Discharge Energy Research Articles

Superior Capacitive Energy Storage at High Temperature of All-Organic Aromatic Polymer via Enhancing Conjugate Angle between Benzene Rings.

High-temperature polymer capacitors with superior energy storage density are considerable and desirable components in advanced power pulse, electrical, and energy conversion systems. However, due to the π-π conjugated benzene ring structure, carriers migrate through polyimide (PI) chains, reducing discharge energy density (Ue) and charge-discharge efficiency (η) at high temperature. Here, the ether (-O-) and isopropylidene (-C(CH3)2-) groups are purposefully introduced into the position between the benzene rings to increase the conjugate angle in PI chains, and spatial folded chains are designed to impede charge transport at high temperature. The experimental results show both surface charge dissipation rate and leakage current decrease at 150 °C when (-C(CH3)2-) groups increase, indicating that deep traps that hinder charge transport are introduced in the chains. Hence, the breakdown strength of the designed polymer (BAPP+BPADA) significantly increases, and its Ue and η reach 3.87 J/cm3 and 90% at 150 °C, 2.74-times the energy density of the pristine PI film. Simultaneously, the BAPP+BPADA film exhibits excellent discharge response and cycling charge-discharge stability, which have the potential to be applied in functional devices under extreme conditions. The work performs a superior energy storage all-organic film and offers a strategy that regulates the chains' spatial topological structure for future aromatic polymers for high-temperature energy storage.

Dynamic characteristics of pumped thermal-liquid air energy storage system: Modeling, analysis, and optimization

Pumped thermal-liquid air energy storage (PTLAES) is a novel energy storage technology that combines pumped thermal- and liquid air energy storage and eliminates the need for cold storage. However, existing studies on this system are all based on steady-state assumption, lacking dynamic analysis and optimization to better understand the system’s performance under cyclic operation. To fill this gap, the mainbody-linearized cyclic dynamic model of the PTLAES system with packed bed thermal energy storage (TES) was first developed. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the baseline system were investigated. Sensitivity analyses were carried out on TES parameters. Minimal values of levelized cost of storage (LCOS) were observed for all parameters in the range of interest. Subsequently, the TES circuit was optimized, and a triple improvement of efficiency and energy density enhancement, discharge stabilization, and cost reduction was achieved. The optimized system's round-trip efficiency and energy density increased from 61.7% to 63.1% and from 141.9 kWh/m³ to 159.2 kWh/m³, and the LCOS decreased from 163.2 $/MWh to 159.4 $/MWh. A power offset ratio lower than 3% was reached, which is the lowest value ever reported in the literature. This study provides reference for future design and operation of the PTLAES system.

High dielectric energy storage properties of chitin matrix composites regulated by SiO2.

High-performance polymer-based dielectric materials have attracted much attention in the field of energy storage due to high breakdown field strength and low cost. However, partial polymer-based materials are derived from traditional fossil energy derivatives, which are characterized by non-renewable and low dielectric constants, which are not conducive to the improvement of energy storage. In this paper, dissolved chitin through alkali/urea system is composited with SiO2 prepared by electrostatic spinning. The maximum discharge energy density of the fiber composite film reaches 4.34 J cm-3, which is 1.6 times higher than that of the micron particle composite film (2.8 J cm-3) and 1.9 times higher than that of the pure chitin film. The high aspect ratio and low concentration of silica filler effectively improved the breakdown field strength. In addition, the thermal stability was improved. This study paves the way for the application of bio-based materials in high-performance dielectrics.

Significantly improve capacitive properties of alicyclic polyimide dielectrics at high temperatures via hard/soft segment engineering

