Energy Deposition Of Heavy Ions Research Articles

Heavy Ion Energy Deposition and SEE Intercomparison Within the RADNEXT Irradiation Facility Network

RADNEXT is an EU-funded network of irradiation facilities and radiation effects experts aimed at increasing the quantity and quality of user access to accelerator infrastructure, and improving the diversity and harmonization across facilities. Along with the beam provision to worldwide radiation effects users, RADNEXT has an ambitious research program oriented at improving radiation effects testing, of which an example of a heavy ion facility inter-comparison at very different energy regimes is included in this work. In particular, energy deposition distributions in a silicon solid-state detector and the Single Event Upset (SEU) and Multiple Cell Upset (MCU) behaviour are compared amongst heavy ion beams of similar LET, but very different energies (i.e., from the more classical ~10 MeV/u regime up to several hundreds of MeV/u).

Monte Carlo simulation of a satellite-based detector of cosmic ray ions with elemental separation from hydrogen to nickel

Observing cosmic rays and solar energetic particles provides important information about the solar wind and solar storms. We are working toward building a Thai detector of energetic ions from space that is inspired by the Mass Spectrometer Telescope (MAST), a satellite-based detector installed on SAMPEX of cosmic ray ions with the energy range of 0.01 to 0.5 GeV/nucleon with the objective to determine the nuclear charge and kinetic energy for nuclei with atomic number of Z = 1 (hydrogen) to 28 (nickel). The energy range of the detector covers the energy range of anomalous cosmic rays, Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. Therefore, observations by such a detector can provide insight into the origin and transport of these ions in cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. During solar events, measurements of the elemental composition of solar energetic particles can be compared with the composition of the solar corona. We have created a computational model of the MAST detector to simulate ion detection using the FLUKA program to measure the energy deposition of heavy ions in multiple detector components to determine their initial kinetic energy in the simulation. From the simulation results, we can identify the ions’ energies and species using established methods and calculate the geometry factor of the detector, comparing the results with previous reports.

Time resolution of resistive plate chambers investigated with 10 MeV electrons

The time resolution of double-gap timing resistive plate chambers (tRPC) has been measured with 10MeV electron bunches of variable intensity. The use of electrons delivered in bunches of a few picoseconds was an attempt to mimic the energy deposition of heavy ions in the tRPC gas gap. The measurements show a clear dependence of the time resolution with the number of electrons per bunch, reaching 21ps (standard deviation) for the highest beam intensity. The signal charge distribution and the time resolution are compared to data obtained with the same detectors for cosmic rays and 238U ions at 1AGeV.

Experiments on extreme states of matter towards HIF at FAIR

The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe (FAIR) will provide worldwide unique accelerator and experimental facilities allowing for a large variety of unprecedented frontier research in extreme state of matter physics and applied science. Indeed, it is the largest basic research project on the roadmap of the European Strategy Forum of Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), and it is cornerstone of the European Research Area. FAIR offers to scientists from the whole world an abundance of outstanding research opportunities, broader in scope than any other contemporary large-scale facility worldwide. More than 2500 scientists are involved in setting up and exploiting the FAIR facility. They will push the frontiers of our knowledge in plasma, nuclear, atomic, hadron and applied physics far ahead, with important implications also for other fields in science such as cosmology, astro and particle physics, and technology. It includes 14 initial experiments, which form the four scientific pillars of FAIR. The main thrust of intense heavy ion and laser beam-matter interaction research focuses on the structure and evolution of extreme state of matter on both a microscopic and on a cosmic scale. 1. INTERNATIONAL FAIR Construction of a new accelerator facility called FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) was started in 2010 as an international research project in Darmstadt, Germany. This new accelerator complex will consist of two powerful heavy ion synchrotrons and a number of storage rings and experimental facilities for various research projects (1, 2). The centrepiece of the accelerator assembly will be a 100Tm superconducting heavy ion synchrotron SIS-100 (see Fig. 1). FAIR will provide compressed beam pulses with an intensity that exceeds the current beam intensities by two orders of magnitude. This will extend the available beam deposition power from the current level of 10GW/g by at least two orders of magnitude up to 3TW/g. Many aspects of high power beam physics associated with inertial confinement fusion driven by intense heavy ion beams will be addressed there, even though this facility will not provide enough beam power to ignite a fusion pellet (3). Due to the unique feature of the energy deposition of heavy ions in dense matter—volume character of heating—it is possible to generate extreme states of matter that cannot be accessed with other drivers. This will open up the possibility to explore the thermo-physical and transport properties of high energy density (HED) matter in a regime that is very difficult to access using the traditional methods of shock compression (4).

