Energy Balanced Routing Protocol Research Articles

Survey on Energy-Efficient and Energy-Balanced WSN Routing Protocols

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network comprised of tiny sensor nodes. These sensors are characterized by limited memory, low processing capacity, limited power, and transmission bandwidth. The limited energy constraints inherent in WSNs have triggered an extensive research effort to develop Energy-efficient (EE) and Energy-balanced (EB) routing protocols to prolong the lifetime of the network. This study aims to investigate the overall research productivity and trends of the state-of-the-art research in energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocol designed for WSNs. The classification of energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocols is also a vital aim of this study. As a result, we conducted a selected relevant study with strict adherence to the pre-defined systematic mapping methodology to ensure unbiased inclusion of the relevant studies. This research provides great insight into the focus of the research community, tools being used, and taxonomies of research conducted in EE and EB WSN protocols for the past decade. In the end, this article also provides a comprehensive discussion of the challenges and future directions.

Energy balanced routing protocol based on improved particle swarm optimisation and ant colony algorithm for museum environmental monitoring of cultural relics

AbstractThe environmental monitoring of cultural relics based on wireless sensor networks in museums demands for the transmission and processing of massive data, which in turn leads to problems, such as heavy network traffic, high time delay, and unbalanced node energy consumption. To solve these problems, an energy balanced routing protocol which can minimise the network energy consumption is proposed. The improved swarm intelligence optimisation algorithm which combined particle swarm optimisation with ant colony optimisation is adopted to construct an environmental monitoring system for cultural relics preservation. Simulation results show that the decrease of the path length for data transmission under the proposed algorithm is 2.5% higher than that of other classical algorithms, indicating that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the length of network path and improve the transmission performance of network system. In view of optimisation rounds and simulation time, the energy consumption of the network system under our algorithm is 57.5% less compared with other classical algorithms, and the average residual energy variance is 57.1% less. The cultural relics environmental monitoring system based on the proposed routing protocol has better network load balancing performance.

Energy and load balancing routing protocol for IoT

SummaryDue to the limitation of node energy resources, the management of energy consumption is one of the most important problems of the internet of things (IoT). Therefore, many studies have tried to optimize and manage energy consumption by focusing on different techniques. Although each of these studies has improved and optimized energy consumption, there are many important problems, including maintaining traffic balance and energy consumption of network nodes. Therefore, a new method is necessary to maintain the load and energy balancing of network nodes. Therefore, this paper introduces energy and load balancing routing protocol for IoT (ELBRP) based on the development of the RPL routing protocol and the efficiency of data distribution technique. The ELBRP performance has three steps. In the first step, along with the process of sending DODAG information object (DIO) messages, the status of network nodes is evaluated. In the second step, the DODAG communication graph is formed according to the ELBRP. In the third step, data transmission is done according to the distribution technique with the goal of balancing traffic and energy. The simulation results using cooja simulator showed the superiority of ELBRP in improving energy consumption and successful delivery ratio, reducing delay and increasing the network lifetime compared to the similar methods.

A depth-controlled and energy-efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

Underwater wireless sensor network attracted massive attention from researchers. In underwater wireless sensor network, many sensor nodes are distributed at different depths in the sea. Due to its complex nature, updating their location or adding new devices is pretty challenging. Due to the constraints on energy storage of underwater wireless sensor network end devices and the complexity of repairing or recharging the device underwater, this is highly significant to strengthen the energy performance of underwater wireless sensor network. An imbalance in power consumption can cause poor performance and a limited network lifetime. To overcome these issues, we propose a depth controlled with energy-balanced routing protocol, which will be able to adjust the depth of lower energy nodes and be able to swap the lower energy nodes with higher energy nodes to ensure consistent energy utilization. The proposed energy-efficient routing protocol is based on an enhanced genetic algorithm and data fusion technique. In the proposed energy-efficient routing protocol, an existing genetic algorithm is enhanced by adding an encoding strategy, a crossover procedure, and an improved mutation operation that helps determine the nodes. The proposed model also utilized an enhanced back propagation neural network for data fusion operation, which is based on multi-hop system and also operates a highly optimized momentum technique, which helps to choose only optimum energy nodes and avoid duplicate selections that help to improve the overall energy and further reduce the quantity of data transmission. In the proposed energy-efficient routing protocol, an enhanced cluster head node is used to select a strategy that can analyze the remaining energy and directions of each participating node. In the simulation, the proposed model achieves 86.7% packet delivery ratio, 12.6% energy consumption, and 10.5% packet drop ratio over existing depth-based routing and energy-efficient depth-based routing methods for underwater wireless sensor network.

