SEM-EDX Research Articles

Coronal Cementum and Reduced Enamel Epithelium on Occlusal Surface of Impacted Wisdom Tooth in a Human

Background: There is only limited research on the coronal cementum of a tooth, and the mechanisms of its forming process are not well-defined. This report presents a coronal cementum on the occlusal surfaces of enamel in an impacted wisdom tooth in a human, which is not nearly the cervical portion. Materials and Methods: The tooth (Tooth #1) was derived from a 46-year-old female. Histological analysis, including hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and toluidine blue (TB) staining, and Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) analysis of the extracted tooth were conducted. Radiographic examination showed that Tooth #1 was horizontally impacted in the maxilla and had the apex of a single root placed between the buccal and palatal roots of Tooth #2. Results: Coronal cementum was distributed widely on the enamel, and reduced enamel epithelium was also found with enamel matrix proteins histologically. The formation of acellular cementum was observed to be more predominant than that of the cellular cementum in Tooth #1. SEM showed that the occlusal cementum connected directly with enamel. Calcium mapping revealed an almost similar occlusal cementum and enamel. In addition, the spectrum of elements in coronal cementum resembled the primary cementum according to SEM-EDS. Discussion: Thus, coronal cementogenesis in impacted human teeth might be related to the existence of reduced enamel epithelium.

Determination of phytochemical quality of leaves Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. from the polluted and non-polluted areas

Elemental composition of Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. has not been determined yet in detail. In our study, a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser (SEM–EDX) ensured the determination of 15 elements in the leaves of Vaccinium sp. growing in the control and the mine polluted locality. The soil elemental analyses showed a higher content of 11 elements from all determined in the mine-influenced samples. Elemental analyses of the control leaves showed the highest contents of all determined elements for V. vitis-idaea, except for carbon. The impact of pollution on V. myrtillus leaves caused significant increase in oxygen, natrium, magnesium, sulphur, chlorine, potassium and calcium content. The contents of carbon, nitrogen and silicon decreased substantially. In the case of the V. vitis-idaea leaves, the content of most of elements reduced, and in the case of six elements, even significantly. A significant increase was recorded for carbon, iron and copper. The effect of the environment has influenced the production of phytochemicals, assessed by HPLC–DAD. The production of flavonoids (hyperoside, isoquercetin) increased significantly in V. myrtillus and decreased to a detectable minimum in V. vitis-idaea. In the case of chlorogenic acid, arbutin and hydroquinone, their levels changed minimally in V. myrtillus, but significantly more in the V. vitis-idaea leaves. The importance of elemental analyses lies in detecting the presence of toxic elements or their harmful concentrations in plants that are the source of food or dietary supplements.

An Innovative Fuel Design for HTGRs: Evaluating a 10-Hour High-Temperature Oxidation of the SiC Fuel Matrix During Air Ingress Accident Conditions

Preventing severe corrosion incidents caused by air ingress accidents in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) while improving heat removal efficiency from the core is of paramount importance. To enhance both safety and efficiency, a sleeveless silicon carbide (SiC)-matrix fuel compact has been proposed. This study evaluates the 10-hour oxidation of reaction-sintered SiC (RS-SiC)-matrix fuel compact under the conditions of an air ingress accident within the temperature range of 1000 to 1400 °C. The oxidation tests were conducted in a stagnant air environment without flow. As a result, it is demonstrated that RS-SiC exhibits exceptional resistance to air oxidation up to 1400 °C, as shown by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), with minimal mass loss due to the oxidation of free carbon. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) analysis reveals that the morphology and thickness of the SiO2 layer formed on the RS-SiC surface vary with temperature. At 1400 °C, uniform oxide layer thickness ranging from 1.59 to 4.10 μm and localized nodule-like oxide formations of approximately 10 μm are observed. In contrast, at 1000–1200 °C, thinner oxide layers are identified, indicating that oxide growth accelerates at higher temperatures. The oxidation rates measured provide insights into the mechanisms of oxide growth.

