Energy Consumption Calculation Method Research Articles

Energy Consumption Characteristics Study of Surface Meteorological Observation Station in North and South China

Surface meteorological observation is one of the most important sources of primary data for the meteorological sector and are crucial to the accuracy of weather forecasting. China’s meteorological authorities have built a dense network of surface observation stations, which require a considerable amount of electrical energy to keep the network running normally. There has been a lack of analytical studies dedicated to the energy consumption of surface meteorological observation stations domestically and internationally. This paper selects measured energy consumption data of 4 surface meteorological observation stations in two typical provinces (autonomous regions) in the north and south China over the past two years, and proposes, for the first time, to use the average power of the surface meteorological observation station, adopts the electrical energy consumption calculation method, carries out energy consumption calculation and analysis by month, sub-region and season, derives the characteristics of energy consumption changes of the surface meteorological observation station, and proposes energy saving and consumption reduction measures.

Research on Power Consumption Calculation Method for Refrigerating and Space Conditioning Considering Heat Balance in a Grocery store

In grocery stores, spatial coordination and refrigerated display cases interact, making it difficult to study energy conservation through architectural ideas. The purpose of this research is to find the indoor enthalpy from the leaked heat of the display case and the space conditioning load, and to devise a method to calculate the energy of the store by combining the space conditioning load calculation and the refrigeration load calculation. In this study, we devised the following three points. 1. Store cooling load prediction method and power consumption calculation method using display case cooling load characteristics. 2. A generalized model for grocery store vertical temperature gradient using CFD analysis results. 3. Energy consumption calculation method considering the balance of the three loads of cooling, building and space conditioning. Then, we confirmed the validity by comparing with the measured values, and performed simulations under various conditions.

Optimal Energy Consumption Path Planning for Quadrotor UAV Transmission Tower Inspection Based on Simulated Annealing Algorithm

In order to improve the efficiency of UAVs in transmission tower inspections, the UAV transmission tower inspection energy consumption model is proposed for the existing research in which there is no accurate energy consumption calculation method in transmission tower inspection, and the optimal energy consumption path for UAV transmission tower inspection is designed by combining with simulated annealing algorithm. Firstly, a real experimental environment is built for experimental data collection and analysis, and the energy consumption model for transmission tower inspection is constructed and the influencing factors are discussed and analyzed, and the energy consumption coefficients under different situations are obtained. Second, according to the constructed transmission tower inspection energy consumption model combined with the path planning algorithm, experimental simulation is conducted to plan the optimal energy consumption inspection path, and finally, the above results are verified by carrying out actual measurement experiments. The simulation results show that under different constant loads, the optimal energy consumption path in this paper can save 36.53% and 27.32% compared with the conventional path; compared with the shortest path, it can save 11.16% and 0.45%. The optimal energy consumption path of UAV transmission tower inspection based on the simulated annealing algorithm proposed in this paper effectively improves the efficiency of UAV transmission tower inspection.

Energy efficiency and driving factors of railway cold chain transportation in China

Due to the temperature control function, the unit energy consumption of cold chain transportation is more than that of ordinary transportation. Although rail transportation is known as an energy-efficient means, little attention has been given to the energy efficiency of railway cold chain transportation (RCCT). To address this gap, in this research, detailed waybill data for China’s railway cold-chain is applied. First, we investigate the RCCT market in China and provide an energy consumption calculation method for RCCT. Then, the provincial energy consumption and the efficiency of RCCT are compared based on a DEA-SBM model. Finally, the Tobit model is utilized to assess how various factors influence energy efficiency. The findings could provide support for energy-saving policy-making in the cold chain transportation sector at the national and regional level, which has been discussed in scenario analysis.

