Energy In Developing Countries Research Articles

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF FACTORS AND CONDITIONS FOR THE WORLD COUNTRIES ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF FACTORS AND CONDITIONS FOR THE WORLD COUNTRIES ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

Developed analytic hierarchy process and multi criteria decision support system for wind farm site selection using GIS: A regional-scale application with environmental responsibility

As determined by empirical analysis, renewable energy sources account for less than 1.73 percent of the developing countries energy market. The western region of Iran, or province of Kermanshah, presents significant opportunities for power exports to neighboring country (Iraq). In this research, an appropriate location for wind farms in Western Iran is determined with the assistance of a combined method of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) description. Electrical, techno-economic, environmental, and geo-infrastructure aspects, as well as their respective sub-criteria, were subjected to a comprehensive analysis and weighting in this study. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized to achieve this result. The aforementioned conclusions were reached through an extensive examination of insightful interviews conducted with esteemed experts in the domain of wind energy. Significant suitability for the potential installation of large-scale wind turbines or wind farms is evident in six critical areas, encompassing more than 20 % of the evaluated region, according to the findings of this paper. Conversely, it was deduced that precisely 80 % of the areas examined were deemed inappropriate for such endeavors. The assessment yielded four locations that were deemed suitable, denoted as A, B, C, and D. The southern, western, and central regions of the province contain these locations. The proposed total capacity is 216 MW, which is determined by the combined surface areas of these regions (19 km2, 55 km2, 64 km2, and 40 km2, respectively). An anticipated reduction of 1,262,471 tons in greenhouse gas emissions is anticipated as a result of the implementation and substitution of the proposed wind farms for the gas turbine power plants that presently predominate in Iran's thermal power plant sector. The method used in this article can be extended to all cases of other faculties to measure the potential of wind farm resources.

The Impact of Globalization on Renewable Energy Development in the Countries along the Belt and Road Based on the Moderating Effect of the Digital Economy

Within the context of globalization, the development of renewable energy is critical for attaining sustainable development, and the digital economy is also a critical driver for achieving it. This article incorporates globalization, renewable energy development, and the digital economy into its research framework, investigates the relationship between globalization and renewable energy development, and explores the moderating effect of the digital economy, using panel data from countries along the Belt and Road (B&R) from 2001 to 2018. It is found that globalization facilitates the development of renewable energy. The 1% increase in globalization results in a 1.06% increase in renewable energy development; the level of globalization has a significant effect on renewable energy development in high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and low-income countries, but not in lower-middle-income countries; the digital economy has a moderating effect on the impact of globalization on renewable energy development in countries along the B&R. Simultaneously, the effect of globalization on renewable energy development in B&R countries is influenced by the digital economy’s single threshold effect, and the effect of globalization on renewable energy development is more pronounced when the level of digital economy development is less than the threshold of 0.061. The conclusions of this article have significant implications for the B&R countries’ sustainable development in the contexts of globalization and the digital economy.

Assessing the Flexibility of Renewable Energy Multinational Corporations

Currently, international business and society are on the eve of large-scale changes. The study aims to develop a methodological approach to assess the energy flexibility of multinational corporations in the context of the structural transformation management of renewable energy production. The methodology of this study is based on a comprehensive approach, which includes the methodology of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), diagnostics of the level of development and energy flexibility of multinational corporations, regression analysis and scenario modeling. In particular, scenario analysis of renewable energy development in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and economic analysis of projects for the development of corporate renewable energy industry were carried out. The results showed that the Russian renewable energy business is flexible enough for changes; however, at the same time, changes are needed in the national legislation, the basics of work, the national energy market; the conditions should be formed for the development of this business, a green tariff on a market basis should be formed, etc. The scientific contribution of this study is the proposed indicator in the form of the Multinational Corporation Energy Flexibility Index. It provides an opportunity to diagnose the agility of multinational corporations’ development, taking into account changes in their production structure. The developments obtained in the course of the work can be applied for studies related to assessing the flexibility of national energy systems, as well as in the practice of managing multinational corporations operating in the field of renewable energy.

