, power generation and energy production under both scenarios exceed the BAU scenario, and the energy production structure is dominated by renewable energy in both cases. (2) If the Inner Mongolia government focuses on short-term carbon emission reduction, the government should actively promote the establishment of a carbon emission trading market and increase the use of renewable energy through the improvement of the carbon pricing mechanism to promote carbon emission reduction in Inner Mongolia. If the Inner Mongolia government focuses on long-term energy supply stability, it should vigorously develop CCS technology.

Challenges and prospects of concentrated solar power deployment in Algeria

The global community is targeting to triple the renewables capacity by 2030. Middle East and North Africa Region can play a key role in this process. Algeria is one of these countries not far from Europe and is expected to be a big exporter of renewable energy. The decision-makers in Algeria have planned to deploy solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar power (CSP) as main renewable energy systems. This study aims to shed some light on the barriers that hindered deployment of the CSP in Algeria though the high potential in terms of solar energy. In this study, data were collected from various sources and the literature. The data are examined, analyzed, and discussed to highlight the barriers of CSP deployment in Algeria. The study showed that cost, energy prices in the Algerian market and water consumption are the main causes for the low deployment of CSP in the country. However, exporting clean electricity to Europe would renew the interest of Algeria in CSP in the future.

WITHDRAWN: An Integration of Oil Price Volatility, Green Energy Consumption, Import and Export and Economic Performance: Assessing the Mediating Role of Trade

The research investigates the link between the volatility of oil prices, the use of green energy, import and export commerce, and economic performance. The data set was collected from 1990 to 2020 from China. In this work, we use two statistical techniques to examine these relationships: limits methodology to co-integration and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). Our results confirm that green energy consumption and import and export have a short-term association, which suggests that when there is a change in one factor ultimately impacts another one. Moreover, there is a short-term association between oil price volatility and green energy consumption, implying that an expansion in oil price volatility could lead to a surge in green energy consumption. In addition, oil price volatility and green energy consumption have a short-term unidirectional association between green energy and oil price, implying that changes in green energy can affect oil prices, but changes in oil prices do not affect green energy consumption. These findings add to the existing research on the connections between these variables and provide insight into their dynamic relationships. Based on the findings, significant policy recommendations are withdrawn.

Azerbaıjan’s Relations wıth Central Asian Turkic States and Energy Diplomacy

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Turkic states in the Caucasus and Central Asia encountered significant political, economic, and social crises, which profoundly shaped their foreign policies. By 1993, Azerbaijan, having achieved political stability, began capitalizing on its energy resources to engage in global projects and incorporated Russia into its strategy. Through effective use of both hard and soft power in its energy diplomacy, Azerbaijan strengthened its ties with Western countries. This strategy not only cemented Azerbaijan's independence on a solid political and economic basis but also established its energy export model as a crucial component in the integration of Turkic states. The ongoing Russia-Ukraine War has revived opportunities for enhanced cooperation among these nations. This study investigates the evolution of Azerbaijan's energy diplomacy with Turkic states since independence and posits that the Russia-Ukraine conflict will further promote energy cooperation. Initially, the study outlines the framework of Azerbaijan's energy diplomacy. It then examines the legal foundations of its energy relations with Central Asian Turkic states. Finally, the study explores practical collaborations and potential opportunities in energy diplomacy both before and after the onset of the war.

Hubungan antara Pendapatan, Konsumsi Energi, FDI, Perdagangan, Pariwisata, dan Lingkungan: Analisis Data 5 Negara ASEAN

Climate change is still becoming a huge problem in many countries in the world including ASEAN. One of the causes is global warming due to greenhouse gas emission, including CO2. Since very few literatures discuss about the nexus of income, energy consumption, FDI, trade, tourism, and environment using panel data in ASEAN, this research tries to fill that gap. This topic needed to be studied because those variables are still pioneers for ASEAN countries to achive economy growth and development. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of income, energy consumption, FDI, trade, in this case export and import, and tourism on CO2 emission. This paper uses panel data from five ASEAN countries during 1995-2014. This paper uses pooled mean group (PMG) or known as panel ARDL as method. The results show that FDI tends to increase CO2 emission, in line with Pollution Haven hypothesis. Energy consumption, export, and tourism also increase CO2 emission. Another result shows that rise of import helps decrease CO2 emission in those countries.

