Energy Efficiency Of Installations Research Articles

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTALLATIONS WITH MICROWAVE POWER SUPPLY FOR PROCESSING RAW MATERIALS AT AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The developed methodology of designing installations with microwave power supply for heat treatment of raw materials of agricultural enterprises is described. The scientific problem is the low energy efficiency of installations designed for heat treatment of raw materials with steam-water mixture, convective heat supply, the absence of continuous-flow installations for farms that ensure the preservation of consumer properties of the heat-treated product at reduced operating costs. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing the scientific and technical foundations of installations with microwave power supply for processing raw materials at agricultural enterprises. (Materials and methods) Carried out three-dimensional modeling of the structural design of the installations in the Compass 20 program, determined the electrodynamic parameters of the “generator-resonator” system in the CST Microwave Studio program. (Results and discussion) Resonators of different structural designs have been developed for different types of raw materials, in which electromagnetic safety is ensured by forbidden waveguides, decelerating systems in the form of a chain of connected resonators, comb, cylindrical spiral, rod ring, counter pins. In resonators with curved surfaces, several magnetrons of the same frequency or operating at close frequencies with dissectors were used to change the frequency of the generator and increase the number of types of vibrations, and mixing, transporting mechanisms that allow maintaining the well of the technological process less than 0.5 and observing the dimensions of the raw materials in accordance with the depth of penetration of the wave. It was found that when using several magnetrons, the concentration of the electromagnetic field energy in the resonator volume and the reduction of radiation losses are achieved using ceramic reflectors. The values of the intrinsic Q-values of the resonators were determined to evaluate the thermal efficiency coefficient. (Conclusions) Using the examples of an animal colostrum defroster, instant milk pasteurizer and a three-section hop dryer with air-cooled magnetrons, the implementation of the scientific and technical fundamentals of designing microwave equipment for processing raw materials of agricultural enterprises was shown. It was revealed that they provide ways to achieve a continuous mode of operation of the equipment in compliance with electromagnetic safety without a shielding housing by implementing metal-dielectric resonators with decelerating systems and ceramic reflectors with an optimal arrangement of waveguides with air-cooled magnetrons on the curved surfaces of the resonators.

Assessment of energy efficiency of units for preparation of liquid feed mixtures of continuous and batch action

This article considers the problem of assessing the energy efficiency of installations for the preparation of liquid feed mixtures of continuous and batch action. The lowest total energy consumption for the unit, productivity, allowing to work under changing conditions at a necessary mode; the best quality of mixing and dissolution, determined by a stable state of the mixture; free access to the working bodies of the unit for its quick cleaning, washing and troubleshooting; the minimum dimensions and weight and the lowest energy consumption for the drive of the unit are determined.

Energy-efficient air conditioning system of a data processing center

BACKGROUND: Currently, because of the rapid development of digital technologies, an increasing amount of computer computing power is required where data processing centers are built, which sometimes require power consumption in the megawatt range. For stable year-round operation of data centers, reliable engineering is required, which includes air conditioning systems (ACS) for year-round use with a given level of reliability. Several traditional methods of data center cooling are available, namely, precision air conditioners based on vapor compression refrigeration machines (PCRMs) and systems with intermediate coolant (so-called chillerfancoil systems). However, in modern settings, when the required capacity of data centers increases every year and the framework for environmental friendliness and energy efficiency of installations becomes stricter, new, more energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly solutions for data center cooling is needed.
 AIM: This study aims to compare the proposed energy-efficient ACS with combined vapor compres-sion and indirect-evaporative cycle with the most commonly used ACSs in data centers and to deter-mine the boundaries of transition between the operating modes of the proposed ACS in a data center operating in Moscow as an example.
 METHODS: This study employs the following methods: analysis of existing data center cooling sys-tems, determination of a typical design set of outdoor air parameters in the region under consideration, and calculation by comparative analysis of the energy consumption of the proposed and traditional ACSs for data centers.
 RESULTS: From our study, the different ACSs currently used for data centers, namely, precision air conditioners and chillerfancoil systems are highlighted. The main components of each system, the advantages and disadvantages observed in the design, installation, and commissioning processes, and the operation of the systems are described. An alternative ACS that combines PCRM and indirect-evaporative cooling is proposed. The comparative analysis of the proposed scheme and traditional so-lutions demonstrates that the combined ACS allows significant reduction in the energy consumption for data-center cooling. Therefore, under the conditions in Moscow, the proposed system for a particu-lar year will consume energy that is two times less than a chillerfancoil system with free cooling and 2.5 times less than a system with precision air conditioners that operate on the traditional vapor-compression cycles.
 CONCLUSION: The comparative analysis of the proposed energy-efficient ACS with combined vapor compression and indirect-evaporative cycle with the most commonly used ACS in data centers con-firms its high energy efficiency and provides greater environmental safety. The boundaries of the tran-sition between the operating modes of the proposed ACS are determined in a data center that operates in Moscow as an example, which exhibits high energy efficiency and reliable operation.