Energy security through diversification of non-hydro renewable energy sources in developing countries

The increasing diversity of renewable energy sources in developing countries is receiving attention in discussions about the future of energy security and climate change. Given the strong relationship between energy demand and economic growth, this paper explores the factors that influence the diversification of non-hydro renewable energy sources across 117 developing countries covering more than 30 years. We contribute to the literature by using a new measure capturing diversification of non-hydro renewable energy sources and explore several estimation techniques in investigating determinants of diversification. Controlling for regional variations, results show that higher per capita income, implementation of policies promoting renewable energy, technological innovations and human capital improvement encourage diversification. In addition, the squared term of income was included to capture nonlinear effects. The results depict a U-shaped kind of relationship suggesting non-monotonic changes in renewable energy diversification in relation to increasing affluence. This implies that greater environmental concern in terms of energy use can be expected as countries developed. Other determinants suggest that high dependence on imported fuels and increasing world market price for crude oil will motivate developing countries to diversify non-hydro renewable energy sources. In contrast, the local abundance of hydropower and the availability of natural resources like oil impede diversification. Finally, we conclude that the progressive integration of renewable energy in developing countries energy mix can be hastened with environmental awareness, relevant policy, and favorable economic conditions.

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN UKRAINE

Introduction. Today, the country is in energy import dependence, so there is a sharp problem of reorientation of needs and proposals related to the country's energy development. Despite the significant contribution of scientists to the development of theoretical and practical aspects of the introduction of renewable energy sources in Ukraine, a number of problems remain unresolved, in particular, in terms of benefits and prospects for the use of alternative energy sources in Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to determine the prospects and positive impact of the use of renewable energy sources in Ukraine. Results. The world is experiencing a rapid development of renewable energy, which is associated with the depletion of traditional energy resources, growing negative impact of energy on the environment, rising prices for traditional energy resources, as well as the desire of countries around the world for energy security and independence. Given Ukraine's growing energy dependence on Russian energy supplies and the constant rise in energy prices, the developing energy-intensive national economy suffers significant losses, leading to lower production and slowing down socio-economic development. Therefore, the issue of reducing energy dependence through the formation of an effective program of energy conservation and development of alternative energy in Ukraine should be considered as strategically important and in need of urgent solution. The main and most effective areas of renewable energy in Ukraine are wind energy, solar energy, bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal energy. Conclusions. The main modern views on the definition of “renewable energy sources” are studied. The energy strategy of Ukraine until 2035 is analyzed. The main advantages of renewable energy and its positive impact on the environment are identified. The most powerful solar power plants and wind power plants in Ukraine are listed. It is concluded that the use of renewable energy sources is environmentally friendly, modern, safe and resource efficient. Key words: renewable energy sources, solar energy, wind energy, biofuel, hydropower.

Performance investigation of metal hydride based heat transformer

AbstractEnergy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. However, for developing countries energy is essential for economic growth, which calls for the development of clean and sustainable energy source/carrier. Among all the possible options, hydrogen has been considered as a promising clean energy carrier, which is associated with major challenges of its storage and application. Hydrogen can be stored safely in the form of metal hydrides whose formation and decomposition involve high heat interaction, which can be used for the development of thermodynamic systems like sorption heat pumps, which can transform waste heat to useful high‐grade heat. In the present work, the performance of metal hydride based heat transformer (MHHT) is investigated in terms of variation in MH bed temperature and hydrogen interaction between coupled reactors during hydrogen transfer processes, in addition to thermodynamic performance (ie, Coefficient of Performance (COP), heating capacity, and so on) for the operating temperature of TL = 303 K, TM = 383 K, and TH = 423 K. A pair of La0.9Ce0.1Ni5 and LaNi4.6Al0.4 is chosen for present study based on author's previous work. In the present study, user‐defined functions are employed in ANSYS Fluent, which consist of pressure, mass, and energy variation equations. The results are derived in the form of contours and graphical representations of variations in bed temperature and hydrogen concentration. It is observed that the system produces 40 kJ of upgraded heat with heating capacity of 0.1 kW and COP of 0.46 at 880 seconds of hydrogen transfer time for 250 g of each alloys.

ПАРИЖСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ ПО КЛИМАТУ И ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИОРИТЕТЫ ДОНАЛЬДА ТРАМПА

The article shows the significance of the Paris Climate Conference, different attitudes to its decisions of the U. S. President D. Trump, his administration, the Republican and Democratic parties’ supporters, as well as of American fuel and energy complex corporations and those companies that profess the green exchange rate. Various instruments for the development of renewable energy sources (RES) are considered. Data for the harmful effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment and human health are presented. The problem of climate change is one of the points of inter-party disagreements that are broadcasted to great masses of population. According to a poll conducted by the Pew Research Center in Washington, Democrats, along with moderate and liberal Republicans, support the fight against global warming, while conservative Republicans, due to close ties with energy-intensive industries, are in the position of climate skepticism. The analysis of renewable energy advantages and disadvantages is given. To demonstrate its limited possibilities, the author points out that green technologies can only work together with a fossil fuels system, since any electric system operating from wind or solar energy needs repair first; secondly, gas and coal thermal power plants are able to generate capacity in the amount and at a time when the market needs it, while the solar and wind stations work intermittently when the wind is blowing and the sun is shining. Although these disadvantages are recognized as fair, nonetheless, RES have unquestionable advantages over hydrocarbons. What is particularly important is the easy accessibility of the huge potential of solar energy (especially in the southern states), which is considered the second opportunity after the nuclear power to solve the global task of inexhaustible power generation. Along with this, the solar energy looks preferable in comparison with coal and gas thermal power in terms of the environmental impact. Despite protective measures, including projects on carbon sequestration and CO2 capture, the problem is solved only partially. In the article, a special section is devoted to energy-efficient industrial technologies for individual consumers and households. The author stresses that the possibilities of the Trump administration to radically change the diversified character of energy are very limited, since there is essentially no federal regulation of this issue in the United States (with the exception of hydro power plants), and the power industry structure is largely formed by the states. Examples of the renewable energy development in countries of Europe, Southeast Asia and Latin America are given.

Design and Performance of Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems: Comprehensive Review towards a Renewable Strategy for Mozambique

The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology for water pumping systems (WPS) has been one of the most popular forms of solar energy application in recent decades in remote and desert areas, as well as in some urban areas. In this article, an advanced literature review on the design and performance of solar technology for water pumping is presented, exploring also the best perspective of transition for the developing countries energy needs. Additionally, this paper intends to analyze the Mozambique’s perspective on renewable energy technologies setting the Mozambican scenario regarding photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPS) technology with the aim to identifying the main knowledge of PVWPS design and research gap. The results show that the most commonly used configuration of PVWPS technology is direct coupling systems without battery storage. These systems are simple and reliable, mainly used in small-scale pumping for small irrigations and domestic use. The mainly variables that influence the performance of PVWPS are: total dynamic head, quantity of fluid extracted, variation of solar radiation level, PV and motor pump technology. Yet, the efficiency of the PV and overall system does not exceed 10% and 5%, respectively. Looking at the designing, mathematical models, software-assisted is being predominant. Yet, as research gap, it is possible to understand from different authors that the dynamic nature of the end-use of PVWPS is not explored on methodology design of PVWPS, and the techno-economic optimum system configuration is not always the one that gives the highest annual system efficiency. For the Mozambican’s context, PVWPS for irrigation has been expanding slowly but has gained expression since 2013. In turn, static models based on software of pump manufacturers for PVWPS design are the most widely used in Mozam-bique. In Mozambique, PVWPS match the perspective of different researchers regarding the availability of solar resource, boreholes and amount of water required for irrigation. The adoption of PVWPS is a means of increasing the sustainability of the rural communities.

Alliance strategy in R&D contractual projects for the energy sector: perspective of the knowledge and resource-based views

This study developed a model for alliance strategy activities that will be implemented in research and development contractual projects between developed and developing country energy companies. This paper used quantitative research that included a survey of PERTAMINA, an Indonesian energy company. This alliance process model divided its activities into three phases: 1) the pre-project phase: the partner is selected based on knowledge factors, including their competences, capabilities, experience and expertise, in addition to resource factors, including their complementary assets, specific objectives, risk sharing and cost sharing; 2) the project phase: the innovation activities are performed, which involves a knowledge management system as a moderating component with factors, including a technology transfer process, technology support for knowledge management, knowledge sharing and absorptive capacity, and organisation structure factors, including team-building processes, partner roles, open communication, and decision-making processes; 3) the post-project phase: commercialised innovation, which is based on factors including knowledge, intellectual property rights (IPR), and innovativeness as a source of competitive advantage. The theoretical contributions of this study, due to the innovation process has a high uncertainty aspect, alliance in innovation activities are better conducted in contractual project form without entail the share of ownership.

