Energy Distribution Of Radiation Research Articles

Effect of the oblique incidence of radiation beams on emerging radiation behind lead and concrete shields: a multilayer method for dose transmission calculations.

For calculating shielding in X-ray rooms, it is often assumed that the beams impinge perpendicularly on the protective barriers. This is not always true, but this premise simplifies the calculations and enhances protection by being a conservative calculation. In this work, a method for calculating radiation transmission through planar shielding that considers the obliquity of the incident beam is presented.
Approach: The output of the method produces energy spectra according to the direction of radiation impinging on the shielding. Four angles of incidence on the barrier are considered, along with monoenergetic pencil beams with energies ranging from 10 to 150 keV and two materials: lead and concrete. The direction of emerging photons is discretized into 49 different direction vectors. Monte Carlo calculations are performed for thicknesses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mm of lead, and 1, 5, 10, and 15 cm of concrete. Additionally, a multilayer iterative method is implemented for calculating attenuation of other thicknesses.
Main results: The distribution of radiant energy according to the coordinates of its directional vector illustrates the effect of the obliquity of the incidence and the significance of the shielding material employed. In the case of concrete, the dispersion of radiation away from the original direction of incidence is much more pronounced than in the case of lead at energies below its K-edge. The multilayer iterative method provides highly accurate values of transmitted radiant energy in both monoenergetic and polyenergetic beams, for both lead and concrete, across the various studied incidence directions.
Significance: Considering the direction of the photons reaching a shield and the direction of the photons passing through it allows multilayer composite shielding calculations to closely approximate the calculation made for the composite shielding.&#xD.

Investigating the radiative properties of large dust aggregate particles via the Monte Carlo ray tracing method

Understanding the radiative properties of particles is essential for interpreting and analyzing atmospheric remote sensing, target detection, combustion diagnostics, etc. At present, there is a relative lack of studies and understanding of the radiative properties of large aggregate particles. In this work, we comprehensively investigate the radiative properties of large dust aggregate particles via the developed Monte Carlo ray tracing method. Large dust aggregate models with monodisperse and polydisperse monomers are constructed, respectively. The effects of various factors on the radiative properties of large dust aggregate particles are analyzed. We find that the larger geometric standard deviation and the greater number of monomers lead to slightly larger backscattering and an increase of the overall radiative energy distribution on the receiving surface. With increasing the size parameter, the scattering phase function becomes smoother and the difference between the scattering phase function of spheres and aggregates diminishes. The absorptivity is proportional to the size parameter and inversely proportional to the number of monomers. At a size parameter of 100, the absorptivity and the peak of the radiative energy distribution of monodisperse monomer aggregates are higher than those of polydisperse monomer aggregates, and gradually converge with the increase of particle size parameter. Overall, this work helps to enhance the knowledge of the radiative properties of large aggregate particles.

Polymer Boron-Containing Composite for Protecting Astronauts of Manned Orbital Stations from Secondary Neutron Radiation

This article considers the prospects of using heat-resistant polyimide boron-containing composites to protect astronauts of manned orbital stations from secondary neutron radiation. Variant calculations are performed regarding neutron and gamma-quanta flux distributions in a polyimide composite material with different boron content used to reduce capture radiation. The dependences of spatial distributions of thermal neutron flux density and the gamma-quanta dose rate in a polyimide composite layer with a boron content of 0 to 5% are obtained. An experimental assessment of the energy distribution of neutron and gamma radiation behind the protective polyimide composite is carried out. The introduction of boron atoms in an amount of 3.0 wt.% shows the absence of bursts of secondary gamma radiation energy in the composite, which is due to the high cross-section of thermal neutron absorption by boron atoms. As a result, with a material layer thickness of 3–10 cm, the gamma-quanta dose rate decreases by 2–3 times. The differential thermal analysis method showed that the upper limit of the working temperature of the polyimide composite is 500 °C. The polyimide matrix filled with boron atoms can find effective application in the development of new radiation-protective polymer materials used in manned orbital stations.