Optimization of Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B and Indigo Carmine Dyes Using Eco‐Friendly Kaolinite‐Silver Oxide Quantum Dots Nanocomposite Under Sunlight Irradiation

ABSTRACTIn this work, we present a simple method for the pyrofabrication of a new kaolinite‐ silver oxide quantum dots nanocomposite (Kao‐Ag2O/QDs) that is used for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes. A homogenous combination of kaolinite and silver nitrate was sintered up to 350 °C to create the extremely effective photocatalyst (Kao‐Ag2O/QDs). Various analytical techniques were employed to characterize the Kao‐Ag2O/QDs photocatalyst such as XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM–EDX, TEM, DTA/TGA, ZP, BET, and UV–Vis DRS. The degradation of RhB and IC dyes through the photocatalyst was carried out in aqueous solutions utilizing several pH dye solutions and sustainable solar energy in atmosphere conditions. The nanocomposite that was prepared had shown an enhanced specific surface area of 53.3005 m2/g, a pore size of 8.1197 nm, and a total pore volume of 0.216 cm3/g. It also displayed an optical band gap energy of 2.9 eV. The study creates that employing the ideal dose of 2000 and 1500 mg/L of the Kao‐Ag2O/QDs photocatalyst at neutral conditions (pH = 7) resulted a maximum degradation effectiveness of RhB and IC of 91.06 and 93.46% after 90 min, respectively. RhB and IC dyes degradation followed Langmuir first‐order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0217 and 0.0216 min−1 at pH = 7, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation activity for RhB dye is based on hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and superoxide radicals (˙O2−), while the mechanism of IC removal is based on superoxide radicals (˙O2−), as revealed by scavenger‐based radical trapping studies. A triple reusability study found that the Kao‐Ag2O photocatalyst is highly stable with degradation efficiencies of RhB and IC dyes from the initial 91.09 to 90.04, 88.54, and 86.27% and from the initial 93.46 to 92.8, 91.4 and 89.32%, respectively. The optimal situations for the parameters were identified by the Box–Behnken design (BBD), which was well matched with photocatalytic degradation tests.

Green Synthesis of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)‐Silver Nanoparticles Composite using Flaxseed (Linumusitatissimum L) Peel Extract: Its Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities

AbstractGreen synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using diverse plant extracts has gained significance for applications in biomedical sciences and engineering. However, no studies have been done on the synthesis of AgNPs using the extract of Flaxseed peel (FsP) (Linumusitatissimum L), an eco‐friendly agricultural waste. The present study reports the green synthesis of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) ‐ silver nanoparticles (PVA‐AgNPs) composite 1 using the aqueous extract of Flaxseed peel (FsP) (Linumusitatissimum L). GC‐MS, 1H NMR and FT‐IR spectral analyses were performed to understand the phytochemical basis of nanoparticle formation. The obtained AgNPs in the composite were characterized using a variety of techniques including FT‐IR, UV‐visible spectroscopy, HR‐TEM along with EDX spectroscopy, SEM, and DLS. UV‐vis analysis revealed a prominent surface plasmon resonance band at 422 nm, confirming the formation of AgNPs. TEM technique revealed the presence of nearly spherical AgNPs with an average size of 11.28 nm. PVA‐AgNPs composite 1 exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. Furthermore, a dose‐time dependent cytotoxic effect against L929 fibroblast cells was demonstrated by the nanocomposite. Thus, present findings provided a basis of FsP‐extract mediated green synthesis of PVA‐AgNPs composite 1 suggesting functional nanomaterial of biomedical potentialities.

Forensic Discrimination of Various Subtypes of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers in Clothing Available on the Consumer Market

The discrimination of five subtypes of regenerated cellulose fibers, i.e., viscose, bamboo, lyocell, modal, and cupro, from both men’s and women’s clothing available on the prevalent apparel market was described. The examinations were conducted using optical microscopy (in transmitted white light and polarized light), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The microscopic methods revealed characteristic features of the morphological structure of the examined fibers, enabling the identification of differences between the subtypes. As a result, the microscopic methods were found to be the most effective for identifying and distinguishing between the types of examined fibers. Although the FTIR technique did not allow for distinguishing between the fiber subcategories, it contributed to the enlargement of the IR spectra databases for regenerated cellulose fibers. Based on the findings, a general scheme of the procedure for identifying the tested fibers was proposed.

