Energy-efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Energy-efficient density-based Fuzzy C-means clustering in WSN for smart grids

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are preferred for industrial applications due to the progressive increase of sensor electronics. One such use is the deployment of WSNs in Smart Grids. The periodic data from the Smart Meters and critical information are transferred by the AMI network between the customer site and MDMS through WSNs. The AMI is composed of various sensors for metering purposes. These sensors communicate with the base station in a restricted range. In this article, an energy-efficient routing for WSNs in AMI networks is proposed through density-based Fuzzy C-Means clustering (DFCM) to attain load balancing. The obtained simulation results show that DFCM can provide satisfactory performance and is suitable for data collection in Smart Grids.

Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are among the most emerging technologies, thanks to their great capabilities and their ever growing range of applications. However, the lifetime of WSNs is extremely restricted due to the delimited energy capacity of their sensor nodes. This is why energy conservation is considered as the most important research concern for WSNs. Radio communication is the utmost energy consuming function in a WSN. Thus, energy efficient routing is necessitated to save energy and thus prolong the lifetime of WSNs. For this reason, numerous protocols for energy efficient routing in WSNs have been proposed. This article offers an analytical and up to date survey on the protocols of this kind. The classic and modern protocols presented are categorized, depending on i) how the network is structured, ii) how data are exchanged, iii) whether location information is or not used, and iv) whether Quality of Service (QoS) or multiple paths are or not supported. In each distinct category, protocols are both described and compared in terms of specific performance metrics, while their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, the study findings are discussed, concluding remarks are drawn, and open research issues are indicated.

Systematic Literature Review on Energy Efficient Routing Schemes in WSN – A Survey

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), routing is quite challenging area of research where packets are forwarded through multiple nodes to the base station. The packet being sent over the network should be shared in an energy efficient manner. It also considers the residual power of battery to enhance the network life time. Existing energy efficient routing solutions and surveys are presented but still there is a need for Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify the valid problems. This paper performs SLR for energy efficiency routing with 172 papers at initial stage. Next, 50 papers are shortlisted after filtration based on quality valuation and selection criteria by ensuring relevance with energy efficiency. Initially, we present literature that includes schemes for threshold sensitive, adaptive periodic threshold sensitive, power efficient, hybrid energy efficient distribution and low energy adaptive mechanisms. Result of systematic review reveals that consumption of energy is the most fundamental issue in WSN however, is not noticed by the researchers and practitioners where as it can contribute for the improvement of the energy efficiency. It also elaborates the weaknesses of the existing approaches which make them inappropriate for energy efficient routing in WSN.

Simulated annealing and genetic algorithm-based hybrid approach for energy-aware clustered routing in large-range multi-sink wireless sensor networks

In recent years, the researchers have got progressively more interest in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as it plays a vital role in numerous applications. WSNs have strict resource constraints such as limited bandwidth, limited energy, limited processing capability, and limited memory. Among them, the most critical one is limited energy. So, energy efficiency has got significant importance in the WSNs. Energy consumption is mainly due to computation and communication between sensor nodes and the base station. Energy consumption for communication is more when compared to computation. Hence it is indispensable to focus on designing an energy-efficient routing for WSN. In this paper, a cluster-based routing using simulated annealing and genetic algorithm-based hybrid (SAGA-H) approach has been proposed. The proposed approach is explained and simulated using MATLAB. Further, the results observed have been compared with existing GA-based approach with respect to network lifetime, the number of packets sent to BS and sink, and average residual energy. From the simulation results, it is observed that the proposed approach outperforms the existing GA-based approach.