The Supply Chain Financial Supervision Mechanism of the Internet of Things Based on the Integration of RFID and Wireless Sensor Network

Based on the fusion of wireless sensor modules and UHF RFID readers, this paper develops a UHF RFID reading and writing system based on wireless sensing technology and designs a communication interface circuit that integrates wireless sensing and RFID technology. The financial supervision mechanism of the Internet of Things compatible with these two technologies improves the communication distance limitation of the RFID system and improves the flexibility of the RFID reading and writing system. Secondly, in view of the security issues of WSN small and medium data distribution, this paper proposes a lightweight small data supply chain financial supervision program. The solution adopts two-way authentication technology based on the improvement of the Internet of Things supply chain, the negotiation of the Internet of Things supply chain, and a lightweight encryption algorithm, which realizes the secure communication between ordinary nodes and gateway nodes, and can more effectively solve the problem of small and medium data distribution in WSN to resist the deficiencies of the financial supervision mechanism; compared with existing solutions of the same magnitude, it has higher security and efficiency. Experimental simulation shows that an important problem in the converged network is the imbalance of node energy consumption. In order to reduce the negative impact of the imbalance of energy consumption on the network, this article compares the two for direct transmission protocol and minimum energy multihop routing protocol. From the perspective of supply chain process performance, based on the proposed technical impact framework, it analyzes how companies actually carry out ID application work, making the research from general to individual, from theory to practice. The network energy consumption calculation method under this protocol improves an improved network architecture model that increases the communication scale. The test results show that the technical impact analysis framework established in this article based on the theory of the Internet of Things and the advantages of RFID technology can analyze the automation benefits, information benefits, and transformative benefits brought by automatic identification technology to the supply chain and introduce complementary resources and potential factors. It provides a theoretical basis and operation method for measuring the impact of RFID on the performance of the financial supervision process based on the Internet of Things supply chain in practical applications.

Обоснование возможности строительства пассивных многоэтажных жилых зданий в климатических условиях Центральной России

Introduction. We won’t be able to solve global ecological problems without solving the energy issue. It is necessary to expand the energy sector and switch to energy saving technologies. Power generation is among sources of negative impacts on the environment and man. The emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, discharge of polluted liquid waste into rivers, creation of huge water reservoirs, warming of water bodies, depletion of fuel resources, deforestation, emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere and water, burial of radioactive waste — this list of negative impacts, produced by the energy sector on the environment, is not exhaustive. At the end of the 20th century, humanity finally rea­lized how serious the problem of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was. The consolidation of these two issues, namely, environmental protection and conservation of natural resources, tightened the requirements for the construction of buil­dings in terms of thermal insulation, reduction of energy consumption for heating, and introduction of a closed power cycle at production facilities. The article deals with construction of passive multi-storey houses in different climatic conditions of the Russian Federation. The problem of energy saving and thermal insulation of buildings in construction is addressed. The analysis of energy consumption by passive buildings in the climatic conditions of Central Russia is made. Materials and methods. Currently, heating consumption by all types of buildings during the heating season in Russia is analyzed in accordance with Annex G of SNiP 23-02-2003. In addition, a national standard of the Russian Federation was developed, approved and put into effect by Decree of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology No. 1211-st dated October 25, 2013. This standard is amended in relation to ISO 13790:2008. This Russian standard is a regulatory document on annual heat and electricity costs of maintaining the microclimate on heated or cooled premises. Results. The technology has advanced, and now the construction market offers houses with seamless facades and improved sound and heat insulation. These are monolithic frame houses with good thermal insulation, since monolithic concrete is poured directly into the formwork on the construction site, lined with glass wool thermal insulation and clad with facade panels, which reduces heat loss from a building. Conclusions. The analysis of the energy consumption calculation method has proven an efficient tool to determine the heat demand of heating systems. The calculation allows to determine heat losses associated with the transfer of heat through an external envelope and the need for thermal energy. In other words, given that the data for each climatic zone is correct, including selected construction materials, thickness of enclosure structures with account for solar energy, and the proper use of modern intake-exhaust systems, the construction of buildings, featuring higher energy efficiency in the climatic conditions of Central Russia, is possible and absolutely realistic.