Ionic liquids-assisted integration of biobased materials for sustainable elaboration of nanocomposites using hydroxyethyl cellulose and interlayered clay for efficient separation of Co(II) from multi-component mixtures

This study focuses on the development of eco-friendly biobased adsorbents through a sustainable hydrothermal and freeze-drying synthesis process, utilizing cost-effective bio-sourced materials to minimize energy consumption and waste. The biobased adsorbents were elaborated using hydroxyethyl cellulose-ionic liquids and bentonite clay. The elaborated biocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflection (FTIR/ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and zeta potential (ZP). Structural analysis confirms the intercalation and incorporation of HEC-ILs polymeric chains into Be-Na matrix and the formation of biocomposites. The [HEC-ILs/Be-Na] composite was subsequently employed for solid-phase extraction of Co(II) by investigating the effect of pH, initial Co(II) concentrations, time, temperature, and the presence of co-existing ions (Na(I), Li(I), Mn(II), Ni(II), and Al(III)). The adsorption kinetics of Co(II) metal ions were suitably characterized using the pseudo-second-order model (with R2 > 0.99). Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms conformed to the Langmuir model (with R2 > 0.97), suggesting a chemisorption process with an adsorption capacity of 69.8 mg/g. The thermodynamic study reveals that the adsorption process exhibits characteristics of spontaneity and endothermicity (ΔH° = 74.197 kJ mol−1, ΔG° < 0 kJ mol−1). The proposed mechanism for Co(II) adsorption on the developed biocomposite involves electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, and anion-π interactions. The biobased composite exhibited remarkable selectivity for Co(II) and demonstrated great potential as an adsorbent for industrial applications.Graphical abstract

Single crystal structure features, optimization of ultrasonic conditions, density functional theory studies, and antibacterial activity of a new organic compound

The synthesis of a novel water-soluble organic compound, N’-acetyl-4-nitrobenzohydrazide, was successfully achieved using hydrothermal and sonochemical methods. The resulting products, denoted as 1 and 2, were obtained as single crystals and powder, respectively. Characterization of the crystals through single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) indicated a monoclinic system with space group -P 2yn. Elemental analysis (CHN), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), and powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD), were utilized to analyze the molecular structure of 1 and 2, confirming their identical nature. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the surface morphology of compounds 1 and 2, revealing distinct morphological features and varying particle dimensions. The impact of time, temperature, and ultrasonic energy was examined to optimize the morphology and particle size of compound 2. A density functional theory (DFT) study was performed to find the role of intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) interactions on the capability of the different tautomers of newly synthesized organic compounds. Various properties such as total energies of tautomers, energies of the most important molecular orbitals, electronegativity, thermodynamic functions, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps, electron charge densities, and aromaticity were computed. The antimicrobial activity of 1, and 2 have been evaluated against one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 25923) and one Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922) using the disc diffusion method. The analysis of the inhibition zones revealed that 2 exhibit enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to 1. This observation suggests that particle size reduction may contribute to increased antibacterial activity, potentially due to enhanced interaction with bacterial targets.

Geochemical characterization and reserve estimation of the economic heavy minerals of Sonadia Island, Bangladesh