The demand for high energy storage density and efficiency of polymer film capacitors at high temperatures is urgently increasing in the electronics and electrical field. However, most traditional high temperature resistant polymers exhibit the low bandgap and high conductive loss because of the presence of conjugated aromatic structures, resulting in a significant decrease in the energy storage performance at high temperatures and high fields. In this paper, a series of alicyclic polyimide dielectric films containing hard segment of phenyl imide and soft segment of cyclohexyl imide are designed and prepared. On the one hand, the introduction of non-coplanar alicyclic ring into main-chain of polyimide can break long distance conjugation effect, weaken the intermolecular and intramolecular charge transfer interaction and improve the bandgap. On the other hand, the physical crossing point formed by the soft segments can sharply increase Young's modulus of the polyimide films. As a result, the terpolymer polyimide film (CPI90) with copolymerization ratio of phenyl/cyclohexyl dianhydride of 9:1 achieves a highest discharge energy density (Ud) of 5.59 J cm−3 at 150 °C. Importantly, the CPI90 film can obtain the Ud of 2.74 J cm−3 at 200 °C. In addition, the CPI90 film possesses a good self-healing ability attributing to a small ratio for the carbon to hydrogen and oxygen. This work offers a new strategy for synergistically promoting the bandgap and Young's modulus of polymer dielectrics via molecular and hard/soft segment engineering.

High-Capacity Energy Storage Devices Designed for Use in Railway Applications

High-Capacity Energy Storage Devices Designed for Use in Railway Applications

Thermal performance enhancement with solidification effect of nickel foam and MXene nanoenhanced PCM composite based thermal energy storages

This paper presents a numerical investigation into the solidification behavior of phase change material (PCM) in duplex and triplex-tube latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems enhanced with nickel foam and MXene nanoparticles. The study aims to investigate how nickel foam integration enhances heat transfer during PCM solidification, aiming for faster, more uniform solidification, and to analyse energy and exergy efficiency for optimizing thermal energy storage systems. The study also assesses the impact of nickel foam on enhancing PCM thermal conductivity, improving solidification rates, and overall thermal management. Focusing on a nickel foam/PCM/MXene (5 % v/v.) composite, the study explores the effects of solidification characteristics, as well as the Stefan and Fourier numbers, in both duplex tube thermal energy storage (DuT-TES) and triplex tube thermal energy storage (TrT-TES) systems. It provides detailed insights into the thermal performance of these systems by evaluating key factors such as liquid fraction, solidification temperature profiles, exergy destruction, exergetic efficiency, system efficiency, and discharged energy.The findings reveal that systems incorporating nickel foam/PCM-MXene composites significantly outperformed those using nickel foam/PCM and pure PCM alone, achieving notably faster solidification. Specifically, the nickel foam/PCM composite demonstrated higher discharge exergy than pure cetyl alcohol PCM. The TrT-TES system with the nickel foam/PCM composite solidified 48.40% faster than the DuT-TES system. Additionally, the discharge energy of the TrT-TES system with nickel foam/PCM and nickel foam/PCM/MXene composites was 2.26 % and 3.65 % greater, respectively, than that of the DuT-TES system. At 90 s, the DuT-TES with nickel foam/PCM/MXene showed a 2.91 % improvement in system efficiency. Overall, the TrT-TES system using the nickel foam/PCM/MXene composite exhibited a 48.39 % faster solidification rate than the DuT-TES system. Thus, this study highlights the superior potential of the TrT-TES system with nickel foam/PCM/MXene composite for enhancing latent heat thermal energy storage, outperforming the DuT-TES system in terms of solidification speed, discharge energy, and efficiency.

Decoupling enhancements of breakdown strength and dielectric constant in PMIA-based composite films for high-temperature capacitive energy storage

Polymer-based dielectric films are increasingly demanded for capacitive energy storage. However, the negative coupling between dielectric constant (ɛr) and breakdown strength (Eb) presents a significant challenge to further enhancements, especially at high temperatures. Here, we propose dielectric composite films employing poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) as the matrix, with nanodiamond (ND) particles modified by polydopamine (PDA) serving as reinforcing fillers. At 150 °C, the 1.0 wt% film demonstrates an ultrahigh discharge energy density (Ue) of 5.15 J/cm3 at a charge-discharge efficiency (η) exceeding 90 %. Even the temperature increases to 200 °C, the film maintains a desirable Ue of 2.36 J/cm3 with η > 90 %, achieving a record energy storage performance that outperforms numerous previous works. In addition to the inherent hydrogen bonds among PMIA molecular chains, ND@PDA fillers, enriched with hydroxyl groups, facilitate the formation of additional hydrogen bonds with PMIA, generating a hydrogen bonding network. This network provides additional dipoles for overall polarization, enhances Young's modulus for electromechanical resistance, and suppresses dielectric loss upon temperature increase, thereby reducing conduction loss. Both experimental and simulation results indicate that this hydrogen bonding network is extremely stable at high temperatures, effectively promoting the decoupling enhancements of ɛr and Eb for high-temperature energy storage applications.