Energy and Environmental Challenges and Coping Strategies

Great achievements since the reform and opening up China's energy development, but the resulting energy shortage, environment pollution seriously limits the economic development of our country and cause economic security and national security issues. From resources, production, consumption, and impact on the environment and the economic and social development, etc., analyzes the basic situation and development trend of the world's energy and discusses the opportunities and challenges facing our country energy development. China's energy development strategy is still mainly on coal, controlling the total energy production and consumption, energy conservation and emissions reduction, improve the efficiency of the comprehensive utilization of energy, to develop the modern coal chemical industry, renewable energy and nuclear energy.

Ecuador's energy policy mix: Development versus conservation and nationalism with Chinese loans

Ecuador's energy policy faces a complex variety of political and economic objectives that are difficult to reconcile in a consistent manner. Ecuador is a small oil producer and exporter with significant renewable (mainly hydropower) resources, hosting some of the richest biodiversity areas in the world, part of which are inhabited by so far indigenous un-contacted people. Being a developing country, tensions arise between conservation aims and development imperatives, as well as between resource nationalism and much-needed foreign financing. However, the really limiting factor for the country's energy development seems to be its constraints in financing the government's development and redistributive policies. Resorting to Chinese loans-for-oil may be part of the solution in the short term, but it does not substitute for a more consistent energy policy. Ecuador's case illustrates the dilemmas of energy policy in natural resource-rich developing countries when confronted with diverging political economy, social, environmental and macro-financial goals.

Export Credit Agencies and Global Energy: Promoting National Exports in a Changing World

Abstract This article introduces export credit agencies (ECAs) as highly influential actors in international trade and global energy development. In the energy sector, official export financing stimulates international trade in energy-related technologies and promotes energy development in countries associated with high political risk. Adverse competition between ECAs has produced a demand among governments and other actors for international governance. The article explores the origins and effectiveness of international rules, and identifies three challenges to the current OECD-centred governance arrangements. First, the growing influence of ECAs from non-OECD countries is challenging the legitimacy and effectiveness of the OECD as an institutional venue for negotiating rules. Second, there are growing tensions between the national economic objectives that underpin the mandates and operations of ECAs, and their global implications. And third, as official export financing overwhelmingly benefits large-scale, carbon-intensive energy development, a number of ECAs have been criticized for undermining efforts to place developing countries on a more sustainable energy path. The article is pessimistic about the prospect of fundamental reform, as aligning official export financing with global policy objectives may require governments to enact fundamental changes to the mandates and structures of ECAs that compromise their effectiveness as instruments of national export promotion. Policy Implications • The growing influence of non-OECD countries in the international market for official export financing will generate new demands for international rules from governments and other stakeholders. • Given the global impacts of ECAs, it will become increasingly difficult for governments to insulate themselves from pressures to align their mandates and activities with broader sustainable development objectives. • The role of official export financing in the energy sector demonstrates the extent to which mitigating global climate change requires a better integration of international trade and climate policy. • As more and more countries establish ECAs, it will become increasingly difficult to reach a consensus on international rules. • When benefiting exports related to oil, gas and coal-based power generation, official export financing reduces the capital costs of large-scale fossil fuel-based energy development in developing countries. • The ‘greening’ of official export financing in the energy sector would be accelerated by fiscal and regulatory policies in both exporting and importing countries that are favourable to clean technology and renewable energy companies.