Unveiling the nexus: exploring the influence of terrorism on energy trade in China and the Belt and Road countries

An examination of the scale of energy trade between China and the countries along the Belt and Road, as well as the terrorist activities in these countries from 2008 to 2019, has been conducted in this study. The spatial and temporal evolution law is revealed through the use of exploratory spatial data analysis. The spatial Durbin model is employed to investigate the impacts and spatial spillover effects of terrorist activities along the Belt and Road on China’s energy trade with these countries. The findings of the study are as follows: Spatial clustering is exhibited by the energy scale of China’s imports and exports with countries along the routes and terrorist activities along the routes, with energy imports concentrated in West Asia and North Africa, energy exports concentrated in Southeast Asia, and terrorist activities concentrated in West Asia and North Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. A negative effect on the scale of China’s energy imports from the countries along the route is exerted by the terrorism index, and a positive spatial spillover effect is present. The number of terrorist activities and deaths have a negative effect on the scale of China’s energy imports from the countries along the route, but there is no spatial spillover effect. The terrorism index does not affect the scale of energy exports from China to countries along the route, but there is a negative spatial spillover effect. There are differences in the spatial spillover effects of the number of terrorist activities and deaths on the scale of China’s energy exports. The level of economic development, liner transportation convenience, and energy exports dependence of the countries along the route also significantly influence China’s energy trade with these countries.

Analysis of the Characteristics and Driving Mechanisms of Carbon Emission Decoupling in the Hu-Bao-O-Yu City Cluster under the “Double Carbon” Target

The Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban area is a major source of carbon emissions in China. It is also a major source of energy exports and high-end chemicals in China. Reaching peak carbon emissions early is especially important for meeting the national peak goal. For urban areas that rely on natural resources, we need to make it clearer how carbon emissions and economic growth affect each other and slowly break the strong link between the two. Therefore, in this paper, based on the data on carbon emissions, the decoupling state and the driving mechanism of carbon emissions in the Hu-Bao-O-Yu City group are researched by using the Tapio decoupling model and GDIM method. A new decoupling index model is constructed by combining GDIM and the traditional decoupling model. The main findings are as follows: (1) The Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration, Ordos City, Baotou City and Yulin City have significant growth trends in annual carbon emissions, with Yulin City being the most important carbon source for the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration and its economic contribution to carbon emissions of the whole urban agglomeration is the most efficient. (2) The decoupling of Hu-Bao-O-Yu, Huhhot City, Baotou City, and Ordos City is dominated by expansionary negative decoupling, whereas Yulin City has strong negative decoupling. (3) The Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban cluster mainly affects the carbon intensity of fixed asset investments and output carbon intensity, which is a key part of the carbon separation process. The energy scale and structure also play a part in this process over time. (4) Changes in GDP per capita are a bigger part of changes in carbon emissions in the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration. These changes also determine the direction for changes in carbon emissions in the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration. In the future, the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration needs to coordinate its economic growth. Ordos and Yulin need to speed up the optimisation and transformation of their energy structures. Baotou needs to push for the low-carbon transformation of its industries. Huhhot needs to do more research on carbon sequestration technology and spend more on environmental protection. This will make the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration a resource-saving urban agglomeration and improve its ability to reduce emissions.

Sino-Russian energy cooperation in the post-Cold War (2000-2021)

This article aims to analyze Sino-Russian energy cooperation. Energy cooperation is the cornerstone in the relations between Russia and China. The Russian interest in this cooperation is to assure demand for the country’s energy exports, to acquire investment capital, and to benefit from Chinese labour. On the Chinese side, the aim has been to obtain access to Russian natural resources and to invest surplus capital. Despite the overlap in supply and demand, as well as the geographical proximity, the Russian energy market is directed towards Europe, while Chinese energy demand primarily is covered by the Middle East and Central Asia. The need for energy diversification has changed this situation and spurred Sino-Russian cooperation. The article is structured in three parts: it first presents Sino-Russian energy trade, secondly, it treats the agreements signed between both countries, and finally, it analyses energy cooperation. We concluded that this cooperation tends to endure due to the energy-related ties formed as part of the long-term agreements and construction of infrastructure. Also, that this cooperation is of a strategic nature for both countries, as it offers an alternative to other energy relations and provides the necessary room of maneuver to defend central political and security-related interests.

Do Digital Adaptation, Energy Transition, Export Diversification, and Income Inequality Accelerate towards Load Capacity Factors across the Globe?