Enhanced energy storage performance in BaZrxTi1–xO3 lead-free ferroelectrics near phase transitions

The present study explores the energy storage properties of BaZrxTi1-xO3through phase-field modeling, focusing on the impact of composition and temperature on energy storage performance. The obtained results reveal a variety of polarization phases and configurations based on Zr compositions and temperatures. A detailed phase diagram for temperature-composition of BaZrxTi1-xO3is established, closely aligning with experimental measurements. Variations in Zr content and temperature have a significant impact on the polarization-electric field (P - E) response, influencing the energy storage properties. Calculations of energy storage properties are derived from theP - Eresponse. In addition, a thorough diagram is developed to illustrate the discharge energy density of BaZrxTi1-xO3as a function of temperature and composition. Notably, high discharge energy density is achievable near the Curie temperature, corresponding to the transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric phase. Furthermore, the present study emphasizes the importance of the disparity between maximum and remanent polarization, as well as the electric field-dependent effective permittivity, in determining the discharge energy density.

Enhanced energy storage performance in polyetherimide composites via oriented one-dimensional BZCT@BT core-shell filler.

The development of dielectric capacitors toward high voltage and high power density requires materials with excellent insulation and energy storage performances. In this work, a polymer dielectric with polyetherimide (PEI) as the matrix and calcium barium zirconate titanate (BZCT) coated by barium titanate fiber (BT) as the filler (BZCT@BT) was constructed. The (0.5%-10% BZCT@BT/PEI) polymer dielectric has an excellent discharge energy density (Ue) of 6.66 J/cm3 and maintains an advanced charge/discharge efficiency (η) of 93.29% when the BT content was 0.5% and the BZCT particle content was 10%. The addition of BZCT endows the polymer dielectric with a higher relative dielectric constant (εr), while BT, maintaining a lower εr than BZCT, could reduce the electric field (E) distortion caused by the dielectric mismatch between PEI and BZCT. Oriented fiber fillers increase the breakdown strength of the polymer dielectric, ultimately increasing the performance of energy storage. A new strategy for the design of energy storage polymer dielectrics was provided by this work.

Experimental and numerical study on double wedge shock/shock interaction controlled by a single-pulse plasma synthetic jet

Abstract The phenomenon of shock/shock interaction (SSI) is widely observed in high-speed flow, and the double wedge SSI represents one of the typical problems encountered. The control effect of plasma synthetic jet (PSJ) on double wedge type-VI and type-V SSI was experimentally and numerically investigated, and the influence of discharge energy was also explored. The findings indicate that the interaction between PSJ and the high-speed freestream results in the formation of a plasma layer and a jet shock, which collectively governs the control of SSI. The control mechanism of single-pulse PSJ on SSI lies in its ability to attenuate shock and SSI. For type-VI SSI, under the control of PSJ, the original second-wedge oblique shock is eliminated, resulting in a new type-VI SSI formed by the jet shock and the first-wedge oblique shock. For type-V SSI, under the control of PSJ, Mach stem, supersonic jet and the reflected shocks are significantly attenuated, resulting in a transformation of type-V SSI into type-VI SSI. The numerical results indicate that the maximum reduction of peak pressure is approximately 32.26%. The development of PSJ also extends in the Z direction. The pressure decreases in the area affected by both PSJ and jet shock due to the attenuation of the SSI zone. The control effect of PSJ on SSI is gradually enhanced with increasing discharge energy.

Excellent energy storage performance of multi-alternating-layer structured PMMA/PVDF dielectric composite at high-temperature

Polymer dielectric capacitors have high power density and are an integral component of electronic and power device. Currently, the limited energy density restricts their further application. In this research, a novel method was designed to optimize performance of PMMA/PVDF composite via an alternating stacked multi-layer structure. And, the five-alternating-layer of PVDF-PMMA-PVDF-PMMA-PVDF (F-A-F-A-F) composite has excellent dielectric properties, for instance, a better dielectric constant (4.52@1 kHz) and a low dielectric loss (0.034@1 kHz). The discharge energy density (Ue) of it is significantly larger than that of PMMA and PVDF. Particularly, the Ue of F-A-F-A-F composite is increased by 83.0 % (from 4.71 J/cm3 to 8.62 J/cm3) with charging-discharging efficiency of 60 % at 80 °C. Moreover, the F-A-F-A-F composite achieves an excellent stability after 40,000 cycles. This composite has a wide range of potential applications in the field of traditional dielectric capacitor due to its good energy storage performance and cycle stability.