The DNA concentration effect on DNA radiation damage induced by 7Li ions and γ rays

To evaluate the influence of the DNA concentration in the aqueous solution on DNA radiation damage, the plasmid DNA in the presence or absence of Mannitol (scavenger of free radical OH•) was irradiated by 7Li ions and γ rays at various DNA concentrations. Gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the DNA damage of single and double strand breaks induced by irradiation became more severe at lower DNA concentration. In the condition of γ-ray irradiation, most of double strand breaks (DSB) damage was neutralized and less associated with DNA concentration in the presence of mannitol. However, under 7Li irradiation, DSB damage could not be cleared by mannitol but was gradually aggravated with decreasing DNA concentrations. These findings imply that under low-LET irradiation, most of the DSB damage is generated by free radical OH• diffusion, and thus may be counteracted by scavengers, while at higher-LET irradiation, quite a fraction of DSB induction is caused by direct ionizing energy deposition of heavy ions, which cannot be eliminated. This work also indicates that the proportion between free radical damage and direct ionizing damage is a constant which is independent of DNA concentration when the DNA concentration is under a certain value (50 ng/μL). Our study sheds light on the underlying mechanisms in the DNA radiation damage process.

Synthesis of Nanoscale Copper Nitride Thin Film and Modification of the Surface Under High Electronic Excitation

Nanoscale (approximately 90 nm) Copper nitride (Cu3N) films are deposited on borosilicate glass and Si substrates by RF sputtering technique in the reactive environment of nitrogen gas. These films are irradiated with 200 MeV Au15+ ions from Pelletron accelerator in order to modify the surface by high electronic energy deposition of heavy ions. Due to irradiation (i) at incident ion fluence of 1 x 10(12) ions/cm2 enhancement of grains, (ii) at 5 x 10912) ions/cm2 mass transport on the films surface, (iii) at 2 x 10(13) ions/cm2 line-like features on Cu3N/glass and nanometallic structures on Cu3N/Si surface are observed. The surface morphology is examined by atomic force microscope (AFM). All results are explained on the basis of a thermal spike model of ion-solid interaction.

Nuclear reaction stopping of 400MeV/nucleon 56Fe in water

Geant4 toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation is used in high energy heavy ion energy deposition simulation. The energy deposit of relativistic 400MeV/nucleon 56Fe has contributions from three sources, namely electronic stopping, nuclear stopping and nuclear reaction stopping. The electronic stopping and nuclear stopping are well known ionization, excitation and elastic collision of particles, the nuclear reaction stopping comes from the contribution of secondary particles emitted from nuclei during nuclear reaction. Yields of secondary particlesinduced by relativistic 56Fe in water and the energy deposited near the track are calculated.

The use of electron beam in RIA R&D

This paper discusses two electron beam applications for the RIA (Rare Isotope Accelerator) R&D. The first is for simulating energy deposition of heavy ions on lithium jets. The peak energy deposition for a 400-kW uranium beam will be 4 MW/cm 3 . Calculations have shown that a 1-MeV electron beam with 40mA of current has a peak energy deposition about 4 MW/cm 3 making it suitable to mimic the thermal response of lithium jet at that uranium beam heat load. The second application of electron beams for RIA R&D, discussed in this paper, is the use of low energy electron beam as a diagnosis tool for on-line monitoring of thickness variations of thin foils or thin jets. Thin foils can be corroded and jets might experience instabilities that can compromise their functionality. Low energy electron beams can be used to detect any change in thickness enabling a continuous on-line monitoring of the thin film being monitored. Calculations have indicated that variations in lithium jet thicknesses at the micron level can easily be detected.

Energy deposition of heavy ions in the regime of strong beam-plasma correlations.

The energy loss of highly charged ions in dense plasmas is investigated. The applied model includes strong beam-plasma correlation via a quantum T-matrix treatment of the cross sections. Dynamic screening effects are modeled by using a Debye-like potential with a velocity dependent screening length that guarantees the known low and high beam velocity limits. It is shown that this phenomenological model is in good agreement with simulation data up to very high beam-plasma coupling. An analysis of the stopping process shows considerably longer ranges and a less localized energy deposition if strong coupling is treated properly.

Chemical degradation of polyimide and polysulfone films under the irradiation with heavy ions of several hundred meV

Degradation processes in polyimide and polysulfone irradiated with energetic Kr (720 MeV) and Mo (515 MeV) ions were studied by infrared and mass spectroscopy. Most notable is the creation of alkynes, cyanates, and acetylene. The formation of such triple-bonded species within a radius of 3–4 nm around the ion trajectory seems to be a unique process attributed to the extremely high energy deposition of heavy ions. We also found other degradation products well known for low ionizing radiation, but they are created in a larger halo region around the ion path, and they are strongly enhanced if the irradiation takes place in an oxygen atmosphere. The complementing observation of various bulk and volatile degradation products allows us to give a detailed description of the underlying decomposition mechanisms. A remarkable analogy is found between degradation products created under ion irradiation and during pyrolysis. The thermal stability of alkynes and the observation of sulfur precipitates, instead of outgassing SO2, suggests that transient temperatures above 1500 K are involved in the track formation process. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4318–4329, 1999