Research on Regional Difference of Energy Consumption in Production Stage of Civil Building Materials based on Theil Index

Total quantity control is an important means to achieve the goal of building energy conservation in China, but the statistical method of energy consumption data in the production stage of civil building materials has not been established yet. This paper firstly constructs the calculation method of energy consumption in the production stage of civil building materials according to the usage amount of building materials, and then obtains the data of energy consumption in the production stage of civil building materials from 2008 to 2017 according to the statistical yearbook. Then, 30 provinces and cities in China are divided into 3 regions. According to Theil index analysis method, the regional differences of the production energy of China's civil building materials from 2008 to 2017 are calculated. According to the calculation results, China's energy consumption in the production stage of civil building materials shows an overall trend of convergence growth, but the intra-regional difference is greater than the inter-regional difference. The Theil index is the highest in the western region, but the contribution rate of the Theil index is the largest in the eastern region.

Optimization Design Method Based on Energy Balance Calculations for Passive House

The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) is a design tool for energy efficiency for architects and engineers. It uses a quasi-state energy consumption calculation method given by ISO 13790 to calculate the heating, cooling, primary energy demand and renewable energy production of buildings. Based on the technical requirements and energy demand goal of Passive House, this paper analyzes the energy balance calculation model of PHPP software, and developed a Matlab program to find the optimal design parameters. Validated by applying the program to typical projects, the calculation result of the program has acceptable precision, thus can be used for rapid comparison of a large number of passive energy-saving plans, to optimize the design of Passive House based on predicted energy performance.

A review of operational energy consumption calculation method for urban buildings

Rapid urbanization has driven economic and social development, but it has also led to continued growth in building energy consumption. It is of great significance to ensure the user comfort while controlling the growth of building energy use. Accurate quantification of urban buildings' energy demand can support energy efficient and sustainable community design, assist urban morphology generation and optimization, building layout optimization, building shape and construction design, HVAC system optimization, assessment of the energy program and policy. In recent years, researchers worldwide have carried out research of urban scale energy consumption calculation methods from different perspectives, and encountered different technical difficulties. This paper provides a critical review on the energy modeling methods at urban neighborhood scale from the following three aspects: database, models and platforms. Through literature review, the authors indicate the advantages and limitations of current urban building energy calculation methods and tools, and propose the following possible approaches to improve the operational energy consumption calculation method for urban buildings: (1) develop micro-environment data generation methods that can be directly applied to energy consumption calculation of urban buildings; (2) improve the capabilities to collect, filter and convert the building information data by introducing the data mining technique; (3) introduce the cluster analysis and artificial intelligence technology to improve the speed of energy consumption calculation; (4) develop a visualization platform to realize real-time editing and calculating of urban design.

The Calculation Method of Energy Consumption of Air-Conditioning System in Subway Vehicle Based on Representative Operating Points

In order to study the standard energy consumption of air-conditioning system of subway vehicle and optimize the performance of air-conditioning system, it is necessary to clarify the air-conditioning representative operating conditions. In this paper, based on the tested data during real operation of subway vehicle in summer, the characteristics of the air-conditioning operating conditions are analyzed, and the construction method of the operating conditions is first proposed. Secondly, taking the tested line as an example, using the constructed operating conditions as sample data, the k-means clustering algorithm is used to identify the representative operating points of the air-conditioning in the cooling season. Finally, the energy consumption based on the representative operating points of the cooling season is calculated by LMS AMEsim software, the error between calculated results and field measurements data is within 10%, which verifies the accuracy of energy consumption calculation method based on these representative operating points.

Энергопотребление процессов эмульгирования в малообъемных перемешивающих аппаратах

There is given in this thesis a general method of calculation of power consumption for emulgation in systems liquid-liquid in small-size mixing devices (rotor-pulsation apparatuses and rotor-disc mixers). This mixing devices, have shown a high efficiency at processing of liquid-liquid systems and are wide using chemical processes. The base of calculation method is an energy ratio to describe of developed turbulent motion, pulsation intensity of which is enough for create of dispersed particles of given size and concentration, which provide a necessary surface of phases contact. It is shown, that in determination of energy consumption it is need to take in account energy dissipation processes, due to viscous friction forces, which have a significant influence at high gradients of turbulent motion. There is obtained a ratio, which connects an angular velocity of rotor rotation of mixing device and a characterized size of dispersed phase particles.There is given an experimental dependencies of consumed power of rotor-disc mixers on rotor rotations number of mixing device and characterized sizes of dispersed particles for systems water-diesel fuel. It was determined, that are decreasing of dispersed particles sizes and in increasing of volumetric flow of processing mixture a value of consumed power increases, and it is related with by increase of energy consumption for creating of interphase surface. It was determined, that a power, consumed by rotor-disc mixer, for emulsion making with averaged dispersion size of particles at range 5-25 mkm, increases by increase of rotation numbers ~n0.37. Comparison of theoretical equations and experimental data have shown adequacy of supposed calculation method of energy consumption.