Energy aware cluster and neuro-fuzzy based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks in IoT

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in the design of Internet of Things (IoT) for sensing the environment, collecting the data and to send them to the base station and the locations used for analysis. In WSNs for IoT, intelligent routing is an important phenomena that is necessary to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) in the network. Moreover, the energy required for communication in the IoT based sensor networks is an important challenge to avoid immense packet loss or packet drop, fast energy depletion and unfairness across the network leading to reduction in node performance and increase in delay with respect to packet delivery. Hence, there is an extreme need to check energy usage by the nodes in order to enhance the overall network performance through the application of intelligent machine learning techniques for making effective routing decisions. Many approaches are already available in the literature on energy efficient routing for WSNs. However, they must be enhanced to suite the WSN in IoT environment. Therefore, a new Neuro-Fuzzy Rule Based Cluster Formation and Routing Protocol for performing efficient routing in IoT based WSNs. From the experiments conducted in this research work using the proposed model, it is proved that the proposed routing algorithm provided better network performance in terms of the metrics namely energy utilization, packet delivery ratio, delay and network lifetime.

Energy-Efficient Routing in WSN: A Centralized Cluster-Based Approach via Grey Wolf Optimizer

Energy efficiency is one of the main challenges in developing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Since communication has the largest share in energy consumption, efficient routing is an effective solution to this problem. Hierarchical clustering algorithms are a common approach to routing. This technique splits nodes into groups in order to avoid long-range communication which is delegated to the cluster head (CH). In this paper, we present a new clustering algorithm that selects CHs using the grey wolf optimizer (GWO). GWO is a recent swarm intelligence algorithm based on the behavior of grey wolves that shows impressive characteristics and competitive results. To select CHs, the solutions are rated based on the predicted energy consumption and current residual energy of each node. In order to improve energy efficiency, the proposed protocol uses the same clustering in multiple consecutive rounds. This allows the protocol to save the energy that would be required to reform the clustering. We also present a new dual-hop routing algorithm for CHs that are far from the base station and prove that the presented method ensures minimum and most balanced energy consumption while remaining nodes use single-hop communication. The performance of the protocol is evaluated in several different scenarios and it is shown that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime in comparison to a number of recent similar protocols.

Energy Hole Minimization with Field Division for Energy Efficient Routing in WSNs

We analyze performance of famous cluster based routing protocols and identify the factors affecting energy consumption in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). From theoretical and experimental analysis, it is observed that communication distance and cluster node density are the major sources in the formation of energy and coverage holes. To overcome these deficiencies, we propose a new hybrid approach of static clustering and dynamic selection of cluster heads. We also conduct a comprehensive energy consumption analysis of our technique with selected existing ones. Simulation results show that the proposed technique is relatively better in terms of energy holes minimization and network lifetime prolongation.

Coverage and Connectivity Aware Neural Network Based Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

There are many challenges when designing and deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs). One of the key challenges is how to make full use of the limited energy to prolong the lifetime of the network, because energy is a valuable resource in WSNs. The status of energy consumption should be continuously monitored after network deployment. In this paper, we propose coverage and connectivity aware neural network based energy efficient routing in WSN with the objective of maximizing the network lifetime. In the proposed scheme, the problem is formulated as linear programming (LP) with coverage and connectivity aware constraints. Cluster head selection is proposed using adaptive learning in neural networks followed by coverage and connectivity aware routing with data transmission. The proposed scheme is compared with existing schemes with respect to the parameters such as number of alive nodes, packet delivery fraction, and node residual energy. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can be used in wide area of applications in WSNs.

Energy-centric routing in wireless sensor networks

Since energy is a valuable resource in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), it is important to continuously monitor the status of this valuable network resource after network deployment. The information about energy status can be used to early notify both sensor nodes and Network Deployers of resource depletion in some parts of the network. It can also be used to perform energy-efficient routing in WSNs. In this paper, we propose a scheme for monitoring residual energy distributions at different parts of the network through a mechanism called Energy Centric scale (ECscale). ECscale is then used to perform optimal as well as approximate Energy-Centric Routing (ECR) in WSNs with the objective of maximizing the network lifetime. The proposed algorithms make use of a fixed virtual wireless backbone that is built on top of the physical topology. Simulation results show that our scheme is scalable and can provide many folds of energy savings when compared to conventional routing schemes.