Energy Conservation Supply Curves Research Articles

Investigating energy saving and climate mitigation potentials in cement production – A case study in Ethiopia

The cement industry is one of the most energy and emission-intensive sectors, accounting for approximately 7% of total-industrial energy use and 7% of global CO2 emissions. This study investigates the potential energy savings and CO2 abatement in the cement plants of Ethiopia. A Benchmarking and Energy Saving Tool for Cement is used to compare the energy use performance of the individual cement plants to best practices. The study reveals that all the surveyed plants are less efficient, with an average energy saving potential of 36% indicating a significant potential for energy efficiency improvement. Then, twenty-eight energy efficiency measures are identified and analyzed using a bottom-up energy conservation supply curve model. The results show that the cost-effective electrical energy and fuel-saving potentials of these measures are estimated to be 99 Gigawatt hours per year which is about 11.5% of the plants’ annual electrical energy consumption and, 2.7 Petajoules per year which is to be 12.5% of the plants’ annual fuel consumption, respectively. The cost-effective fuel measures have an annual average CO2 emission reduction potential of 254 kilo-tonnes per year which covers about 5% of the total CO2 emission. Sensitivity analysis is conducted using the key parameters that show some discrepancy in the base case results. This study could be used as a reference for policymakers to understand the potential for energy savings and CO2 abatement. It could also be used to design policies in improving energy efficiency in the cement sector.

Bottom-up analysis of energy conservation and carbon dioxide mitigation potentials by extended marginal abatement cost curves for pulp and paper industry

The energy-intensive pulp and paper industry is a major contributor to carbon dioxide emissions. The potential to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions is generally assessed using energy conservation supply curves and marginal abatement cost curves; however, both of these methods have inherent faults. For a given negative cost, conventional marginal abatement cost curves tend to favor options that lead to small reductions in carbon dioxide emissions over options that produce larger reductions. In the current study, we employed extended versions of energy conservation supply curves and marginal abatement cost curves to analyze the various options to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The technical potential energy savings and carbon dioxide abatement were respectively estimated at 5.05% of the final energy use in the sector and 6.32% of carbon dioxide emissions in 2019. We determined that 52.3% of the electricity savings and 82.8% of fuel savings could be achieved in a cost-effective manner. Additionally, the utilization of solid recovered fuels remains a largely untapped opportunity to reduce carbon dioxide emissions for the Taiwanese pulp and paper industry. Thus, efforts should be made to establish a comprehensive database pertaining to the direction and volume of waste flows and improve waste collection networks with corresponding standards pertaining to solid recovered fuels quality and air pollution.

Assessment of energy conservation potential and cost in open-pit metal mines: Bottom-up approach integrated energy conservation supply curve and ultimate pit limit

Mitigating energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the metal mining industry heavily depends on the employment of energy conservation technologies in each individual metal mine. However, predicting the energy conservation potential and associated cost for a specific mine is difficult, especially considering the interaction between technology employment and open-pit limit variation. Therefore, this study integrates the conventional energy conservation-supply-curve (CSC) approach with the ultimate-pit-limit (UPL) analysis in the estimation of energy conservation potential and cost due to technology application. The results from the case study show that conventional CSC analysis provides overestimated potential with underestimated cost under market-based promotion policy. On the other hand, a target-responsibility-system-based (TRS-based) provides underestimated potential with overestimated cost. Sensitivity analysis shows that energy price has the largest impact on the energy conservation potential and associated cost. The policies that raise energy and carbon prices contribute not only to mitigating energy consumption, but also to reducing associated costs, even though they are accompanied by a reduction in mineral supply. This study suggests that the policy that subsidizes conserved energy should be integrated with a TRS-based policy to mitigate the elimination of energy conservation potential due to expansion of the open-pit limit.

