Energy Efficiency In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

TEE-AODV Trust-based Route Selection and Improving Energy Efficiency in MANET

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are the future communication infrastructure for all devices that operate without the elaborate design found in wired infrastructure networks. Constructing a routing protocol that helps MANETs to achieve (QoS). It is quite challenging to achieve energy-efficient routing, due to its limited resources and node mobility concerns, which would impact node resource stability and lead to congestion and lower user QoS. A novel Trustworthy Energy Efficient AODV protocol has been proposed for improving path selection and locating trusted stations to maximize QoS. This approach employs location data, transmission speed, and directions to estimate the energy usage and trustworthiness of distinct nodes. The proposed TEE-AODV protocol includes two new control information namely Trust Request packet and Trust Reply. (T-RREP) AODV's packet includes a neighbor list and channel trustworthiness. The number of working neighbors in every path is counted, and this information is used to efficiently choose paths. The TEE-AODV calculates a QoS supporting metric for each detected route to identify a traffic-free path at any moment and determines whether it is a trusted route. The NS-2 simulator has been used to assess the suggested approach in terms of specific characteristics, including energy consumption (EC), (PDR), end-to-end delay (), and number of dead nodes. According to the experimental results, the suggested framework enhances reliable route selection while lowering e nd-to-end latency and improving energy efficiency. The experimental findings indicate that the suggested TEE-AODV protocol achieves high energy efficiency rate in the selection of trustworthy route and minimizing the E D .

Distributed Nonconvex Optimization for Energy Efficiency in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

This article proposes a distributed nonconvex optimization algorithm for energy efficiency (EE) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The proposed model for EE in MANETs can be classified into the category of nonconvex optimization problems. There are various distributed algorithms for solving nonconvex optimization problems. But, they are associated with some flaws such as complexity of implementation and low convergence rate. In this regard, in addition to the simplicity in implementation, the optimal point of the proposed model is a saddle point. Using augmented Lagrangian function with continuous-time optimization dynamics algorithm, a dynamic system will be established where its equilibrium points are Karush–Kuhn–Tucker points of the proposed model. Also, it will be shown that these points can be locally asymptotically stable under some conditions. Additionally, the proposed analytic method proves that the rate of convergence increases with an increasing penalty coefficient. To validate the performance of the presented algorithm, the problem of EE optimization for a sample mobile ad hoc network is simulated in MATLAB environment.

An Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol using Enhanced Rain Optimization Algorithm in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Energy efficiency is a significant challenge in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) design where the nodes move randomly with limited energy, leading to acceptable topology modifications. Clustering is a widely applied technique to accomplish energy efficiency in MANET. Therefore, this paper designs a new energy-efficient clustering protocol using an enhanced rain optimization algorithm (EECP-EROA) for MANET. The EROA technique is derived by integrating the Levy flight concept to the ROA to enhance global exploration abilities. In addition, the EECP-EROA technique intends to proficiently select CHs and the nearby nodes linked to the CH to generate clusters. Moreover, the EECP-EROA technique has derived an objective function with different input parameters. To showcase the superior performance of the EECP-EROA technique, a brief set of simulations takes place, and the results are inspected under varying aspects. The experimental values pointed out the betterment of the EECP-EROA technique over the other methods.

Route Aggregation Approach - An Efficacious Technique for Energy Enrichment

Background: Recent years have accentuated a remarkable rise in the popularity in the field of mobile computing owing to the size reduction of the computing devices and it is also contributed by the exceptional increase in the processing power availability of mobile laptops rendering various computer applications to reach the ever-rising population segment. This increase in the number of users poses more challenges in the field of networking. The various most specific constraints that exist in the wireless mobile infrastructure-less networking environment having compact batteries as the storehouses of power are power consumption and energy enrichment. Methods: The application of Route Aggregation in MANET thrives to improve the energy efficiency in MANET by aggregation of routes and therefore achieving a significant saving in the scarce resources. The methodology takes into account a Hybrid protocol, Zone Routing Protocol with aggregated routes and selection of a Head in the aggregation Zone. The Head now takes the responsibility of the routes and the data delivery along the routes within the aggregation Zone. The formation of such Heads and Aggregation Zones reduces the energy dissipated at each node while route discovery phase as the routes are readily available at the Head. The procedure thus proves effective in saving energy as well as bandwidth. Aggregation has so far has been able to curb the problems caused in order to improve the scalability of the network. This paper studies and analyses various aggregation techniques applied in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) points out the improvements in various QOS parameters resulted due to the application of aggregation on routes, data and address in the field of MANETs. Results: The results of graphs validate the proposed approach and specify improvement of energy consumption which is the need of hour. The results also justify the novel approach by varying various parameters like number of nodes, pause time and simulation time showing improvement in average energy consumption for the novel RA-ZRP approach. Conclusion: The random cluster head selection based routing approach also referred as route aggregation approach is used for energy enhancement which is depicted in section above. NS2 simulated results presented in this paper validate the proposed approach. The ZRP-RA based random cluster selection energy enrichment approach helps in reducing the various control and routing overheads involved in the functioning of ZRP. It also reduces the number of route requests to be sent and thus superfluous route requests can be avoided and thus saving in bandwidth is achieved also the reduction in the routing and control overhead reduces the probability of collisions and thus the data is effectively forwarded to the destination. This also helps improve latency as the queuing up of data packets is lessened owing to the less overhead.