Study on Energy consumption calculation method of Fabricated building wall

The fabricated building wall is an important component of prefabricated building. Its specific form and processing mode have an important influence on the energy consumption of the whole industrial chain of prefabricated building. At present, there are few researches on the calculation of energy consumption data of fabricated building wall in China. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the calculation method of the energy consumption of fabricated building wall. The typical wall is selected as an example to calculate and obtain the specific energy consumption data. Paper mainly considers the production, transportation, construction and use of the four stages of energy consumption. The production stage is analyzed by field measurement. The use stage is analyzed by means of simulation calculation. The transportation and construction stage is calculated by empirical formula. This study can be used as a reference for research on energy consumption of prefabricated building in the future.

Research on model calibration method for energy consumption evaluation of cluster motor system

In practical engineering, the conventional energy consumption calculation method of the motor system is facing many problems, such as difficulty in data acquisition, deviation of model parameters and so on. In order to ensure and improve the accuracy and evaluation ability of the energy consumption model, a calibration method based on parameter identification theory is proposed in this paper. Using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, the rated efficiency, rated variable loss and constant loss parameters of the single and cluster motor systems are identified, and the correction model for the calculation of motor energy consumption is established. Taking a typical three machine cluster motor system as an example, a real physical experiment platform is built to obtain real running data. The example shows that the energy consumption model correction method proposed in this paper has strong engineering practicability, which provides an effective technical means for energy consumption assessment and energy saving transformation of motor energy system.

China's energy consumption in the building sector: A Statistical Yearbook-Energy Balance Sheet based splitting method

Abstract China's energy consumption in the building sector (BEC) is not counted as a separate type of energy consumption, but divided and mixed in other sectors in China's statistical system. This led to the lack of historical data on China's BEC. Moreover, previous researches' shortages such as unsystematic research on BEC, various estimation methods with complex calculation process, and difficulties in data acquisition resulted in “heterogeneous” of current BEC in China. Aiming to these deficiencies, this study proposes a set of China building energy consumption calculation method (CBECM) by splitting out the building related energy consumption mixed in other sectors in the composition of China Statistical Yearbook-Energy Balance Sheet. Then, China's BEC from 2000 to 2014 are estimated using CBECM and compared with other studies. Results show that, from 2000 to 2014, China's BEC increased 1.7 times, rising from 301 to 814 million tons of standard coal consumed, with the BEC percentage of total energy consumption stayed relatively stable between 17.7% and 20.3%. By comparison, we find that our results are reliable and the CBECM has the following advantages over other methods: data source is authoritative, calculation process is concise, and it is easy to obtain time series data on BEC etc. The CBECM is particularly suitable for the provincial government to calculate the local BEC, even in the circumstance with statistical yearbook available only.

Sustainable manufacturing by calculating the energy demand during turning of AISI 1045 steel

Sustainable development will become important issues for many fields, including production, industry, and manufacturing. In order to achieve sustainable development, industry should be able to perform of sustainable production processes and environmentally friendly. Therefore, there is need to minimize the energy demand in the machining process. This paper presents a calculation method of energy consumption in the machining process, especially turning process which calculated by summing the number of energy consumption, such as the electric energy consumed during the machining preparation, the electrical energy during the cutting processes, and the electrical energy to produce a cutting tool. A case study was performed on dry turning of mild carbon steel using coated carbide. This approach can be used to determine the total amount of electrical energy consumed in the specific machining process. It concluded that the energy consumption will be an increase for using the high cutting speed as well as for the feed rate was increased.