Uncovering Cleaner Method for Underground Metal Mining: Enterprise-Level Assessment for Current and Future Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission from Life-Cycle Perspective

China has committed to peak its carbon emissions by 2030, which puts forward a new issue for underground metal mines—selecting a cleaner mining method which requires less energy and generates less carbon emissions. This paper proposes an enterprise-level model to estimate life-cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions, which takes more carbon sources (e.g., cement and carbon sink loss) into consideration to provide more comprehensive insights. Moreover, this model is integrated with the energy-conservation supply curve and the carbon abatement cost curve to involve production capacity utilization in the prediction of future performance. These two approaches are applied to 30 underground iron mines. The results show that (1) caving-based cases have lower energy consumption and carbon emissions, i.e., 673.64 GJ/kt ore, 52.21 GJ/kt ore (only considering electricity and fossil fuel), and 12.11 CO2 eq/kt ore, as compared the backfilling-based cases, i.e., 710.08 GJ/kt ore, 63.70 GJ/kt ore, and 40.50 t CO2 eq/kt ore; (2) caving-based cases present higher carbon-abatement potential (more than 12.95%) than the backfilling-based vases (less than 9.68%); (3) improving capacity utilization facilitates unit cost reduction to mitigate energy consumption and carbon emissions, and the energy-conservation and carbon-abatement potentials will be developed accordingly.

Bottom-up analysis of energy efficiency improvement and CO2 emission reduction potentials in the cement industry for energy transition: An application of extended marginal abatement cost curves

Demand-side energy savings are crucial to the on-going global energy transition. As the third-most energy-intensive sector and a major contributor to CO2 emissions, the cement industry has considerable potential for energy savings and CO2 abatement in Taiwan. This potential is conventionally measured using marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs), which are inherently flawed. When presented with multiple measures with the same negative cost, conventional MACCs tend to favour measures that produce small reductions in CO2 emissions over measures with larger reductions. In the current study, we investigated energy savings and CO2 abatement using an extended energy conservation supply curve (ECSC) and an extended MACC. The technical potential energy savings and CO2 abatement were respectively estimated at 5.98% of the sector’s final energy use and 3.88% of CO2 emissions in 2018. Overall, 51.2% of the electricity savings and 92.5% of fuel savings could be implemented cost-effectively. In the proposed approach, priority is given to cost-effective measures with the greatest potential in terms of energy savings and CO2 abatement. Our results help to elucidate the issue of energy efficiency in the cement industry, and provide a valuable reference for the formulation of effective energy policy.

Water-energy-carbon nexus assessment of China’s iron and steel industry: Case study from plant level

Steel production is not only a primary contributor to energy consumption and carbon emissions but also a major source of water consumption in China. The perspective of a water-energy nexus to reduce environmental pressure on steel production has become a hot topic. In this study, a plant-level nexus approach was used to assess the relationship between energy and water consumption, and CO2 emission of a typical Chinese steel company. Integrated material and energy flow and water footprint models were developed to assess the nexus. Economy, energy-saving, water-saving, and carbon-reduction potential, of 31 energy-saving technologies (ESTs) were evaluated by the water-CO2 energy conservation supply curve model. The modeling results showed that 590.16 kgce of fuel and power and 3.17 m³ of industrial fresh water are required to produce one t of crude steel by the case company, while generating 2437.45 kg of CO2 emission and a water footprint of 9.48 m³. The costeffectiveness of 31 ESTs was evaluated in different scenarios. The selected 31 ESTs contribute 7.84 GJ/t of energy savings, 1.65 m³/t of direct water savings, 7.54 m³/t of indirect water savings, and 911.26 kg/t of CO2 emission reduction. When considering the water savings and carbon reduction benefits of the selected technologies, the energy conservation cost reduced from CNY 1924.76 per GJ to CNY 1658.37 per GJ. This study highlights the need for policy development and production planning through the perspective of a water-energy-carbon nexus.

Achieving energy conservation targets in a more cost-effective way: Case study of pulp and paper industry in China

Accurate understanding of the marginal energy-saving costs of energy-using entities is critical for regulatory authorities to formulate and implement energy-saving policies. This article brings out an easy-to-operate analytical framework to measure the marginal energy-saving cost and construct energy conservation supply curve with the help of data envelopment analysis and quantitative model. Furthermore, taking China’s pulp and paper industry as an example, the authors discuss the difference of economic costs between industry energy-saving task assignment with and without considering the difference of marginal energy-saving costs of different energy using entities with the help of linear programming model. The main empirical results are as follow. First, there is a big difference in the industrial marginal energy-saving costs in different provinces. The difference between the highest and lowest energy-saving costs is twice as large. Second, the optimal energy-saving task assignment based on an accurate energy conservation supply curve can help to save nearly 35% of total economic cost.

An Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness for Energy Efficiency Technology in Thailand Pulp and Paper Industry

Green Energy efficiency is becoming more important because of the resulting cost reduction and image of green society which helps to enhance competitiveness in a globalized green market. Pulp and paper manufacturing is a large-scale industry which is generally regarded as important for national development. The Pulp and Paper industry consumes approximately 2.5% of total industrial energy consumption in Thailand by 44 factories distributed throughout the country. Therefore, energy efficiency improvement can play a significant role in the industry. Investigations of the cost effectiveness of energy efficiency measures and technologies using bottom-up Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) in the pulp and paper mill process are required. This study examines the concept, methodology, and the usefulness of the energy conservation supply curve, and the potential to create the appropriate energy policies to the Thai Pulp and Paper Industry.

Benchmarking energy utilization in cement manufacturing processes in Nigeria and estimation of savings opportunities

Nigeria is a leading producer of cement in Africa. Because cement production is energy intensive, with significant adverse impacts on the environment, an apparent need exists to assess the Nigerian cement industry to identify energy use mitigation options. The potentials for reducing energy use in typical Nigerian cement manufacturing plants, through the implementation of available energy efficiency measures, were assessed in this study, alongside the attendant costs of implementing those measures. To achieve these, using numerous globally available energy efficiency technologies and measures, energy conservation supply curves were constructed for three Nigerian cement manufacturing plants which operate on wet, semi-wet, and dry cement manufacturing processes, respectively. Comparisons with global best and Chinese benchmark plants with respect to thermal and electrical energy consumption were also made. The comparisons showed that, with respect to the global benchmark plants, thermal energy savings of between 19.83 and 52%, and electrical energy savings of between 35.23 and 43.10%, were possible. With respect to the Chinese benchmarks, thermal energy savings of 10.74–47.32%, and electrical energy savings of 20.95–30.17%, could be achieved. The plants considered performed significantly less than either of the benchmarks in terms of both thermal and electrical energy usage. The energy conservation supply curves for the plants showed that implementing the cost-effective energy efficiency measures could lead to energy savings of about 235,038, 237,913 and 374,055 GJ/year, for the wet, semi-wet, and dry cement manufacturing plants, respectively. Furthermore, technically feasible efficiency measures could yield energy savings of about 250,272, 259,795 and 395,447 GJ/year, respectively. Achieving these savings will improve profitability in the Nigerian cement industry and make the unused energies available for utilization in other sectors of the Nigerian economy.

Modeling energy efficiency to improve air quality and health effects of China’s cement industry

Actions to reduce the combustion of fossil fuels often decrease GHG emissions as well as air pollutants and bring multiple benefits for improvement of energy efficiency, climate change, and air quality associated with human health benefits. The China’s cement industry is the second largest energy consumer and key emitter of CO2 and air pollutants, which accounts for 7% of China’s total energy consumption, 15% of CO2, and 14% of PM2.5, respectively. In this study, a state-of-the art modeling framework is developed that comprises a number of different methods and tools within the same platform (i.e. provincial energy conservation supply curves, the Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies, ArcGIS, the global chemistry Transport Model, version 5, and Health Impact Assessment) to assess the potential for energy savings and emission mitigation of CO2 and PM2.5, as well as the health impacts of pollution arising from China’s cement industry. The results show significant heterogeneity across provinces in terms of the potential for PM2.5 emission reduction and PM2.5 concentration, as well as health impacts caused by PM2.5. Implementation of selected energy efficiency measures would decrease total PM2.5 emissions by 2% (range: 1–4%) in 2020 and 4% (range: 2–8%) by 2030, compared to the baseline scenario. The reduction potential of provincial annual PM2.5 concentrations range from 0.03% to 2.21% by 2030 respectively, when compared to the baseline scenario. 10,000 premature deaths are avoided by 2020 and 2030 respectively relative to baseline scenario. The provinces of Henan and Hubei account for 43% of total avoided premature deaths, followed by Chongqing (9%) and Shanxi (10%), respectively. If only considering the energy saving benefits, 37% of energy efficiency measures are not cost effective. However, the co-benefits (including energy saving, CO2 reduction, and health benefits) are about two times higher than the costs of energy efficiency measures. Hence, this study clearly demonstrates that simultaneous planning of energy and air quality policies creates a possibility of increasing economic efficiency in both policy areas.