Energy Balance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Control Strategy

The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.

Selective-path clustered-based routing protocol for large scale wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of large number of small low-powered electronic sensor devices. Therefore, reliable power saving schemes must be developed in order to manage the energy dissipated and extend the network life and functionality for a meaningful time. Arranging sensor nodes (SNs) into clusters has been viewed as an efficient approach of balancing the energy dissipated in WSNs. Regardless, a clustered WSN needs a robust energy efficient (EE) and energy balanced (EB) routing communication protocol. This paper proposes a selective-path priority table (SPT) EE and EB routing protocol (RP) ideal for most conventional clustering algorithms. The SPT RP forms the priority table by prioritising the k nearest multi-hop paths to the cluster heads (CHs) and/or base station (BS) based on some robust rules. These rules are compiled using a combination of some routing metrics which include the residual energy (RE) and transmission range/power. Firstly, the simulation results indicate that the SPT RP can be combined with most of the conventional clustering algorithm irrespective of the number of deployed SNs. Secondly, the performance of the SPT RP improves as the value of the selected number of routing paths (k) increase. More so, the simulation results show that the SPT RP reduces the energy dissipated and can prolong the network life and throughput as compared to related routing schemes.

Selective-path clustered based routing protocol for large scale wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of large number of small low-powered electronic sensor devices. Therefore, reliable power saving schemes must be developed in order to manage the energy dissipated and extend the network life and functionality for a meaningful time. Arranging sensor nodes (SNs) into clusters has been viewed as an efficient approach of balancing the energy dissipated in WSNs. Regardless, a clustered WSN needs a robust energy efficient (EE) and energy balanced (EB) routing communication protocol. This paper proposes a selective-path priority table (SPT) EE and EB routing protocol (RP) ideal for most conventional clustering algorithms. The SPT RP forms the priority table by prioritising the k nearest multi-hop paths to the cluster heads (CHs) and/or base station (BS) based on some robust rules. These rules are compiled using a combination of some routing metrics which include the residual energy (RE) and transmission range/power. Firstly, the simulation results indicate that the SPT RP can be combined with most of the conventional clustering algorithm irrespective of the number of deployed SNs. Secondly, the performance of the SPT RP improves as the value of the selected number of routing paths (k) increase. More so, the simulation results show that the SPT RP reduces the energy dissipated and can prolong the network life and throughput as compared to related routing schemes.

A hybrid soft computing-based clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, an inter-cluster data aggregation based on General Self-Organized Tree-based Energy Balance (GSTEB) routing protocol has been improved by proposing energy efficient protocol under hybrid soft computing. First, finest cluster heads are elected by using enhanced ant colony optimization (ACO) method. After that, information which has been gathered by cluster heads is sent to sink node by applying hybrid soft computing (i.e., hybridization of glow swarm and ACOs). Experimental analysis shows that network lifetime has been improved according to the proposed procedure in contrast with already available procedures.

Soft computing and trust-based self-organized hierarchical energy balance routing protocol (TSHEB) in wireless sensor networks

Nowadays, network lifetime is an important factor in the wireless sensor network, and it produces due to a large amount of data communication between the nodes and less battery storage. To avoid this issue, a new paradigm called trust-based self-organized hierarchical energy balance routing protocol is proposed and it helps to solve the most important issues in wireless sensor networks such as security and storage. Here, trust denotes the energy level maintaining in each sensor node and transaction between its neighbor nodes and cluster heads. This trust-based self-organized hierarchical energy balance routing protocol helps to enhance the network lifetime to maintain the energy level of sensor node as well as drastically increase the packet delivery rate by increasing the number of nodes in the wireless networks.

Energy balanced adaptive clustering routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the main problem is how to design an energy-efficient routing protocol, but one of the bottlenecks is that in WSNs energy is limited. Owing the current cluster routing protocols unconsidered node location and adopted single hop routing mechanism in routing communication in heterogeneous (WSNs), so that a large number of cluster heads that are far away from the base station will consume a large amount of energy. In this paper, an energy balanced adaptive clustering routing protocol is proposed for heterogeneous WSNs, and node location and residual energy are considered to improve the cluster-heads elected mechanism, which increases the probability to become cluster heads that the nodes are close to the base station and have high residual energy. In addition, the protocol uses an adaptive routing communication mechanism combining multi-hop with single-hop to balance the network energy consumption. Theoretical and simulation results show that compared with DEEC and SEP, the protocol can prolong the lifetime of the network and increase the network throughput obviously.