A Game Theory Approach for Efficient Node Clustering Based on Unstable Ranging Transmission in MANET

In Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), improving scalability, energy efficiency and network lifetime are the most important and challenging issues. Node Clustering is a well known solution for handling these issues. While existing work focused on stable transmission range, this paper uses unstable ranges transmission for clustering nodes in network. Game theory has been used in fields of science such as economics and biology, but recently it was used in MANET for clustering problem. Grouping mobile nodes into convenient clusters can reduce routing overhead and provide more scalable solution. The main objective of this work is to clustering of nodes in MANET and selects energy efficient cluster head to improve the network lifetime using game theoretical model. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm for Node Clustering based on Unstable Ranging Transmission (NCURT). In addition to this, a game theory based cluster head (CH) selection algorithm is proposed to selects CH based on Evolutionary game theory approach where each node behaves selfish or unselfish based on the strategy selection. Analytical and simulation studies are carried out to assess the performance of the proposed cluster formation and cluster head selection algorithm. The numerical results verify that the proposed approach is effective and efficient to guarantee life time and energy efficiency in MANET.

Increasing Energy Efficiency of Mobile Nodes Using Distributed Energy-Adaptive Location Based Cooperative- Medium Access Control Protocol (DEL-CMAC) in Large Scale MANETs

In Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), energy plays a major role in transmissions of packets in cooperative communication systems. The cooperative communications enhances the neighbouring nodes to relay the messages from source to destination for obtaining the diversity gains. In order to improve the computing process of mobile nodes in MANETs, the energy needed to transmit the packets plays an important role. In this paper, the Distributed Energy-adaptive Location-based Cooperative Medium Access Control protocol (DEL-CMAC) is proposed to optimize the node’s energy efficiency in MANETs. This proposed DEL-CMAC protocol increases the energy of the node efficiently to transmit the packets and increases the entire network lifetime. In this system, a distributed effective relay selection approach is incorporated for relaying the packets at its best. In addition to this, an innovative Network Allocation Vector (NAV) setting is adapted with this proposed scheme to deal the varying transmitting power of the source and relay nodes. This proposed protocol, increases the nodes’ lifetime significantly with the high circuitry energy consumption when large numbers of nodes are participating the cooperative communication in MANETs.

The energy-efficient group key management protocol for strategic mobile scenario of MANETs

Network security and its energy efficiency are facing tougher challenges for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) due to emerging purposive strategic internal attacks conducted by smart malicious nodes and unavoidable external attacks. Most of the current works investigated the group key management for scalability and efficiency performance in MANETs to defend the external attacks, while some works envisioned the intrusion detection system or trust management to defend the internal attacks. However, fewer related protocols or algorithms could combine them well to enhance dual security performance as well as energy efficiency in MANETs. To this end, we have proposed a novel group key management protocol with high energy efficiency for the strategic mobile scenario of MANETs, which is provided with three functions to address the issues of improving security and energy efficiency performance: (1) designing a self-organized group establishing algorithm for strategy mobile application scenarios to ensure stable groups in spite of users' mobility with reducing the cost of rekeying operation, (2) proposing a lightweight contributory key agreement and authentication mechanism based on the group Diffie-Hellman protocol for enhancing global security, and (3) researching a strategic mobile management mechanism based on the Prufer codec method handling the effect of mobility impacts to enhance the multicast energy efficiency and provide secret communication among roaming users in MANETs. Both theoretical analyses and simulation results have demonstrated that our protocol is more energy-efficient for strategy mobile application scenario of MANETs with a large number of users.