外皮・躯体と設備・機器の総合エネルギーシミュレーションツール「BEST」の開発（その145） 平成25年省エネ基準対応ツールの1次エネルギー消費量の計算方法と特徴

外皮・躯体と設備・機器の総合エネルギーシミュレーションツール「BEST」の開発（その145） 平成25年省エネ基準対応ツールの1次エネルギー消費量の計算方法と特徴

RGCA: A Reliable GPU Cluster Architecture for Large-Scale Internet of Things Computing Based on Effective Performance-Energy Optimization.

This paper aims to develop a low-cost, high-performance and high-reliability computing system to process large-scale data using common data mining algorithms in the Internet of Things (IoT) computing environment. Considering the characteristics of IoT data processing, similar to mainstream high performance computing, we use a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) cluster to achieve better IoT services. Firstly, we present an energy consumption calculation method (ECCM) based on WSNs. Then, using the CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) Programming model, we propose a Two-level Parallel Optimization Model (TLPOM) which exploits reasonable resource planning and common compiler optimization techniques to obtain the best blocks and threads configuration considering the resource constraints of each node. The key to this part is dynamic coupling Thread-Level Parallelism (TLP) and Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP) to improve the performance of the algorithms without additional energy consumption. Finally, combining the ECCM and the TLPOM, we use the Reliable GPU Cluster Architecture (RGCA) to obtain a high-reliability computing system considering the nodes’ diversity, algorithm characteristics, etc. The results show that the performance of the algorithms significantly increased by 34.1%, 33.96% and 24.07% for Fermi, Kepler and Maxwell on average with TLPOM and the RGCA ensures that our IoT computing system provides low-cost and high-reliability services.

Optimization calculation of reverse energy consumption based on feature parameter of NC code

In order to achieve low-carbon processing, it is the key to optimize the processing parameters based on forecasting calculation of energy consumption before processing. So, this paper is focusing on revealing the relationship among NC code, operation instruction, and energy consumption. According to NC code and process parameters, the energy consumption of the process is divided into three categories: parameter energy consumption, instruction set energy consumption, and fixed energy consumption. Energy consumption topological graph is constructed in this paper in accordance with NC code and process parameters. The parameter energy consumption includes on-load and no-load energy consumption, which is calculated by reading feature code and parameter words. The workpiece coordinate equation and the tool orbital of the system are constructed based on the time functions in processing. The processing status of on-load/no-load is judged by comparing the relationship of above two coordinate equations. The instruction set energy consumption includes the system energy consumption and the components themselves, energy loss, which is calculated by reading instruction set, establishing switching function, and extracting the working time of the components. The fixed energy consumption is calculated by the parameters of the start time, the end time, the sub-system rated power, etc. These parameters would be obtained by traversing the NC program section. Finally, the energy consumption calculation method is proposed based on the characteristic parameters of NC code. The case shows that the energy consumption evaluation model and its algorithm are accurate and operable, which could provide references for designing NC program for low-carbon process beforehand.

Energy efficiency evaluation of tree-topology 10 gigabit ethernet passive optical network and ring-topology time- and wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network

Higher capacity and larger scales have always been the top targets for the evolution of optical access networks, driven by the ever-increasing demand from the end users. One thing that started to attract wide attention not long ago, but with at least equal importance as capacity and scale, is energy efficiency, a metric essential nowadays as human beings are confronted with severe environmental issues like global warming, air pollution, and so on. Here, different from the conventional energy consumption analysis of tree-topology networks, we propose an effective energy consumption calculation method to compare the energy efficiency of the tree-topology 10 gigabit ethernet passive optical network (10G-EPON) and ring-topology time- and wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON), two experimental networks deployed in China. Numerical results show that the ring-topology TWDM-PON networks with 2, 4, 8, and 16 wavelengths are more energy efficient than the tree-topology 10G-EPON, although 10G-EPON consumes less energy. Also, TWDM-PON with four wavelengths is the most energy-efficient network candidate and saves 58.7% more energy than 10G-EPON when fully loaded.