The goal of the current study is to understand the elemental concentration, reserve assessment, mineralogical composition, and distribution of heavy minerals in the dune sands, foreshore, and backshore of Sonadia Island, Southeast Bangladesh. The study area yielded a number of drill hole composite sand samples that were used for density and magnetic separation of heavy minerals. These samples were then subjected to petrographic characterization, grain counting, mineralogical analyses using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and bulk sand geochemistry using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results of heavy liquid separation show that the total heavy mineral (THM) enrichments in foreshore sand (about 4.86%), backshore sand (about 9.03%), and dune sand (about 22.28%) are significantly higher. After characterizing the sand samples from Sonadia Island based on the abundance of each mineral species, the average content values relative to total economic heavy minerals (TEHM) were determined to be 38.14% ilmenite, 5.74% magnetite, 51.52% garnet, 1.01% zircon, 3.57% rutile, and 0.01% monazite. An SEM–EDX examination reveals that the elemental concentration of ZrO2 in zircon is 66.60%, while the average TiO2 content in rutile is ~ 95%, whereas TiO2 is 45% and the total Fe2O3 is 45.70% in ilmenite. Major phases including amphibole (tremolite) 45.9%, muscovite 15.6%, quartz 12.6%, garnet (almandine) 10.9%, dolomite 7.9%, ilmenite 4.1%, and kaolinite 1.3% are also identified by the XRD pattern. There are an estimated 19,794 tons of garnet in the foreshore sand, 47,324 tons in the backshore sand, and 276,868 tons in the dune sand within the reserve, making it the most prevalent heavy mineral. Ilmenite is the second most common heavy mineral, with quantities detected in the foreshore (15,016 tons), backshore (30,487 tons), and dune sand (215,092 tons).

Development of nano-porous Au thin film at room temperature via ion irradiation in a-Ge/Au bilayer system followed by chemical etching of Ge

The development of nano-porous gold (NPG) via room temperature ion irradiation has been presented in detail. The bilayer thin films of a-Ge/c-Au have been irradiated by 100 MeV Ni ions with the fluence of 5 × 1013 ions cm−2 at room temperature. NPG is obtained by selectively etching Ge off from the Au matrix by dipping the Ge/Au thin film into 10 % H2O2 solution. Diffusion of Ge and Au across the interface under irradiation was confirmed by TRIM simulation and RBS spectra. The SEM image and EDX spectra confirms the formation of NPG with high purity. In addition, the statistical and fractal analysis of AFM image also confirms the formation of NPG. NPG system has been observed to show very good optical properties (low reflectance and high transmittance). The high quality NPG prepared by this method can be useful in the fields like optical sensors, transparent conductive electrodes, anti-reflective coatings, and photo-detector technology.

Estimated of Pomegranate Peel Waste for Biosorption of Cu (II) &amp; Pb(II) Ions From Aqueous Solutions

This study intends to explore the waste natural materials’ adsorption capability. The use of pomegranate peels was investigated to see the chances of eradicating Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions from the aqueous solutions. Adsorption capability was evaluated using batch adsorption experiments, which also evaluated the impact of solution pH and initial metal concentration. The ideal biosorption conditions included a pH of 6.0, a dose of 0.1 g of biomass, and an equilibrium duration of 90 minutes. The adsorption data fit in a way that was comparable to the isotherm models by Freundlich and Langmuir. Pomegranate peel (PGP) was tested for its affinity and adsorption capability. Based on the values of the separation factor (RL) and Freundlich constant (n), it seems that the metal ions were taken up onto biosorbents in a preferred manner. According to this study's conclusions, the equilibrium data suit the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms rather nicely. According to correlation coefficient data, the maximal sorption capacity of the produced pomegranate peel is 5000 mg/g. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were utilised in the characterisation examinations. As a result, distinct aggregates formed on the surface of the biosorbent. In the characterisation experiments, an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed. Different aggregates developed on the biosorbent surface as a result of contact with metal ions. On the surface of the biosorbent, distinct aggregates formed as a result of interaction with metal ions. Either via complexation or electrostatic attraction, the metal ions attached themselves to the biosorbents' active sites.

Optimizing the bituminous pavement constructions with waste plastic materials improved the road constructions performance and their future applications

The yearly production of plastic garbage is rising in the current environment as a result of the fast population rise. Recycling and reusing plastic trash is essential for sustainable development. The need of the hour is to utilize waste polythene for various supporting reasons since it is not biodegradable. These materials are made of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Due to the enhanced performance and elimination of the environmental issue, adding plastic waste to flexible pavement has emerged as a desirable choice. A composite material known as bituminous concrete (BC) is often utilized in construction projects such as road paving, airport terminals, and stopover areas. It includes mineral aggregate and black top or bitumen, which are combined, laid down in layers, and then compacted. The bituminous mixture in this research article was combined with plastic to use a chemical stabilizer. The ideal bitumen content is replaced by 0, 15%, 27%, and 36% plastic, as well as the bitumen's weight, stability, and Marshall value to create hypothermal. A linear scale is used to compare the flow rates to the bituminous mixture. The characterization of plastics contains bituminous materials are done by the SEM–EDX, XRD, FTIR and BET analysis. There have been several studies on the addition of trash to bituminous mixes, but this one is focused on the use of plastic waste as a modification in a bitumen binder for flexible pavement. According to research, bituminous mixes containing up to 4 percent plastic waste are excellent for sustainable development.