To limit global warming to 1.5 °C, it is imperative to accelerate the global energy transition. This transition is crucial for solving the climate issue and building a more sustainable future. Therefore, within the loaded capacity curve (LCC) theory framework, this study investigates the effects of digital adaptation, energy transition, export diversification, and income inequality on the load capacity factor (LCF). This study also attempts to investigate the integration effects of digital adaptation and energy transition, and digital adaptation and export diversification, on LCF. Furthermore, we explored how income inequality influences the LCF in economies. For this study, 112 countries were selected based on the data availability. Panel data from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed using the STATA software 13 application utilizing a two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) approach. First, interestingly, our finding shows that digital adaptation and income significantly affect the LCF. An increase in income increases the LCF among the middle-income group of countries. Therefore, LCC is confirmed in this research. Surprisingly, energy transition, export diversification, and foreign direct investment negatively impact the LCF in the base model. Second, the impact of integrating digital adaptation and energy transition has a positive effect on LCF. Third, a negative correlation was observed between the interaction of export diversification and digital adaptation with the LCF. Fourth, a positive correlation was observed between the interaction of renewable energy and digital adaptation with the LCF. Finally, this study explores the impact of the energy transition, export diversification, and income inequality on the LCF with reference to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The result shows a negative effect between export diversification and LCF among OPECs at a 10% significance level. To improve the quality of our planet, policymakers must understand the forces causing climate change. By adopting a comprehensive perspective, the study aims to understand how these interrelated factors collaboratively influence the LCF thoroughly. Additionally, this research seeks to provide valuable insights related to energy transition, digital adaptation, and export diversification to policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders regarding possible avenues for cultivating a more joyful and sustainable global community.

Energy dynamics affecting the US economy; natural energy investments, carbon emissions, production, exports and GDP per Capita.

This study investigates how carbon dioxide emissions, natural gas, energy consumption, energy investment, coal and crude oil, and per capita exports affected the economic growth of the United States from 1993 to 2023 using the Vector Error Correction (VEC) model. The findings highlight the importance of exports and energy investment in driving both short- and long-term economic growth, while also highlighting interactions between carbon emissions, coal use and crude oil. It was determined that changes in natural gas and exports affected energy investment in the short term, while coal and exports affected natural gas. These results provide valuable information about the dynamics of the American economy and contribute to our understanding of the complex interactions between various factors and their effects on economic growth, offering implications for further research and policy development to promote sustainable economic development.

A Pan-Asian Energy Transition? The New Rationale for Decarbonization Policies in the World’s Largest Energy Exporting Countries: A Case Study of Qatar and Other GCC Countries

Climate change has become a major agenda item in international relations and in national energy policy-making circles around the world. This review studies the surprising evolution of the energy policy, and more particularly the energy transition, currently happening in the Arabian Gulf region, which features some of the world’s largest exporters of oil and gas. Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and other neighboring energy exporters plan to export blue and green hydrogen across Asia as well as towards Europe in the years and decades to come. Although poorly known and understood abroad, this recent strategy does not threaten the current exports of oil and gas (still needed for a few decades) but prepares the evolution of their national energy industries toward the future decarbonized energy demand of their main customers in East and South Asia, and beyond. The world’s largest exporter of Liquefied Natural Gas, Qatar, has established industrial policies and projects to upscale CCUS, which can enable blue hydrogen production, as well as natural carbon sinks domestically via afforestation projects.

The levelized cost of carbon abatement (LCCA) in substituting conventional ammonia production with power-to-ammonia for fertilizer, hydrogen and export

The production of ammonia using the conventional Haber-Bosch technique produces significant CO2 emissions, largely owed to the fossil fuel-based hydrogen production. To reduce these emissions, low-carbon ammonia production with hydrogen from water electrolysis (i.e., power-to-ammonia, P2A) is being developed. This study compares P2A with the methane-fed Haber-Bosch process by performing a time-based levelized cost of carbon abatement (LCCA) analysis, considering technology development and adoption, and the mismatch between production capacity and ammonia demand over time. The LCCA results quantify the cost and potential carbon reduction simultaneously and provide the cost to reduce one unit of CO2-eq emissions using P2A. Various scenarios in multiple sectors are considered in different regions in Canada from 2027 to 2050, such as low-carbon fertilizer, ammonia as a hydrogen carrier for domestic use and energy export, and their dynamics over-time were studied and compared. Results show that under the base case with conservative assumptions, the LCCA is higher than the proposed carbon price in Canada, except when low-carbon ammonia demand is low, e.g., domestic hydrogen use. Yet sensitivity analyses suggest that the LCCA can approach the carbon price with technical improvements and increased adoption over time. The electricity generation mix also has great impacts on the LCCA. Regions with abundant low-carbon electricity sources, e.g., Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and British Columbia can benefit from P2A on both environmental and economic perspectives. Some of these regions are connected to the coast, so there is also great potential for ammonia-shipping corridors in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

A Review of the Density, Biomass, and Secondary Production of Odonates.