Environmental co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement in coal-fired power sector: A case study of Henan Province, China

The coal-fired power sector is one of the major contributors to environmental problems and has great potential of air pollution abatement. This study employs Energy Conservation Supply Curves (ECSCs) combined with pollutant surcharge and health benefits to evaluate the environmental co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement in the coal-fired power sector. Health benefits and the pollution surcharge are considered as the environmental co-benefits that reduce costs of conserved energy (CCEs) in ECSCs. The health benefits of energy efficiency improvement are quantified using Intake Fraction method, while the pollutant surcharge is calculated based on the regulation. Three scenarios including a Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, an Energy Efficiency Improvement (EEI) scenario, and an Upgrading Standards and Incentive (USI) scenario is considered in a case study for Henan Province of China. Our results show that costs of conserved energy (CCEs) are reduced by 0.56 and 0.29USD/GJ under the EEI and USI scenarios due to health benefits and pollutant surcharge reductions related to energy efficient technologies, respectively. In particular, health benefits account for 97% of the reductions in CCEs, while the pollutant surcharge only contributes 3%. Under the EEI and USI scenarios, in 2020, energy efficiency improvement reduces energy consumption in Henan’s coal-fired power sector by 3.3% and 3.5% compared with the BAU scenario, respectively. The EEI and USI scenarios indicates that health benefits of 1.5×109 and 2.4×109USD are gained and the reductions of pollutant surcharges of 197 and 226million USD are realized in 2020, respectively.

Cutting air Pollution by Improving Energy Efficiency of China's Cement Industry

In this study, the energy conservation supply curves (ECSC) combined with the GAINS (Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) was used to estimate the co-benefits of energy savings on CO2 and air pollutants emission for implementation co-control options of energy efficiency measures and end-of-pipe options in the china's cement industry for the period 2011-2030. Results show the cost-effective energy saving potential (EEP1 scenario) and its costs is estimated to be 3.0 EJ and 4.1 Billion $ in 2030. The technical energy savings potential (EEP2 scenario) and its costs amounts to 4.2 EJ and 8.4 Billion $ at the same time. Energy efficiency measures can help decrease 5-8% of CO2, 3-5% of PM, 15-25% of SO2, and 12-20% of NOx emissions by 2030. Overall, the average marginal costs of energy efficiency measures will decrease by 20%, from 1.48 $/GJ to 1.19 $/GJ, when taking into account avoided investments in air pollution control measures. Therefore, implementation of energy efficiency measures is more cost-effective than a solely end-of-pipe based policy in China's cement industry. The plant managers and end users can consider using energy efficiency measures to reach new air pollutants emission standards in China's cement industry.

Energy efficiency improvement potentials for the cement industry in Ethiopia

The cement sector is one of the fast growing economic sectors in Ethiopia. In 2010, it consumed 7 PJ of primary energy. We evaluate the potential for energy savings and CO2 emission reductions. We start by benchmarking the energy performance of 8 operating plants in 2010, and 12 plants under construction. The benchmarking shows that the energy intensity of local cement facilities is high, when compared to the international best practice, indicating a significant potential for energy efficiency improvement. The average electricity intensity and fuel intensity of the operating plants is 34% and 36% higher. For plants under construction, electricity use is 36% and fuel use 27% higher. We identified 26 energy efficiency measures. By constructing energy conservation supply curves, the energy-efficiency improvement potential is assessed. For the 8 operating plants in 2010, the cost-effective energy savings equal 11 GWh electricity and 1.2 PJ fuel, resulting in 0.1 Mt CO2 emissions reduction. For the 20 cement plants expected to be in operation by 2020, the cost-effective energy saving potentials is 159 GWh for electricity and 7.2 PJ for fuel, reducing CO2 emissions by about 0.6 Mt. We discuss key barriers and recommendations to realize energy savings.