Energy deposition of heavy ions in matter

The energy loss of heavy ions in matter is completely different from the case of laser beams. Whereas laser radiation produces a plasma on the surface of the target and heats the volume mostly by shock waves, heavy ions penetrate deep into the target with an almost-constant energy loss in the beginning and a very high energy loss at the end of the range, the so called “Bragg peak.” This special behavior offers excellent possibilities for the examination of critical points of different materials, the measurement of benchmarks for equations of state, production and detection of X-rays and XUV radiation, investigations in physics of overdense plasma, and many more topics. In particular, heavy ion beams are considered to be a very efficient driver for an inertial confinement fusion power plant. Thus, research on the elementary processes of the energy deposition of heavy ions in matter with respect to inertial fusion energy is of primary interest.

Biological effects of hepatoma cells irradiated by 25MeV/u(40)Ar(14+).

Radiotherapy was initiated when Grubbe treated tumor with X-rays in 1896[1]. Afterwards, radioisotopes such as Ra and Rn, were used for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Basic researches on the biological effects of X-rays, γ-rays, fast neutron, and so on discovered that damages to mammalian cells induced by high-LET irradiation were more serious than that by low-LET[2]. Because of their low oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) and high relative biological effectiveness (RBE), heavy ions can kill carcinoma cells efficiently[3], among which about 5%-20% was hypoxia. There was a Bragg peak along the energy deposition of heavy ions, so that more dose could reach to the tumor while less to the normal tissues[4]. Therefore, heavy ion beam is believed to play an important role in the future in the radiotherapy for tumors. The treatment with heavy ion beam has been studied and put into clinical practice since the 1970s in America and since 1994 in Japan. But in our country, this research is still in its initial stage. This is our preliminary report on the dose--response and fractionated irradiation with 25MeV/u 40Ar14+ in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells.

Heating matter by intense heavy ion beams at SIS energies

The hydrodynamic flow in cylindrical aluminum targets irradiated by intense Xenon beams is discussed for three different beam-target combinations. Solid targets, targets with enclosed cavities, and hollow beams are considered to study the effects of energy deposition and compression waves in matter. Emphasis is put on the occurrence of converging shock waves. The assumed beam intensity of 40TW/cm2 is in the scope of the GSI-SIS/ESR facility that will start operating in 1990/91.A two-dimensional hydrodynamic code, including the energy deposition of heavy ions, a realistic equation of state, and realistic transport coefficients, is used in numerical simulations to obtain information on the temperature and density distributions and the relevant time scales that have to be expected in these experiments.

Inertial fusion using heavy-ion beams

This article discusses various features of heavy-ion inertial fusion including energy deposition of heavy ions in hot dense plasmas and transfer of rad

Heavy-ion inertial fusion: 1988 symposium summary

The 1988 International Symposium on Heavy-Ion Inertial Fusion was held at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, FRG, June 28–30, 1988. About 130 participants from 12 countries gave some 74 invited, oral and poster papers. Progress in developing high-current accelerators was noted for both rf linacs and induction linacs. In the area of beam-target interaction physics the German and French programs have moved to an experimental phase on topics such as energy deposition of heavy ions in hot, dense matter. These experiments will become a primary goal upon completion of a major expansion of the GSI accelerator complex. Unlike prior symposia, no new material was presented on system studies for heavy ion fusion. This review consists of highlights of the four major international programs together with summaries of selected topics.

Heating matter with heavy ion beams

Heating dense matter with intense beams from heavy ion accelerators to temperatures of 1–1000 eV is explored in terms of models and numerical simulation. The emphasis is on the target configuration, the region of plasma parameters that can be reached, on heavy ion energy deposition in hot dense matter, and on the hydrodynamic and radiative target response. Accelerator options for this purpose and their scaling with ion energy are discussed. Inertial confinement fusion driven by heavy ion beams is one of the major motivations for this research, and the present paper provides practical tools for future experiments in this direction.

Target study for heavy ion beam fusion

Heavy ion beam driven implosion of multilayered, single-shell targets for inertial confinement fusion are investigated by ID-simulation. Features characteristic of heavy ion energy deposition are studied. The ion beam energy and the tamper/absorber configuration which give optimum hydrodynamic efficiency and fuel ignition are found for a reactor-size target. A comparison of different pulse shapes with and without prepulse is presented. Implosion by a single-box pulse is found to give superior hydrodynamic efficiency and spherical stability. In addition to these specific results, general features of ion driven implosions are discussed and a brief description of the target code MINIHY is given.