Freshwater insects are highly significant as ecosystem service providers, contributing to provisioning services, supporting services, and cultural services. Odonates are dominant predators in many freshwater systems, becoming top predators in fishless ecosystems. One service that odonates provide is the export of matter and energy from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we provide a review of the literature aiming to estimate the density, biomass, and secondary production of odonates and discuss to what extent this order of insects is relevant for the fertilization of terrestrial ecosystems. We found published data on 109 species belonging to 17 families of odonates from 44 papers. Odonata larvae are abundant in freshwater systems, with a mean density of 240.04 ± 48.01 individuals m-2 (±SE). Lentic habitats show much higher densities (104.40 ± 55.31 individuals m-2, N = 118) than lotic systems (27.12 ± 5.09, N = 70). The biomass estimations for odonates indicate values of 488.56 ± 134.51 mg m-2 y-1, with similar values in lentic and lotic habitats, which correspond to annual secondary productions of 3558.02 ± 2146.80 mg m-2 y-1. The highest biomass is found in dragonflies of the Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, and Gomphidae families. The available evidence suggests a significant potential contribution of Odonata to the exportation of material from water bodies to land. This is further strengthened by the ability of adult odonates to migrate and to colonize different types of water bodies.

Unraveling the impact of energy demand and exports on environment and economy: A case study of South Asian Economies

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;">This study employs empirical analysis using an econometric model that examines the interdependence among environmental degradation, exports, and economic development with energy use. It also provides an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for selected South Asian economies utilizing time-series data. The findings reveal a long-term, stable equilibrium link between energy demand and pollution. There exists a positive relationship between structural factors and pollution. Moreover, this study constructs a model of exports and pollution from an interdependent perspective. The three perspectives are tested: the scale and structure of energy consumption considering the twin constraints of export-trade and pollution, and the scale of pollution in export-trade constraint. These results show that the increase in energy use leads to higher CO2 emissions amidst export volume. However, in the presence of income, the scale of effect lowers a little. The analysis also supports the presence of Kuznets curve for south-Asian economies. The results imply substantial scope for development in the energy use and pollution structure within South Asia's current export trade process. This development can be attained by regulating energy use and enhancing system efficacy without necessitating changes to the scale effect or structural effect.</span></p>

Evaluation of navigation capacity in the Northeast Arctic passage: evidence from multiple factors

ABSTRACT Arctic ice is melting away as a result of global warming, making possible the further commercial exploitations of the Arctic shipping routes, both to satisfy the shipping demand and to avoid the growing Somali piracy. In this research, the hierarchical regression is utilized to examine the impact of natural and economic factors on the Northeast Arctic Route (NER) through sample data on cargo volume from 2011 to 2021. From the results, the natural factors related to sea ice have a negative impact on the navigability of the NER, whereas economic factors and sea ice melting periods have a positive impact. Additionally, all variables are standardized to compare their respective significances on the cargo volume. Furthermore, Russian energy exports have a greater impact on shipping capacity than other variables, followed by the number of ship transits. Finally, the interrupted time-series analysis is introduced to find that the project of Yamal liquefied natural gas (LNG) has a positive effect on the NER, which could not offset the side effect of the COVID-19 epidemic.

The connection between disaggregate energy use and export sophistication: New insights from OECD with robust panel estimations

Numerous nations have demonstrated their commitment to achieve sustainable economic growth by enhancing export sophistication fueled by imperative energy utilization. This research examines the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy (RE and NRE) use on the improvement and diversification of export strategies among OECD economies using data from 1990 to 2022. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by introducing an export sophistication index as a dependent variable in the corresponding model. Pre-estimations followed by employing the CS-ARDL method findings revealed that disaggregated energy use plays a pivotal role in enhancing the intelligence of OECD economies, with the use of NRE energy exerting a more significant influence than REN use. While foreign direct investment, institutional quality and human capital also play essential roles in the complexity of exports within these economies. Applying the dynamic econometric technique, Wavelet coherence analysis substantiates these findings. Consequently, the study's results yield a range of policy recommendations.