Synthesis and Characterization of Low-Cost Zirconium Nanocomposites as Novel Adsorbents for Arsenazo III Pollutant

Removing contaminated Arsenazo III dye from contaminated effluent is a challenge and of great interest due to its hazard and environmental impact. Therefore, the biggest challenge was producing highly efficient, easy to recycle, and economically inexpensive adsorbent materials for the contaminated dye. Three chemically stable zirconium nanocomposites with unique properties were synthesized by gel-precipitation technology. The composition, chemical, and physical properties of zirconium molybdate, tungstate, and silicate nanocomposites have been extensively proven using many different and appropriate devices such as XRD, SEM–EDX, TEM, FT-IR, BET, DLS, TGA-DTA, and zeta potential. By utilizing the most effective adsorption techniques, Azo-dye was successfully bound to ZrMo-NPs, ZrW-NPs, and ZrSi-NPs composites. The uptake capacities for these composites were measured at 0.29, 0.79, and 1.61 mmol.g−1, respectively. The sorption parameters were optimized as follows: a feed solution pH of 3 for ZrMo-NPs, a pH of 2.3 for ZrW-NPs, and a pH of 2.3 for ZrSi-NPs. The stirring time was set at 30 min, the metal ion concentration was 1.64 mmol L−1, and the sorbent dose was 7.5 mg. The adsorption results agreed well with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order reaction models and demonstrated the endothermic nature and kinetic improvement by increasing temperatures. The three nanocomposites effectively eliminated tainted dye from lab wastewater, offering promise for their potential applications in the future.Graphical

A red-emitting phosphor Na3AlF6:Mn4+: Green synthesis, optical characteristics, thermal stability and application in high-performance warm WLED

Mn4+-doped fluoride red phosphors have been widely used in warm WLEDs, but the preparation of such phosphor requires the use of a large amount of HF as a fluorine source and an acidic environment. How to reduce the excessive use of highly toxic HF in the preparation process and achieve green synthesis has become a hot research topic. Therefore, a simple green synthesis strategy is proposed in this work to synthesize a series of red-emitting phosphors Na3AlF6:Mn4+. The highly toxic HF solution is replaced by using a low toxicity reaction system (HCl/HNO3 + NH4F), which reduces the direct use of HF. X-ray powder diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and scanning electron microscope are employed to determine the crystal structure, composition and morphology of all samples. Optical properties are characterized using excitation spectra, emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime curves. The calculation results indicate that the red-light has low correlated color temperature and the excellent color purity, and Na3AlF6 host can provide a strong crystal field environment for Mn4+. In addition, different aluminum sources and Mn4+ doping concentrations are used to explore the optimal preparation condition. The mechanisms of concentration quenching and thermal quenching have also been systematically explored. The stabilities of red-light emission intensity and color are investigated under the high temperature. The integral PL intensity at 423 K is 47 % of the initial value at 298 K. The activation energy, the chromaticity shift and the chromaticity coordinate variation are also systematically calculated. More importantly, a high-performance warm WLED with low correlated color temperature (CCT = 3296 K) and high color rendering index (Ra = 94.7) is achieved by using Na3AlF6:Mn4+ as a red-emitting material. Not only that, the warm WLED exhibits strong output stability under high driving current. The discovery of this work provides a comprehensive understanding for the rational design of high-performance Mn4+-activated fluoride red phosphors via a simple green synthesis strategy.