Uniformizing the temperature of turbine blades during the heat treatment process from the perspective of radiation energy distribution

Nickel-based single-crystal turbine blades are critical components of jet engines. Due to element segregation and microstructural defects in as-cast blades, vacuum heat treatment is essential. Controlling the blades’ heat treatment temperature is crucial for improving mechanical performance. However, when treating multiple blades simultaneously, large temperature differences often occur, making it challenging to ensure consistent and uniform temperatures. This paper establishes a numerical algorithm that links blade temperature with radiant energy, optimizing blade arrangement to achieve uniform energy distribution and temperature field homogenization. The improved view factor finite element algorithm is more suitable for blade structures. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Coordinate Descent (CD) methods were used to solve the optimization function, aiming to minimize the temperature difference among blades. Finite element simulation was utilized to model the temperature field of the blades during radiative heat transfer from heating elements. The PSO and CD optimization methods were employed to find the local optimal solution that minimizes the view factor variance, reducing it from 2.24 before optimization to about 1. Simultaneously, the optimized maximum average temperature difference of the blades was 71.1 °C, approximately 50 % lower than the 138.8 °C before optimization. By comparing the view factor values with the simulated temperature fields, the strong correlation between the view factor and blade temperature was verified. This paper innovatively proposes a numerical method for optimizing blade arrangement to homogenize the temperature field, effectively enhancing temperature consistency during the heat treatment process.

Variation and attribution of energy distribution for salinized sunflower farmland in arid area

Agricultural water resources consumption and soil salinity interact with the distribution of radiation energy in arid salinized farmland. Understanding the temporal changes in energy distribution is necessary to enhance water resource use efficiency. Based on two years of monitoring the energy fluxes in a salinized sunflower field, it was found that field energy fluxes were dependent on available energy, and the temporal dynamics of energy distribution was strongly influenced by crop growth. As expected, soil moisture and meteorological conditions were the main factors limiting latent heat (LE) fluxes in the relatively dry year, with leaf area index showing a more significant positive correlation with LE under abundant soil moisture. Furthermore, path analysis revealed that soil moisture affected energy distribution at budding and flowering stages through the negative regulation of soil surface heat fluxes and the positive regulation of LE. The accumulation of soil salt decreased LE (with Pearson correlation coefficient of −0.59 and a total effect of −0.55), and positive regulated sensible heat (with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.27 and a total effect of 0.31). Additionally, approximately 40% of actual evapotranspiration was contributed by groundwater, potentially influencing energy fluxes. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between surface albedo and salinity, which might be another pathway influencing energy distribution. Our findings are important to understand energy distribution and water consumption during the crop growth period in salinized field in arid area.

ON THE ISSUE OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THERMAL RADIATION AT WORKPLACES, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AIR POLLUTION

Problem statement. The research demonstrates that existing methods for determining the distribution of thermal radiation intensity using nomograms and formulas contain significant errors. This is due to the adoption of a number of simplifications regarding numerous interdependent parameters, including the temperature inside furnaces, the size of openings and shafts, etc. As a result, there is a need for measurements of thermal radiation intensity at distances of 5−10 meters and beyond. The purpose of the article. The objective of the article is to propose a concept for a new experimental methodology to investigate the intensity of radiation exposure to workers at their workplaces. Simultaneously, in order to address the issues of thermal protection for workers, actual measurement data of thermal radiation levels are necessary for each workstation under real working conditions within the workspace. Conclusion. It is important to characterize the composition of the gas environment, as its impurities can distort the distribution of radiant energy through interference and diffraction effects, which need to be considered for microclimate optimization. The presence of dust particles complicates the straight-line heat transfer through scattering and scintillation of rays, requiring further improvement of models. Turbulence, impurities, and atmospheric heterogeneity are important factors that need to be further investigated and taken into account in heat transfer process modeling. Scintillation affects the quality of radiation transmission, necessitating further study of this phenomenon. Local atmospheric composition peculiarities require the development of models that consider these variations. The obtained experimental data will contribute to improving the accuracy of modeling and enhancing working conditions. Further refinement of measurement techniques is necessary for obtaining reliable information.