Energy consumption, economic growth and prices: A reassessment using panel VECM for developed and developing countries

This paper reinvestigates the energy consumption–GDP growth nexus in a panel error correction model using data on 20 net energy importers and exporters from 1971 to 2002. Among the energy exporters, there was bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption in the developed countries in both the short and long run, while in the developing countries energy consumption stimulates growth only in the short run. The former result is also found for energy importers and the latter result exists only for the developed countries within this category. In addition, compared to the developing countries, the developed countries’ elasticity response in terms of economic growth from an increase in energy consumption is larger although its income elasticity is lower and less than unitary. Lastly, the implications for energy policy calling for a more holistic approach are discussed.

Addressing challenges to sustainable development with innovative energy technologies in a competitive electric industry

Radical change in the energy system is essential in the decades immediately ahead in order to address effectively the multiple economic, social, environmental, and insecurity challenges posed by conventional energy. This can come about only through a concerted international effort to speed up the rate of technological innovation worldwide for technologies that offer promise in addressing sustainable development objectives – with particular attention given to developing countries, which account for much of the world's energy demand growth and where problems posed by conventional energy are severe. The effort should be aimed at channeling some of the enormous private-sector financial and technological resources to the development and widespread deployment of such new energy technologies. In the industrialized countries, public policies supportive of innovation directed to the needs of the developing world as well as domestic needs are called for. Developing country governments should strive to make their countries favorable theaters for energy technological innovation that is supportive of their development needs. There is a need to complement such national policy measures with establishment at the multilateral level of a framework for channeling vast private-sector financial resources to this process, with emphasis on developing countries. Either new multilateral institutions should be created to carry out the needed activities or some existing institutions might be transformed to take on these new responsibilities. It is suggested that if the latter approach is taken, the Global Environment Facility might be given this responsibility. The ongoing process of reform to improve the economic efficiency of electricity markets can assist the needed transition to the needed new energy technologies – if reforms include measures to promote energy technological innovation in ways that would serve sustainable development objectives. The combination of rapid energy demand growth plus environmental and energy market reforms could potentially transform developing country energy markets into favorable theaters for energy technological innovation. Under these conditions, developing country governments would have considerable market power to direct the course of this innovation – including the power to induce the private sector to provide those new energy technologies that they believe are well-suited to their development needs. With large internal markets, large rapidly industrializing countries in particular have an opportunity to become market leaders for selected sustainable energy technologies, with eventual export capability. It is desirable to put the needed innovation policies in place soon. Fundamental policy changes such as those proposed are typically easier to introduce when institutions are in ferment, as is the case with ongoing power sector reforms. Once power sector reforms have been put into place the policy arena will become quiescent, and it will be more difficult to bring about fundamental change.

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Policy‐making in Africa AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS: A policy modeling approach edited by Dominick SalvatoreSolar heat technologies SOLAR RESOURCES, edited by Roland L. Hulstrom, PASSIVE COOLING, edited by Jeffrey CookEnergy technology and developing countries ENERGY ISSUES AND OPTIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESPrimary commodities A GUIDE TO PRIMARY COMMODITIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY, by Marian RadetzkiEconomics and the environment ECONOMICS, NATURAL RESOURCE SCARCITY AND DEVELOPMENT, edited by Edward Barbier

A Synthesis of Monte Carlo and Noise-in-Variable Model Techniques for Energy Demand Modelling

This paper considers the issue of uncertainty analysis in energy demand modelling for cases where the data is noisy. This situation is particularly relevant to the developing countries energy system where there is significant measurement error in sodo-economic variables. We present a probabilistic approach which is a combination of noise-in-variable and Monte Carlo simulation techniques as a forecasting procedure for such cases. A simple residential electricity demand model for Nigeria is analysed to illustrate the proposed approach.

Residential energy demand in Brazil by income classes Issues for the energy sector

Due to the lack of reliable statistical information, the majority of analyses concerning the structure of developing countries energy market of developing countries do not disaggregate the demand by income classes. This component offers important strategies for energy planning in these countries, by making it possible to quantify the portions of society which have not entered the energy market and are more affected by internal energy price rises. This approach also emphasizes that the bulk of energy is consumed by a small fraction of the population, while a significant proportion of households do not benefit from energy services. Issues such as energy conservation, pricing and energy distribution, and the impact of technological changes must be dealt with differently in developing countries, including the characteristics of the structure of their energy markets according to income classes.

Energy for developing countries

Energy for developing countries