Experimental and theoretical results of gamma shielding features for copper based shape memory alloys

In this study, the gamma ray attenuation characteristics for CuAlNi shape memory alloys with different proportions of Sn doping was investigated. We determined the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) of CuAlNiSn alloys both experimentally and theoretically within an energy range of 59.5–1332.5 keV. The experimental measurements were made using a high purity Germanium detector (HPGe) and theoretical calculations were made using WinXCOM program. To evaluate the gamma radiation shielding abilities of the alloy samples, the obtained (μ/ρ) values were used to determine the gamma protection parameters μ, HVL, TVL, MFP, and Zeff. In addition, the radiation protection efficiency (RPE) parameter was determined using gamma ray intensities in the absence and presence of the attenuator. Further analysis of the samples was conducted using a Rigaku Miniflex 600 model computer-controlled X-ray diffractometer (CuKα & λ = 1.5405 A0). The crystallographic structure of the alloys before and after irradiation was investigated. Other analysis which include EDX analysis (to investigate the chemical content) and SEM analysis (to investigate the microstructure) were conducted. According to result outcomes, gamma ray radiation did not affect the shape memory properties of structure. Another interesting observation is that, the radiation attenuation properties increase with increasing Sn concentration. Finally, we discovered that the CuAlNiSn4 alloy (which has the highest doping rate) provides good protection especially at low energy levels.

Effects of Cr3C2 addition on microstructure and corrosion properties of Cr3C2/15–5PH composite coatings on 12Cr13 by laser cladding

The application of laser cladding technology to prepare iron-based composite coatings has significant advantages in improving the surface properties of 12Cr13 stainless steel. 15–5PH composite coatings reinforced with Cr3C2 particles of different contents (0–25 wt%) were prepared on the 12Cr13 surface by the coaxial powder feeding laser cladding system. The microstructure, phase composition, element distribution, corrosion resistance and corrosion mechanism of the composite coatings were analyzed and studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer and electrochemical workstation. The results indicated that the Cr3C2/15–5PH composite coatings exhibited good macroscopic morphology and dilution rate under appropriate laser cladding process parameters. The addition of Cr3C2 particles changed the main phase from α-Fe to γ-Fe and formed new carbide phases (M7C3 and Cr23C6). The Cr3C2/15–5PH composite coatings exhibited a typical microstructure with rapid solidification characteristics, and the addition of Cr3C2 significantly changed the grain size. The distribution of Fe, Ni, and Cr elements in the composite coatings was uniform, and the relative content of Cr elements increased and remained at high level. The 15-5PH composite coating with 15 wt% Cr3C2 exhibited a lower corrosion current density and higher impedance modulus values. The surface of this composite coating had no obvious corrosion pits, and the passive film effectively retarded the further corrosion by the Cl- ions on the surface during the electrochemical corrosion process. By preparing a 15–5PH composite coating with 15 wt% Cr3C2 on the surface of 12Cr13, the corrosion resistance of the surface can be effectively improved.

Corrosion behaviour of 110SS steel in hydrochloric acid and blended acid system at 200°C

The influence of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid) on the corrosion behaviour of 110SS steel, a hydrogen sulphide corrosion resistant alloy steel, in hydrochloric (HCl) acid environments was studied. The corrosion rates of 110SS steels in HCl acid and blended acid were measured using the high-temperature and high-pressure corrosion tester. Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to observe the morphology of corrosion products on steel samples corroded by different acid systems, and the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used to analyse the elemental composition of the corrosion products. The corrosion morphology was observed using a 3D laser scanner. The results indicated that the corrosion rate of 110SS steel in HCl acid at 200 °C was an exponential function of HCl concentration. Reducing the HCl concentration significantly decreased the corrosion rate of 110SS steel. Organic acids and corrosion inhibitors synergistically reduced the corrosion of 110SS steel in HCl acid. Adding 3 wt.% organic acid to the 15 wt.% HCl acid system further reduced the corrosion rate, with a more pronounced effect observed in the HCl–formic acid system compared to the HCl–acetic acid system. Organic acids chemically adsorbed onto the steel surface and decomposed to produce CO, which hindered the attack of hydrogen ions on the metal. The added corrosion inhibitor and intensifier Sb2O3 resulted in the formation of a compact adsorption film on the steel surface, further inhibiting corrosion. The optimal mass ratio of HCl acid to organic acid was found to be 15% to 3%.