Mapping and modeling multiple benefits of energy efficiency and emission mitigation in China’s cement industry at the provincial level

China’s cement industry is the second largest energy consumer and key emitter of CO2 and air pollutants. It accounts for 7% of total energy consumption in China and 15% of CO2, 21% of PM, 4% SO2 and 10% of NOx of total emissions, respectively. Provincial disparities in energy consumption and emissions of CO2 and air pollutants in China’s cement industry are rarely quantified. In this study, an integrated assessment model including provincial energy conservation supply curves (ECSC) (which can shows the cost-effective and technical energy saving potential per province), the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model (which can be used to calculate air pollutant emissions), and ArcGIS (a geographical information system (GIS) with elaborated spatial functions) is developed and used to assess the potential of energy savings in terms of emission mitigation of CO2 and air pollutants and multiple benefits of energy efficiency measures at the provincial level during the period 2011–2030. The results show significant heterogeneity across provinces in terms of potential of energy saving as well as emission mitigation of CO2 and air pollutants (i.e. PM, SO2, and NOx) in the next two decades. Seven provinces (i.e. Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei), six of which are located in the central- and east-China, account for 47% of the total energy saving potential, equivalent to 26% of baseline energy use in 2030. The energy efficiency measures can help decrease 38% of CO2, 23% of SO2, 33% of NOx, and 26% of PM emissions in these seven provinces by 2030. This indicates that the multiple benefits should be considered when local policy makers or end users make decisions whether to use energy efficiency measures to solve environmental issues.

Evaluating co-benefits of energy efficiency and air pollution abatement in China’s cement industry

China’s cement industry is the world’s largest and is one of the largest energy consuming, and GHG and air pollutant emitting industries. Actions to improve energy efficiency by best available technology can often bring co-benefits for climate change and air quality through reducing emissions of GHGs and air pollutants emission. In this study, the energy conservation supply curves (ECSC) combined with the GAINS (Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) was used to estimate the co-benefits of energy savings on CO2 and air pollutants emission for implementing co-control options of energy efficiency measures and end-of-pipe options in the China’s cement industry for the period 2011–2030. Results show that there are large co-benefits of improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions of CO2 and air pollutants for the China’s cement industry during the study period. The cost-effective energy saving potential (EEP1 scenario) and its costs is estimated to be 3.0 EJ and 4.1 billion $ in 2030. The technical energy savings potential (EEP2 scenario) and its costs amount to 4.2 EJ and 8.4 billion $ at the same time. Compared to the baseline scenario, energy efficiency measures can help decrease 5% of CO2, 3% of PM, 15% of SO2, and 12% of NOx emissions by 2030 in EEP1 scenario. If we do not consider costs (EEP2 scenario), energy efficiency measures can further reduce 3% of CO2, 2% of PM, 10% of SO2, and 8% of NOx by 2030. Overall, the average marginal costs of energy efficiency measures will decrease by 20%, from 1.48 $/GJ to 1.19 $/GJ, when taking into account avoided investments in air pollution control measures. Therefore, implementation of energy efficiency measures is more cost-effective than a solely end-of-pipe based policy. The plant managers and end users can consider using energy efficiency measures to reach new air pollutants emission standards in China’s cement industry.

Assessment of energy-saving and emission reduction potentials in China’s ammonia industry

As one of the most energy-, emission- and pollution-intensive industries, the production of ammonia is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and local air pollutants. Although many energy efficiency measures have been proposed by Chinese government to mitigate GHG emissions and improve air quality, a less than full understanding of the costs and potentials have been barrier to promoting and implementing these measures. Assessing the costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of different energy efficiency measures is essential to advancing this understanding. In this study, a bottom-up energy conservation supply curve was used to estimate the potential of 26 energy efficiency measures in China’s ammonia industry. Their cost-effective implementation results in a potential saving of 271.5 PJ/year for fuels and 5.44 TWh/year for electricity, which equals to 14 % and 14 % of fuel and electricity consumed in the ammonia industry in 2012, and would be responsible for mitigating emissions of annual 26.7 Mt CO2. In addition, the co-benefits of air pollutants emission reductions that result from energy savings were quantified. The results advance the understanding of the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures and can be used to augment the efforts in reducing energy use and environmental impacts.