Recent Progress on Air, Liquid, PCM, Heat Pipe, and Hybrid Modes of Thermal Management in Lithium-Ion Batteries

This study emphasises lithium-ion batteries, which have been the subject of extensive research due to their wide range of benefits, including extended life cycle, minimal discharge, and high energy density. However, the temperature sensitivity of the batteries presents a notable obstacle that can negatively impact their performance and longevity when operating under extreme conditions. To overcome this challenge, implementing an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is imperative. Battery thermal management is crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-demand applications like electric vehicles. This comprehensive review explores a variety of BTMS technologies, including air-cooling methods, liquid-cooling techniques, heat pipes, and PCM materials. While air-cooled BTMS is a safe and straightforward design, its lower heat capacity and thermal efficiency limit its use to low-capacity batteries. However, forced air-cooled BTMS is an excellent solution for high charging/discharging rates, as air flows through channels within the battery packs to optimize cooling. Liquid-cooled BTMS also shows promise, although designers must ensure the sealing cover is secure to prevent leaks. Heat pipes (HP) offer a unique approach to controlling battery temperature, while Phase change materials (PCM) thermal management is notable for its ability to absorb significant heat by latent heat. Hybrid cooling combines fins, nanofluids, PCM, and microchannels-based cooling and can significantly enhance battery performance under high charging/discharging rates. Furthermore, lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in various applications, including the Electric vehicle industry. Keeping the lithium-ion battery temperature within the optimal range is important and is accomplished by a suitable BTMS. Different methods, such as air cooling, Liquid cooling, Heat pipe, and PCM materials, are used in BTMS. An effective thermal management system and efficient battery model are absolutely necessary. Each of the techniques in BTMS has its own benefits and drawbacks. The effectiveness of thermal management configurations and methods can vary. Thus, evaluating performance and optimal configuration is crucial before implementation.

Comprehensive analysis of dye adsorption and supramolecular interaction between dyes and cotton fibers in non-aqueous media/less water dyeing system

Cotton textile dyeing consumes large amounts of energy and water and discharges large amount of wastewater and pollutants. Zero or less discharge of the wastewater and contaminants from the cotton textile dyeing has been under high demands from textile industry. Recently, a novel reactive dyeing technology of using a non-aqueous medium with little water (NMLW) was developed for cotton fabrics. However, the use of high concentration of reactive dyes in the system triggers aggregation of the dyes in cotton fibers, influencing the quality of dyed cotton textiles. In this investigation, adsorption, diffusion, and aggregation behavior of reactive dyes in cotton fibers were studied. Compared to traditional water-based dyeing system, cotton fabrics demonstrated superior color depth, as long with higher rates of dye uptake and fixation for reactive dyes. At low dye concentrations, the maximum absorption wavelengths of reactive dyes were unchanged, and complied with the Lambot-Beer law. However, when the dye concentration was excessively high, reactive dyes with different molecular structures, as well as multi-layer dye aggregates with π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions, showed different light absorption spectral characteristics and photophysical properties. Moreover, the dye particle size and dye ionization were influenced by the dye concentration, molecular weight, molecular configuration, etc. Analysis of the molecular dynamics of reactive dyes revealed that the maximum dye aggregation size was predominantly dimer at low dye concentration. However, the dimer ratio significantly decreased, while the trimer ratio increased, and higher-order aggregates were observed at a higher dye concentration. The strength of hydrogen bonds between dye molecules and water molecules, as well as the number of water molecules surrounding dye molecules, was influenced by dye concentration and alkali. This study provides a foundation for understanding the micro-aggregation behavior of reactive dyes and offer guidance for optimizing the dyeing process in practical production settings.