Energy efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, a hybrid soft computing technique-based energy efficient protocol is proposed to improve the inter-cluster data aggregation in clustering based general self-organized tree based energy balance (GSTEB) routing protocol. Initially, improved ant colony optimization-based technique is used to select optimal cluster heads. Afterwards, a hybrid soft computing technique is utilized to communicate the data from cluster heads to sink. Extensive experiments have been done by considering the existing and proposed technique. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique provides better network lifetime as compared to existing techniques.

Maximization of Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network with Sensitive Power Dynamic Protocol

A vitality effective protocol configuration is a key testing issue in a network of Wireless Sensor. A portion of the few existing vitality effective protocols plots dependably forward the bundles through the base vitality based ideal course to the sink to limit vitality utilization. It causes a disturbed dispersion of remaining vitality between sensor nodes, which prompts partitioning of the network. The prime objective of this method is to pass the data packets to destination node through the vitality denser range within Sensor Networks Lifetime. The current procedure Energy Balanced Routing Protocol (EBRP) neglects to accomplish Throughput, Delay part, keeping in mind the end goal to enhance the Network Lifetime and Performance so the proficient steering convention is required with the abilities of both the Power Efficient and Power Balancing. To resolve this problem, this manuscript proposed Impediment Sensitive Power Unbiased Dynamic Routing Protocol (ISPUDRP). The proposed steering system accomplishes as far as End-to-End Delay, Throughput and Lifetime of network. This manuscript shows that proposed calculation accomplishes better execution performance than the current strategies.   

An Energy-Balanced Routing Protocol for a Wireless Sensor Network

The wireless sensor network is an intelligent self-organizing network which consists of many sensor nodes deployed in the monitoring area. The greatest challenge of designing a wireless sensor network is to balance the energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of the network, seeing that the nodes can be powered only by batteries in most conditions. An energy-balanced routing protocol (EBRP) for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper. In EBRP, we divide the network into several clusters by using K-means++ algorithm and select the cluster head by using the fuzzy logical system (FLS). Since the previous researches did not demonstrate how to get the fuzzy rules for different networks, we propose a genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain the fuzzy rules. We code the rules as a chromosome, and the lifetime of the network is treated as a fit function. Then, through the selection, crossover, and mutation of each generation, the best offspring can be decoded as the best rule for each network model. Through the simulation, comparing with the existing routing protocols such as low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy-centralized (LEACH-C), and stable election protocol (SEP), the EBRP prolongs the network lifetime (first node dies) by 57%, 63%, and 63%, respectively.

Analysis of SCERP: A Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Energy Balancing in Wireless Sensor Network

Prolonging lifetime of wireless sensor network is a most significant problem due to energy constraint nature of sensor nodes. It is difficult to recharge nodes during network lifetime, to increase application area of WSN there is a need to design energy efficient clustering protocol for WSN. In this article there is a discussion about problems in Leach protocol and propose an improvement on the Leach routing protocol to reduce energy consumption and to extend network lifetime. Proposed self organized cluster based energy balanced routing protocol (SCERP) selects a cluster head node by considering probability based on ratio of residual energy of the node and the average energy level of nodes in network, and the geometric distance between the candidate node to the BS as key parameters. The outcome of simulation shows that proposed protocol is better than Leach in terms of balancing energy consumption of nodes and extending WSN lifetime.

Energy Balance Based Uneven Cluster Routing Protocol Using Ant Colony Taboo for Wireless Sensor Networks

To overcome the drawbacks of the short lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) caused by the imbalanced energy consumption, this paper proposes an efficient ant colony taboo based energy balance routing protocol using uneven cluster (ACTEBUC) for WSNs. The mechanism of temporary cluster head election is improved, the generation of random numbers is optimized, and the energy, distance and density factors are deduced into the threshold value. The real cluster heads are selected based on the node’s competition radius and communication cost that are used for the uneven clustering. Once finishing the cluster, ACTEBUC optimizes ant colony, and improves the probability of selecting next hop node, the pheromone update and the inspiring factor. The pheromone updating is added to the tasks of the forward ant to speed up the convergence rate. The path length is considered when pheromone updating is executed by the backward ant, the ants release more pheromones on the node which is closer to the destination node, which makes the destination node is more likely to be found and speeds up the convergence rate of the algorithm. Meanwhile, a route optimizing algorithm is proposed to increase network lifetime by adjusting the transmission route, and it finds the optimal path to minimize the communication energy consumption. The performance of the proposed algorithm is simulated using MATLAB. Comparing with the results of other algorithms, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently balance the energy consumption, and demonstrate the good performance of the proposed algorithms to increase network lifetime. Also ACTEBUC has the ability to enhance the data transmission reliability.