LED Lighting Installations in Professional Stadiums: Energy Efficiency, Visual Comfort, and Requirements of 4K TV Broadcast

Nowadays, LED lighting technology reaches a higher Value of Energy Efficiency in Installations (VEEI) (W/m2*100 lux) than current luminaire lighting due to the number of lumens per watt that these are able to generate, as well as the directional nature of their emissions together with the adjustment capability through concentrator lenses with beam graduations that reach 5º. This achieves energy savings of up to 80%. Furthermore, also considering the substantial decrease in flickers, and that it noticeably improves usage of ultra-slow-motion cameras and the fading of switching-on or rearm times upon failure, LED technology stands out as the main solution for illumination of professional sports facilities. This article describes the evolution of regulatory requirements that are being imposed by the governing institutions of sports (FIFA, UEFA, FIBA, etc.) and professional leagues (LaLiga, Euroliga, etc.) in order to guarantee their competence as high-quality television products. In addition, the trends in requirements and specifications regarding lighting equipment and its installation, which are intended to convert stadiums into optimized centers for the celebration and dissemination of mass events, are analyzed (settings, photometry, etc.), particularly those concerning horizontal, vertical, and camera illuminance, average and extreme uniformities, glare, reduction of intrusive light in bleachers, flickers, color rendering index (CRI), correlated color temperature (CCT), and start-up times.

Increasing the energy efficiency of an autonomous station for unmanned aerial vehicles

This paper addresses the issue of increasing the energy efficiency of an autonomous station for unmanned aerial vehicles. Low efficiency of modern solar cells is the most important problem of the entire industry of solar energy. The problem of increasing the energy efficiency of installations with solar batteries (photovoltaic installations) for the power supply system of autonomous objects is urgent and connected with the task of maximizing the autonomous operation time. The simulation results showed that the use of extreme regulation increased energy production by 23%, and the use of fuzzy logic significantly increased the speed of reaching the operating point and neutralized voltage fluctuations, which in turn reduced the underproduction of power by an additional 2%.

The effective modes of infrared radiators and heating systems

The authors have been researching the effect of polyharmonic currents (complex waveform current) on the characteristics of different types of radiators for a few years. These researches have shown an increase in the energy efficiency of installations with dark and light radiators and the ability to control the harmonic composition of radiation. It is important considering the need to harmonize the frequency characteristics of a radiator with the frequency response of an energy absorbing surface. The object of experimental research are flexible heating tape and installations with dark radiators and their joint operation modes when powered by complex waveform current from a common power source. The purpose of the work is the definition of characteristics of the flexible heating tape and dark infrared radiators when changing the amplitude and frequency of the supply voltage to develop recommendations for the selection of effective modes.

Roadway Lighting Retrofit: Environmental and Economic Impact of Greenhouse Gases Footprint Reduction

Roadway lighting retrofit is a process continuously developed in urban environments due to both installation aging and technical upgrades. The spectacular example is replacing the high intensity discharge (HID) lamps, usually high pressure sodium (HPS) ones, with the sources based on light-emitting diodes (LED). The main focus in the related research was put on energy efficiency of installations and corresponding financial benefits. In this work, we extend those considerations analyzing how lighting optimization impacts greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction and what are the resultant financial benefits expressed in terms of emission allowances prices. Our goal is twofold: (i) obtaining a quantitative assessment of how a GHG footprint depends on a technological scope of modernization of a city HPS-based lighting system; and (ii) showing that the costs of such a modernization can be decreased by up to 10% thanks to a lowered CO 2 emission volume. Moreover, we identify retrofit patterns yielding the most substantial environmental impact.

On the Effectiveness of Modern Low-pressure Amalgam Lamps

A lot of attention is paid to the efficiency questions of modern amalgam lamps of low pressure in connection with more and more growing relevance of increasing energy efficiency of installations for water, air and surface disinfection. The real efficiency of a radiation source, as well as of the whole UV disinfection system, is an operational parameter much important for the customers. In this work, factors influencing efficiency of low pressure lamps are considered in detail. It is shown that efficiency of the modern amalgam lamps at the beginning of their lifetime is about (30–40)%.