Co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement and air pollution abatement in the Chinese iron and steel industry

In 2010, China was responsible for 45% of global steel production, while consuming 15.8 EJ of final energy and emitting 1344 Mt CO2eq, 8.4 Mt of PM (particulate matter) emissions, and 5.3 Mt of SO2 emissions. In this paper we analyse the co-benefits of implementing energy efficiency measures that jointly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants, in comparison to applying only air pollution control (end-of-pipe technology). For this purpose we construct ECSC (energy conservation supply curves) that contain potentials and costs of energy efficiency measures and implement these in the GAINS (greenhouse gas and air pollution interactions and synergies) model. Findings show that the technical energy saving potential for the Chinese iron and steel industry for 2030 is around 5.7 EJ. This is equivalent to 28% of reference energy use in 2030. The emissions mitigation of GHGs (greenhouse gases) and air pollutants in BAEEM_S3 scenario would be reduce 27% CO2eq, 3% of PM, and 22% of SO2, compared to the BL scenario in 2030. Investments and cost savings were calculated for different scenarios, showing that energy efficiency investments will result in significant reductions in air pollution control costs. Hence, Energy efficiency measures should be integrated in air quality policy in China.

Cost of energy saving and CO2 emissions reduction in China’s iron and steel sector

This paper estimated the cost curve of energy saving and CO2 emissions reduction in China’s iron and steel sector. Forty-one energy saving technologies which are widely used or popularized are selected, their investments, operation costs, energy savings and CO2 abatement are collected and the data in 2010 are taken as a baseline. Then energy conservation supply curve and CO2 conservation supply curve under two different discount rates are calculated in the paper. These 41 technologies result in a saving contribution of 4.63GJ/t and a CO2 abatement contribution of 443.21kg/t. Cost-effectiveness of technologies was analyzed based on the fuel price and an estimated CO2 price. When comparing the result with the promoted technologies during the 12th five-year-plan, we found that some promoted technologies are not cost-effective in current situation. Three scenarios are set through changing the diffusion rate of technologies and the share of BOF and EAF, based on this energy saving potentials of technologies in 2020 and 2030 are forecasted. At the same time, we compared the change of the CSC depending on the year and the energy saving potentials in three scenarios of 2020 and 2030, respectively.

Potentials for energy efficiency improvement in the US cement industry

This paper reports on an in-depth analysis of the US cement industry, identifying cost-effective energy efficiency measures and potentials. Between 1970 and 1997, primary physical energy intensity for cement production (SIC 324) dropped 30%, from 7.9 GJ/t to 5.6 GJ/t, while specific carbon dioxide emissions due to fuel consumption and clinker calcination dropped 17%, from 0.29 tC/tonne to 0.24 tC/tonne. We examined 30 energy-efficient technologies and measures and estimated energy savings, carbon dioxide savings, investment costs, and operation and maintenance costs for each of the measures. We constructed an energy conservation supply curve for the US cement industry which found a total cost-effective energy saving of 11% of 1994 energy use for cement making and a saving of 5% of total 1994 carbon dioxide emissions. Assuming the increased production of blended cement, the technical potential for energy efficiency improvement would not change considerably. However, the cost-effective potential would increase to 18% of total energy use, and carbon dioxide emissions would be reduced by 16%. This demonstrates that the use of blended cements is a key cost-effective strategy for energy efficiency improvement and carbon dioxide emission reductions in the US cement industry.

Evaluating energy and non-energy impacts of energy conservation programs: A supply curve framework of analysis

Historically, the assessment of energy-conservation programs has been focused primarily on energy savings and costs. The recent, increased interest in global environmental problems (e.g., acid rain, ozone depletion, and the greenhouse effect) has made decision makers, as well as program evaluators, sensitive to the environmental impacts of all programs, including energy-conservation programs. Economic impacts of programs remain important policy concerns. Many state and local jurisdictions are concerned with the net effects of energy policies on economic growth, jobs, and tax revenues, as well as the impacts of growth and development on local energy issues (e.g., construction of new power plants). Consequently, policy makers need a methodology, as well as data, for easy comparisons of energy and non-energy impacts of a specific program in a consistent way, for both retrospective analysis and for prospective planning. We present the general concepts of a proposed new approach to multiattribute analysis, as an extension of the concept of supply curves of conserved energy. In their simplest form, energy conservation supply curves rank and display the savings from conservation measures in order of their cost-effectiveness. This simple concept is extended to reflect multiple decision criteria and some important linkages between energy and non-energy policy decisions (e.g., a supply curve of reduced carbon emissions or a supply curve of net local job-creation). The framework is flexible enough so that policy makers can weigh and compare each of the impacts to reflect their concerns and see the results in terms of program rankings. The advantages of this analysis framework are that it is simple to use, flexible, and replicable.