Optimizing battery discharge management of PMSM vehicles using adaptive nonlinear predictive control and a Generalized Integrator

Electric vehicles (EVs) are key to a sustainable future, but extending battery life is essential to reduce costs and environmental impact. Thus, this paper presents the development of an Adaptive Nonlinear Predictive Model (ANLPM), integrated with a Third Order Generalized Integrator (TOGI) flux observer, which enhances induced torque estimation and stator reactance in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) systems. The model employs a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm, ensuring numerical stability and efficiency within the Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework to handle nonlinear constraints effectively. Moreover, simulation results demonstrate that the ANLPM significantly outperforms classical Adaptive Linear Predictive Models (ALPM), Seven-Dimensional LPM (SDLPM), and Proportional-Integral (PI) control strategies. It achieves marked reductions in battery discharge current and energy consumption rates. Therefore, simulation comparisons, across different scenarios, show that ANLPM reduces battery discharge current by 3% over ALPM and 44.7% over PI, while cutting energy consumption by 12.2% and 28.2%, and decreasing parallel battery cells by 14.2% and 28%, respectively. Under high temperatures, ANLPM cuts battery consumption by 45.3% and reduces cells by 43.7% compared to SDLPM, highlighting its efficiency in managing energy and extending battery life in EVs.

A multi-stage scheduling optimization method for distribution networks based on extreme learning algorithms

Abstract As the prevalence of distributed power sources grows, the distinctions between transmission and distribution networks will blur further. In addition to conventional and renewable energy sources, electric vehicles and energy storage are also regarded as dynamic resources for system operation adjustments. This article establishes response models based on the response strategies, constraints, and costs of controllable loads and energy storage resources, and proposes a multi-stage active distribution network optimization and scheduling optimization method for “source load storage” collaborative interaction. Secondly, a novel optimization scheduling method for distribution networks is formulated, aiming to enhance both reliability and cost-effectiveness while adhering to constraints such as network balance, distributed power generation, and energy storage charging and discharging. Finally, the feasibility and correctness of the optimized scheduling model and algorithm were verified using the IEEE-24 node system as an example.

Investigation of the Discharge Voltage in Electric Vehicle Motor Bearings

As the automotive industry undergoes a significant transition toward electric vehicles (EV), the matter of electric current discharge in motor bearings has emerged as a focal point of concern. This issue has gathered increased attention due to its potential to inflict damage upon bearing surfaces. The extent of damage inflicted by the discharges is intricately tied to the discharge energy, a factor directly influenced by both bearing capacitance and discharge voltage. In pursuit of a deeper understanding of discharge voltage dynamics within EV motor bearings, electric discharge tests were conducted using in-house modified single ball-on-disk contact and full bearing test equipment. Our test results at the single ball-on-disk contact show that discharge voltage adheres to a probabilistic distribution. Moreover, parallel investigations at the bearing level have yielded corroborative findings, reinforcing conclusions drawn from the single contact tests. These collective efforts contribute to a comprehensive understanding of electric discharge phenomena in motor bearings, essential for developing effective mitigation strategies and advancing the reliability of EV propulsion systems.

Significantly enhanced high-temperature energy storage capacity for polyetherimide-based nanocomposites via energy level modulation and electrostatic crosslinking

In the field of electrostatic energy storage, polymers exhibit notable advantages, including high breakdown strength (Eb) and fast charge/discharge rates. However, at elevated temperatures, their discharge energy density (Ud) decreases due to reduced Eb and increased electrical conductivity losses. We herein integrate fluoro-functionalized polyimide (PFI) shell-modified Al2O3 nanoparticles (PFI@Al2O3) with polyetherimide (PEI) to form a trap-rich electrostatic crosslinked network. By energy level modulation and electrostatic crosslinking, the PFI layer enables to capture charges and acts as crosslinking sites, while the wide-bandgap Al2O3 introduces energy barriers that inhibit charge injection and migration. This sophisticated dual-interface design enhances Eb and facilitates dual capture of electrons and holes, thus effectively reducing leakage current and conduction losses. Surprisingly, the composites prepared using this method exhibit an energy density of 7.24 J/cm³ at 150 °C, with a charging-discharging efficiency of 83.58 %. Moreover, it maintains stability even after 105 extended charge-discharge cycles under harsh conditions (200 kV/mm and 150 °C). This work lays a solid foundation for electrostatic energy storage at elevated temperature.