The MIRD Schema for Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry: A Review.

Internal dosimetry evaluates the amount and spatial and temporal distributions of radiation energy deposited in tissue from radionuclides within the body. Historically, nuclear medicine had been largely a diagnostic specialty, and the implicitly performed risk-benefit analyses have been straightforward, with relatively low administered activities yielding important diagnostic information whose benefit far outweighs any potential risk associated with the attendant normal-tissue radiation doses. Although dose estimates based on anatomic models and population-average kinetics in this setting may deviate rather significantly from the actual normal-organ doses for individual patients, the large benefit-to-risk ratios are very forgiving of any such inaccuracies. It is in this context that the MIRD schema was originally developed and has been largely applied. The MIRD schema, created and maintained by the MIRD committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, comprises the notation, terminology, mathematic formulas, and reference data for calculating tissue radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals administered to patients. However, with the ongoing development of new radiopharmaceuticals and the increasing therapeutic application of such agents, internal dosimetry in nuclear medicine and the MIRD schema continue to evolve-from population-average and organ-level to patient-specific and suborgan to voxel-level to cell-level dose estimation. This article will review the basic MIRD schema, relevant quantities and units, reference anatomic models, and its adaptation to small-scale and patient-specific dosimetry.

Ortho-positronium annihilation processes in Y zeolites under different environments by measurements of the energy spectra of the positron annihilation radiation

Measurements of the energy distribution of the positron annihilation radiation in Y zeolites are carried out to elucidate the various ortho-positronium annihilation processes that take place in these microporous materials and relate them to the ortho-positronium lifetime components observed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy in earlier studies. Y zeolites with various Si/Al ratios in the range from 2.6 to 40 are investigated under a controlled atmosphere of N2 gas and after exposure to the atmosphere. The ortho-positronium annihilation modes are characterized by analyzing the γ-ray spectra through the use of the f3γ index, which represents the fraction of 3γ-annihilation, and the S parameter. The proportion of ortho-positronium self-annihilation is found to be no less than 15% in N2 gas, but drastically decreases by the physisorption of water molecules and possibly positronium spin exchange interaction with oxygen in the atmosphere. The presence of water molecules suppresses ortho-positronium intrinsic annihilation and, at the same time, promotes ortho-positronium pick-off annihilation in the pores. Similarly, the S parameter rises due to an increased contribution from para-positronium annihilation and ortho-positronium pick-off annihilation, which is also consistent with the physisorption of water and positronium spin exchange. In conjunction with the previously measured ortho-positronium lifetime components, the specific ortho-positronium annihilation sites and processes in these porous materials under different environments are determined and a complete picture of the ortho-positronium behavior in Y zeolites is obtained.Graphical abstractγ-ray energy spectra of Y zeolites with a Si/Al ratio = 2.6 measured in N2 gas and water-saturated zeolites

Water Ice Sublimation Distribution on the Surface of Short Period Comet

Comets are the primitive planetesimals left in the solar system. Studying the evolution of comet nucleus is of great significance for understanding the formation and evolution history of other celestial bodies in the solar system. Under the action of solar radiation, the volatile components of comets sublimate and drive the dust movement, resulting in the loss of comet nucleus material. Therefore, the activity of comet nucleus affects the surface morphology and even the overall shape evolution. The orbit data were obtained from IAU (International Astronomical Union) MPC (Minor Planet Center), and the spin and precession of comet nucleus were taken into account. The shape evolution model of Mass loss-driven shape evolution model (MONET) was used to simulate the short period comet. The distribution of solar radiation energy and surface erosion depth of short-period comet 1P/Halley, 9P/Tempel 1, 19P/Borrelly, 67P/C-G (Churyumov-Gerasimenko), 81P/Wild 2, and 103P/Hartley 2 in one orbital period is calculated. Combined with its dynamic parameters, the effects of rotation, precession, and revolution on the sublimation distribution of surface water ice and the possibility of causing the difference in erosion between north and south are discussed.