Trade-Off between Degradation Efficiency and Recyclability: Zeolite-Enhanced Ni3-xCoxS4 Catalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue.

We herein report successful syntheses of both nickel cobalt sulfide (NCS) and its composite with zeolite (NCS@Z) using a solvothermal method. Techniques such as EDX analysis, SEM, and molar ratio determination were used for product characterization. The incorporation of NCS significantly changed the surface roughness and active sites of the zeolite, improving the efficiency of methylene blue degradation and its reusability, especially under UV irradiation. In comparing the pseudo-first order rates, the highest degradation efficiency of methylene blue was achieved with NCS-2@Z, having a degradation extent of 91.07% under UV irradiation. This environmentally friendly approach offers a promising solution for the remediation of methylene blue contamination in various industries.

Anticancer efficacy of magnetite nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of brown seaweed Rosenvingea intricata, South Andaman, India

Cancer is a global issue and hence various efforts are being made. Iron oxide is considered a significant biochemical agent in the biomedical arena for cancer treatment. Marine macroalgae-mediated iron oxides especially, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) are a prospective alternative to diagnose and treat cancer owing to their fluorescent and magnetic properties. We intend to appraise the usability of the aqueous extract of Rosenvingea intricata (R. intricata) in Fe3O4 NPs synthesis and to study their cytotoxic effects against human hepatocarcinoma (Hep3B) and pancreatic (PANC1) cancer cells. In the present study, R. intricata were collected from the coastal region of South Andaman, India. Aqueous extracts of R. intricata were utilized to synthesize Fe3O4 NPs via the co-precipitation method. Phycosynthesized Fe3O4 NPs exhibited wide peak at 400–600 nm from ultraviolet–visible diffused reflectance spectroscopic analysis which validated the formation of NPs. Band edge emission peak at 660 nm in fluorescent spectra confirmed the quantum confinement in Fe3O4 NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the role of R. intricata as a capping and reducing agent with functional groups such as O–H, C–H, C=O, N=O, C=C, C–O, C–N, and C–S arising from amino acids, polysaccharides, aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, amides, lignins, alkanes, aliphatic amines, and sulfates. Physicochemical properties such as crystallite size (14.36 nm), hydrodynamic size (84.6 nm), irregular morphology, elemental composition, particle size (125 nm), crystallinity, and saturation magnetization (0.90007 emu/g) were obtained from x-ray diffractometer, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques, respectively. The cell viability showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects and enhanced the apoptosis against Hep3B and PANC1 cancer cells. R. intricata extract capped Fe3O4 NPs could be the most appropriate and effective nanomaterial for cancer treatment and management.

Synthesis of highly stable nitrogen doped carbon encapsulated nano Cu2O pom discs (NCEN[sbnd]Cu2O pom discs) and its click chemistry

Click chemistry has growing impact in drug discovery. It is an azide alkyne cycloaddition in presence of Cu(I) catalyst. Click reaction gives high yields with a variety of starting materials and easy to perform and insensitive to oxygen or water. However vast applications of Click reactions were studied with homogeneous catalyst. Main disadvantages of homogeneous catalysts are processing of the product and regeneration of the catalyst. These disadvantages can overcome by the use of heterogeneous catalysts. Thus heterogeneous catalysts are highly economic in industrial applications. This article reports the synthesis of highly stable and reusable heterogeneous nitrogen doped carbon encapsulated nano Cu2O (NCEN Cu2O) pom discs. These pom discs were synthesized under normal temperature and pressure conditions by using copper nitrate as precursor and triethanolamine as stabilizing agent, hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. Water and propanol were used as solvents. Thus obtained reddish brown powder was washed with ethanol and filtered using membrane and analyzed using powder XRD, FT-IR, and TGA, SEM, SEM–EDX, TEM, TEM-EDX, TEM-SAED, HR-TEM analyses. And it showed high activity and reproducibility towards Click chemistry in synthesis of 1,2,3 triazoles.