Enhanced high-temperature energy storage performance in all-organic dielectric films through synergistic crosslinking of chemical and physical interaction

Advanced electronic devices and energy systems urgently require high-temperature polymer dielectrics that can offer both high discharge energy density and energy storage efficiency. However, the capacitive properties of most polymers sharply deteriorate at elevated temperatures, due to the significant rise in leakage current density and energy loss. Herein, a new design approach is adopted to fabricate high-temperature polyetherimide (PEI) dielectrics with chemical and physical cooperative crosslinking networks, the dual-crosslinked PEI dielectrics are prepared through amine crosslinking agent and the electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged phenyl groups between triptycene (TE) and PEI chain segments. Benefiting from the increased crosslinking sites, the dual-crosslinked PEI films achieve the simultaneously enhancement in Tg, modulus and bandgap compared to un-crosslinked and single-crosslinked polymers. Meanwhile, the PEI with dual-crosslinked network displays higher chain packing density, effectively reducing the mean motion pathways of charge carriers and the conduction loss inside polymer dielectric. Consequently, the dual-crosslinked PEI containing 0.25 wt% TE delivers an outstanding discharge energy density of 2.69 J/cm3 and retains excellent cyclability after 100,000 charge–discharge cycles at 200 ℃. Additionally, finite element analysis and molecular dynamics simulation further confirm that less Joule heat and tighter chain structure are formed in the dual-crosslinked polymer dielectric. This research offers a novel methodology to prepare high-performance polymer dielectrics for high-temperature applications.

Experimental study on the effect of discharge parameters of high-frequency nSDBD on the multi-point ignition characteristics of NH3/air mixture

Multi-point ignition by high-frequency nanosecond surface dielectric barrier discharge (nSDBD) offers the potential to enhance the combustion speed of NH3/air mixtures. This paper investigates the ignition process of high-frequency nSDBD in NH3/air mixture. Firstly, the morphology of the discharge channels is studied, and it is found that before the formation of a clear flame kernel, with the increase of the pulse number, the discharge filament length increases first and then stabilized, while the discharge filament number decreases from about 20 to around 12. Secondly, the influence of the mixed gas state on discharge characteristics is studied, and it is observed that as the gas pressure increases, the single pulse energy decreases and the discharge filament length decreases, but the deposition energy per unit length did not change significantly. The increase in NH3 concentration leads to a slight decrease in discharge energy and length. Finally, the effect of the flame kernel on discharge morphology is studied, and it is found that when the flame kernel is small, the discharge filament trees change from dispersed to coincident, and the discharge energy is concentrated. When the flame kernel is large, the discharge filament trees mostly transform into overlapping types, and the number decreases.

Analysis of hydrodynamic behavior in response to diverse pile arrangements adjacent to an impermeable dike

ABSTRACT Intense energy flow near the dike head significantly influences the development of the dike field zone (DFZ), momentum exchange zone (MEZ), and mainstream zone (MSZ), leading to potential partial or full failure of the dike in the MEZ. To address this, laboratory experiments were conducted to observe flow changes and rate of energy reduction around a single impermeable dike, with alterations made to the pile group length (HL: half-length = 11.5 cm and FL: full length = 23 cm), location (U: upstream, D: downstream), and shape (C: Circular, DV: Delta Van, ST: Streamlined tapered, APF: Angled Plate footing). Modifications in the MEZ flow structure were studied to mitigate concerns about intense energy vortices and dike head flows. These piles helped to assess factors like flow deflection, backwater rise, energy reduction rate, velocity fluctuations, and discharge distribution percentages across the zones. The data revealed that when the pile group length was increased from HL to FL, there was an inverse effect on depth-averaged velocity, MEZ discharge distribution percentage, and flow deflection toward the DFZ. Conversely, there was a direct influence on the rise in backwaters, rate of energy reduction, and discharge distribution percentages in the DFZ. The U-FL-APF pile dike showcased optimal results, displaying a reduction in maximum energy by 52% and streamwise velocity by 96%, while also increasing the backwater rise and discharge distribution by 22% and of only 5% in the MEZ, respectively, compared to a single impermeable dike. During flood events, these suggested measures can mitigate the intensified swirls formed in the DFZ, protect the dike head from direct momentum exchanges in the MEZ, and enhance flow deflection into the MSZ.