Focal mechanism of Luding M 6.8 earthquake, September 2022 and analysis of the loading role of the tectonic stress on the seismogenic fault

To reveal the seismogenic mechanism of the Luding earthquake, we employed the 118 China Seismic Network stations to collect the P-wave polarity data from each station, which was then used in the P-wave first motion approach to calculate the focal mechanism solution of the M6.8 Luding earthquake that occurred on September 5, 2022. We have also studied the loading effect of tectonic stress on the Luding earthquake fault based on the stress field data for the research area. The results indicate that this earthquake was a strike-slip type, the nodal plane I: strike 167°, dip Angle 78°, slip Angle 2°; Nodal plane Ⅱ: strike 77°, dip Angle 88°, slip Angle 168°. The two fault planes’ instability coefficients of the Luding earthquake are examined considering the region’s background stress field’s condition. The nodal plane I in the Moho circle is discovered to practically coincide with the Coulomb failure line and the tangent point of the Moho circle, indicating that this nodal plane has a high instability coefficient compared to the nodal plane II. The conclusion is that the nodal plane I has a higher likelihood of being the seismogenic fault plane, which is congruent with the seismogenic fault plane suggested by the aftershock distribution, the earthquake radiation energy distribution of a single station, and seismic intensity distribution. The Luding earthquake’s focal mechanism is highly like the theoretical focal mechanism of the fault situated at the location where the Coulomb failure line intersects the Mohr circle, demonstrating that background stress is what caused the earthquake. The substantial fault instability and similarity between the solved and theoretical focal mechanisms make it easier to comprehend the loading effect of tectonic stress on the Luding earthquake fault.

Thermal and Dynamic Radiation in the THz Range Under Spin Current Injection in Magnetic Junctions

An experimental approach to the problem of the energy distribution of radiation in the THz range created by an electron flow passing through a magnetic junction between thermal and dynamic is considered. The experimental results obtained during the operation of a spin-injection emitter based on an array of heterogeneous magnetic nanowires (NWs) confirmed the assumption about the “competition” of thermal and dynamic radiation processes.

The land–atmosphere feedback observatory: a new observational approach for characterizing land–atmosphere feedback

Abstract. Important topics in land–atmosphere (L–A) feedback research are water and energy balances and heterogeneities of fluxes at the land surface and in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). To target these questions, the Land–Atmosphere Feedback Observatory (LAFO) has been installed in southwestern Germany. The instrumentation allows comprehensive and high-resolution measurements from the bedrock to the lower free troposphere. Grouped into three components, atmosphere, soil and land surface, and vegetation, the LAFO observation strategy aims for simultaneous measurements in all three compartments. For this purpose the LAFO sensor synergy contains lidar systems to measure the atmospheric key variables of humidity, temperature and wind. At the land surface, eddy covariance stations are operated to record the energy distribution of radiation, sensible, latent and ground heat fluxes. Together with a water and temperature sensor network, the soil water content and temperature are monitored in the agricultural investigation area. As for vegetation, crop height, leaf area index and phenological growth stage values are registered. The observations in LAFO are organized into operational measurements and intensive observation periods (IOPs). Operational measurements aim for long time series datasets to investigate statistics, and we present as an example the correlation between mixing layer height and surface fluxes. The potential of IOPs is demonstrated with a 24 h case study using dynamic and thermodynamic profiles with lidar and a surface layer observation that uses the scanning differential absorption lidar to relate atmospheric humidity patterns to soil water structures. Both IOPs and long-term observations will provide new insight into exchange processes and their statistics for improving the representation of L–A feedbacks in climate and numerical weather prediction models. The lidar component in particular will support the investigation of coupling to the atmosphere.