A Survey paper on Comparative Analysis on Routing Protocol for Energy Efficiency in MANET

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is characterized by mobile hosts, dynamic topology, multi-hop wireless connectivity and infrastructure less ad hoc environment. The adhoc environment is accessible to both legitimate network users and malicious attackers. Moreover, as the wireless links are highly errors prone and can go down frequently due to mobility of nodes, therefore, energy efficient, secure and stable routing over MANET is still a very critical task due to highly dynamic environment. Moreover, the nodes in MANETs are typically powered by batteries which have limited energy reservoir and some times it also becomes very difficult to recharge or replace the battery of the nodes. Hence, power consumption becomes an important issue. The power consumption rate of each node must be evenly distributed to maximize the lifetime of ad hoc mobile networks, and the overall transmission power for each connection request must be minimized. In this paper, we compare a two types of Mobile adhoc network i.e., proactive and reactive for Energy Efficiency in Manet. Energy Efficient is basically termed as which consume a less energy. So, this paper gives comparison about various routing protocols related to Energy Efficiency. Keywords: MANET, PROACTIVE, REACTIVE, Network

OAODV Routing Algorithm for Improving Energy Efficiency in MANET

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), there is no fixed infrastructure. One of the most widely used routing protocols for an ad hoc network is the Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector routing protocol, abbreviated as AODV. In the conventional AODV routing protocol, source node forwards RREQ (Route Request) packet to find out path to the destination node. The intermediate node having less lifetime or energy, also forwards RREQ. As lifetime expires after some time i.e. node goes down; it could not forward RREP (Route Reply) on reverse path. Hence, source node has to restart RREQ rebroadcast to communicate with destination, which results in unnecessary RREQ rebroadcast, less Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) as well as throughput and more end to end delay. Solution to above problem is given in this paper, by Optimized AODV (OAODV) routing protocol. In this, the node does not forward RREQ unless there is sufficient energy (battery lifetime), and until the node density in its surrounding exceeds a particular threshold. These two parameters are defined taking into consideration various statistics. Optimized AODV analyzes these two parameters, when implementing routing discovery, and avoiding the unnecessary information sending efficiently. By comparing AODV with optimized AODV in the same scenario, the new protocol is much better than AODV in terms of battery lifetime and throughput. General Terms Ad hoc network routing protocol, Wireless ad hoc networks et. al.

A new approach for energy efficiency in MANET based on the OLSR protocol

One of the critical issues in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the energy efficiency. The challenge is how to extend the limited lifetime of energy in mobile nodes. We proposed a new approach to minimise the energy consumption called EM-OLSR (Energy Efficiency in MANET by improving OLSR protocol). EM-OLSR is based on the OLSR routing protocol and adds a new energy fairness parameter to the Multi-Point Relay (MPR) technique. This new parameter is used by our approach and allows fairness energy consumption in the same set of MPR. In this mechanism, nodes with low power are prevented in the routing process in order to maintain similar power values for all the mobile nodes. The simulation results showed that our proposed EM-OLSR approach allow significant power saving up to 14% and an increase in average lifetime of a mobile node as high as 22%.

Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), due to their dynamic nature and due to the unreliability of the wireless medium, pose unique challenges that are significantly more complex than those that arise in traditional wired or even cellular wireless networks. MANETs must self organize into a multihop peer-to-peer network without centralized control and without the help of base stations. Their topologies are unpredictable due to mobility and due to fading, shadowing, and other wireless channel impairments. The number and distribution of active nodes in the network are constantly changing, thereby creating additional variability in the network connectivity. Power and energy constraints, interference, and the shared nature of the wireless medium require adaptive relaying mechanisms and channel access. In such a harsh environment, robustness and quality of service (QoS) are essential. MANETs usually consist of a heterogeneous mixture of nodes with a variety of traffic types and different QoS requirements. Scaling laws for these networks are not fully understood. Diverse tradeoff studies related to capacity, delay, bandwidth, and energy consumption are currently under intense investigation. This special issue, which adds onemore collection of contributions to the vibrant field of ad hoc networking, includes 6 papers that address some of these issues. The first paper by S. Xu et al. investigates the reliability of communications paths in mobile ad hoc networks. They demonstrate an analysis framework for some mobility metrics such as link persistence, link duration, link availability, link residual time, and so forth. The second paper by D. Noh and H. Shin introduces an efficient way to handle service advertisement and discovery in MANETs so as to avoid redundant flooding and to lower overhead. The third paper by M. D. Colagrosso investigates the use of machine learning to facilitate adaptive intelligent broadcasting protocols in MANETs. The forth paper by C. Comaniciu and H. V. Poor introduces a cross-layer design that increases energy efficiency in MANETs through joint optimization of transmit power and routing selection. The fifth paper by L. Qian et al. develops a joint power control and routing algorithm for CDMA in wireless ad hoc networks. The sixth and last paper by E. Perevelov et al. studies scaling laws for ad hoc networks taking into account the overhead in route discovery algorithm.