Efficient Energy Balanced Less Loss Routing (E2BL2R) Protocol for MANETS

Efficient Energy Balanced Less Loss Routing (E²BL²R) Protocol for MANETS

A Survey on an Energy-Efficient and Energy-Balanced Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) form an important part of industrial application. There has been growing interest in the potential use of WSNs in applications such as environment monitoring, disaster management, health care monitoring, intelligence surveillance and defence reconnaissance. In these applications, the sensor nodes (SNs) are envisaged to be deployed in sizeable numbers in an outlying area, and it is quite difficult to replace these SNs after complete deployment in many scenarios. Therefore, as SNs are predominantly battery powered devices, the energy consumption of the nodes must be properly managed in order to prolong the network lifetime and functionality to a rational time. Different energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocols have been proposed in literature over the years. The energy-efficient routing protocols strive to increase the network lifetime by minimizing the energy consumption in each SN. On the other hand, the energy-balanced routing protocols protract the network lifetime by uniformly balancing the energy consumption among the nodes in the network. There have been various survey papers put forward by researchers to review the performance and classify the different energy-efficient routing protocols for WSNs. However, there seems to be no clear survey emphasizing the importance, concepts, and principles of load-balanced energy routing protocols for WSNs. In this paper, we provide a clear picture of both the energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocols for WSNs. More importantly, this paper presents an extensive survey of the different state-of-the-art energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocols. A taxonomy is introduced in this paper to classify the surveyed energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocols based on their proposed mode of communication towards the base station (BS). In addition, we classified these routing protocols based on the solution types or algorithms, and the input decision variables defined in the routing algorithm. The strengths and weaknesses of the choice of the decision variables used in the design of these energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocols are emphasised. Finally, we suggest possible research directions in order to optimize the energy consumption in sensor networks.

An energy-balanced loop-free routing protocol for distributed wireless sensor networks

To prolong the network lifespan, the energy-balanced routing algorithm builds its routes based on a weighted sum of node's depth, residual energy and energy density. It is a pity that this algorithm introduces routing loops and redundant hops, which result in end-to-end delay and consuming more energy. More seriously, packets cannot reach the sink. In this paper, to avoid routing loop and redundancy, a novel next-hop selection method is proposed, moreover, the routing loop and redundant hops detection and elimination mechanism have been built up. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments show that the network lifespan is stretched by 68.72% and 24.65% compared with minimum hop routing and energy-balanced routing protocol EBRP separately.

An Improved Energy Balance Routing Protocol based on LEACH Protocol

An Improved Energy Balance Routing Protocol based on LEACH Protocol

Analytical Study of an Improved Cluster based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Objectives: To analyze the homogeneous protocols like Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Improved Energy Balanced Routing Protocol (IEBRP) and some of the heterogeneous protocols like Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC) and Modified Stable Election Protocol (M-SEP). Methods/Statistical Analysis: We focus on the different levels of energy such as single energy level (LEACH, IEBRP), Distributed Energy Level (DEEC) and multi energy level (M-SEP). Later we compare the algorithms of design of LEACH, IEBRP, DEEC and M-SEP protocol too. Finally we simulate all the four protocols using C platform and calculated the lifetime of sensor networks with the help of four new matrices: First Node Died (FND), Some Node Died (SND), Half Node Died (HND) and Last Node Died (LND). Findings: Finding out the best suited path from sensor node to sink and calculating the efficiency with respect to different routing protocols determines that M-SEP is more efficient than other three routing protocols. M-SEP has more alive nodes with respect to number of rounds. Application/Improvements: Simulating all the matrices with respect to different parameters result reveals that M-SEP performs 22%, 40% and 55% respectively longer than LEACH, IEBRP and DEEC. It also increases the lifetime, no of data packet send to the BS and data transmission rate, other than three routing protocols.