Methodology for the fast direct estimation of spectral radiative transport properties in microalgae photobioreactors

Light distribution within photobioreactors is critical for the photosynthetic activity of microalgae in biotechnological processes. The radiative transport properties allow determining the radiant energy distribution, which is highly useful when designing, optimizing, and scaling photobioreactors. As radiation transport is strongly affected by process-dependent phenomena, simple, fast, and accurate in-situ estimation methodologies are of paramount importance. This paper presents a methodology for estimating microalgae cultures’ spectral radiative transport properties (i.e., the extinction coefficient, single-scattering albedo, and scattering phase function), considering measurements of incoming, transmitted, and dispersed energies by the microalgae culture within a modular spherical system. The experimental and numerical methods presented allow us to quickly and independently estimate the spectral radiative transport properties in a single setup. The methodology shows acceptable accuracy when estimating the spectral radiative transport properties of Chlorella vulgaris (400–700 nm). Thus, the proposed methodology has the potential for in-process monitoring and real-time analysis of light transport phenomena in photobioreactors.

On the High-Frequency Energy Distribution of Equilibrium Radiation in an Ideal Electron Plasma

On the High-Frequency Energy Distribution of Equilibrium Radiation in an Ideal Electron Plasma

Express method for measuring the refractive index of transparent fibres

An express method for measuring the refractive index, which is one of the main optical parameters of transparent fibres, is suggested. The method uses focusing properties of a cylindrical lens, which such a fibre is. The possibility to accurately measure such characteristics of optical fibres as the shell and core diameters, numerical aperture, refractive index profile, loss, and dispersion is equally important for fibre manufacturers and designers of optical communication systems who should choose the fibre that meets their requirements best. Almost all measurement methods use the refraction of light rays at the interface between the media. To do this, one should make samples of given shape and size, which are individual for each measuring instrument. The suggested method takes into account the fact that when light strikes upon a refractive cylinder (glass rod, fibreglass), the focusing occurs perpendicular to its axis with a focal region where light rays converge. Behind this region, the rays diverge again. The position of the focal region is determined by the refractive index of the cylinder. It can be inside the cylinder, outside it, or on the surface of the cylinder. During the observation of the fibre using a microscope, one can see that the light, which has passed through the fibre, forms a bright band on its backside against a dark background. The bandwidth depends on the refractive index of the fibre. The calculations using the methods of geometric optics were carried out. These methods may be applied over a wide range of fibre diameters. Using strict formulas of diffraction theory, the distribution of radiation energy in the fibre and its vicinity was calculated. A digital analysis of the resulting pattern was carried out. The results of the analysis coincided with the results obtained using the methods of geometric optics. An algorithm for determining the refractive index was worked out. The measurements of the refractive indices of artificial and natural fibres like fibreglass, webs and human hair (blonde-haired person, brown-haired person, grey hair) were provided.

The Assessment of the Real-Time Radiative Properties and Productivity of Limnospira platensis in Tubular Photobioreactors.

The development of tools to predict the photobioreactors’ (PBRs) productivity is a significant concern in biotechnology. To this end, it is required to know the light availability inside the cultivation unit and combine this information with a suitable kinetic expression that links the distribution of radiant energy with the cell growth rate. In a previous study, we presented and validated a methodology for assessing the radiative properties necessary to address the light distribution inside a PBR for varying illuminating conditions through the cultivation process of a phototrophic microorganism. Here, we sought to utilise this information to construct a predictive tool to estimate the productivity of an autotrophic bioprocess carried out in a 100 [L] tubular photobioreactor (TPBR). Firstly, the time-dependent optical properties over ten batch cultures of L. platensis were calculated. Secondly, the local volumetric rate of photon absorption was assessed based on a physical model of the interaction of the radiant energy with the suspended biomass, together with a Monte Carlo simulation algorithm. Lastly, a kinetic expression valid for low illumination conditions has been utilised to reproduce all the cultures’ experimentally obtained dry weight biomass concentration values. Taken together, time-dependent radiative properties and the kinetic model produced a valuable tool for the study and scaling up of TPBRs.

On the Paramagnetic Contribution of Electrons to the High-Frequency Spectral Energy Distribution of Equilibrium Radiation

On the Paramagnetic Contribution of Electrons to the High-Frequency Spectral Energy Distribution of Equilibrium Radiation

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Surface Albedo and Its Influencing Factors in the Qilian Mountains, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Land surface albedo directly determines the distribution of radiant energy between the surface and the atmosphere, and it is a key parameter affecting the energy balance on the land surface. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of land surface albedo and associated influencing factors in the Qilian Mountains (QM) have been rarely reported. By using the long-time series data products of MODIS shortwave albedo, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and snow cover with a spatial resolution of 0.05° from 2001 to 2020, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial variations of land surface albedo in the QM over the past 20 years and its influencing factors. The analysis results show that the multi-year average surface albedo in the QM has obvious differences in spatial distribution: it increases with the altitude, and it is high in the west (at the west of 98° E) and low in the east. Meanwhile, the surface albedo has different distribution characteristics in different seasons: the spatial distribution of surface albedo is similar in spring and autumn; the areas with a high surface albedo in summer are significantly fewer than those in other seasons. Besides, in the past 20 years, the annual average surface albedo has shown a weak growth trend in the QM, with a change rate of 5 × 10−3/10a, and the minimum and maximum values were reached in 2001 and 2019, respectively. In addition, the annual variation of the surface albedo in the QM showed a “U” shape, with the largest variation in January and the smallest variation in August. The annual variation of surface albedo is significantly positively correlated with snow cover (r = 0.96) and significantly negatively correlated with NDVI (r = −0.91). Moreover, the interannual variation of the surface albedo in the QM is closely related to land surface cover and is greatly affected by snow cover. Spatially, the annual variation of surface albedo in most areas of the QM is dominated by the change of snow cover, and the increase of surface albedo in the middle area is consistent with the increase of snow cover, while the decrease of albedo in the edge area is related to the improvement of vegetation cover. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for studying the climate and environmental changes caused by changes in the surface of the QM and making ecological environment restoration strategies.

Trajectories and radiation of charged particles in the pulsar magnetosphere

ABSTRACT Trajectories and radiation of the accelerating electrons are studied in the pulsar magnetosphere approximated as the electromagnetic field of the Deutsch’s solutions. Because the electrons are accelerated rapidly to ultra-relativistic velocity near the neutron star surface, the electron velocity vector (and then its trajectory) is derived from the balance between Lorentz force and radiation reaction force, which makes the pitch angle between electron trajectories and magnetic field lines non-zero in most part of the magnetosphere. In such a case, the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of synchro-curvature radiation for the accelerating electrons with a mono-energetic form are calculated. Our results indicate that: (i) the pitch angle is the function of electron position (r, θ, ϕ) in the open field line regions, and increases with increasing r and θ as well as increasing the inclination angle; (ii) the radius of curvature becomes large along the particle trajectory, and (iii) the SED appears a double peak structure depending on the emission position, where the synchrotron radiation plays an important role in X-ray band and curvature radiation mainly works in GeV band, which is only determined by parameters α and ζ.

Modeling Particle Transport in Astrophysical Outflows and Simulations of Associated Emissions from Hadronic Microquasar Jets

In this work, after improving the formulation of the model on particle transport within astrophysical plasma outflows and constructing the appropriate algorithms, we test the reliability and effectiveness of our method through numerical simulations on well-studied galactic microquasars as the SS 433 and the Cyg X-1 systems. Then, we concentrate on predictions of the associated emissions, focusing on detectable high-energy neutrinos and γ -rays originated from the extragalactic M33 X-7 system, which is an X-ray binary discovered in 2006, located in the neighboring galaxy Messier 33, and has not yet been modeled in detail. The particle and radiation energy distributions, produced from magnetized hadronic astrophysical jets in the context of our method, are assumed to originate from decay and scattering processes taking place among the secondary particles created when hot (relativistic) protons of the jet scatter on thermal (cold) ones (p-p interaction mechanism inside the jet). These distributions are computed by solving the system of coupled integrodifferential transport equations of multiparticle processes (reactions chain) following the inelastic proton-proton (p-p) collisions. For the detection of such high-energy neutrinos as well as multiwavelength (radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray) emissions, extremely sensitive space telescopes and other γ -ray and neutrino detection instruments are in operation or have been designed like the CTA, IceCube, ANTARES, KM3NeT, and IceCube-Gen-2.