Energy Aware Multipath Routing Research Articles

An IoT reliable and energy-aware multi-path routing algorithm

An IoT reliable and energy-aware multi-path routing algorithm

Retraction notice: Energy-aware multipath routing in WSN using improved invasive weed elephant herd optimization

Retraction notice: Energy-aware multipath routing in WSN using improved invasive weed elephant herd optimization

QFS-RPL: mobility and energy aware multi path routing protocol for the internet of mobile things data transfer infrastructures

QFS-RPL: mobility and energy aware multi path routing protocol for the internet of mobile things data transfer infrastructures

An adaptive congestion and energy aware multipath routing scheme for mobile ad-hoc networks through stable link prediction

Advancement in mobile ad-hoc network (MANET's) has offered solutions to wide range of real-time applications. MANET's consist of group of battery operated wireless mobile nodes that forms a dynamic topology and functions autonomously without infrastructure. Mobile nodes are limited to resource, bandwidth, energy and memory. Due to mobile nature of the nodes, mobility and resource limitations are the two major factors that affect MANET's performance. Frequent topology changes and mobility affects the link stability between two nodes, frequent link interruption results in network congestion, lead to packet drop and increase retransmission delays. During multihop data transmissions, the wireless channel is shared among neighbour nodes. Determining the channel status and predicting the quality of link is still a challenging issue. Existing MANET's routing scheme considers optimal hop count as a metric for data transmission and selects the shortest path. Due to nodes movement, frequent link failure occurs, resulting in packet loss and retransmission of packet, which restablished path avoids packets loss, and alternate paths can be discovered within time such that congestion is controlled and delay is minimised. Therefore, it is required to design routing scheme for MANET's that can adapt to network changes and conditions to support quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Congestion and Energy Aware Multipath Routing Scheme (ACEAMR) to provision QoS requirements in MANET's. ACEAMR discovers stable, energy aware, and congestion free paths towards destination. The congestion level at node is determined by computing queue utilization through adaptive feedback mechanism. ACEAMR integrates stable link prediction (SLP) to estimate the link quality and channel availability for reliable data transmission. Energy aware nodes are computed using fitness function of nodes having sufficient energy to extend network lifetime. Simulation results show that proposed ACEAMR achieves 30 % of higher throughput, 25 % more in packet delivery ratio, 27 % less delay and 28 % energy efficient compared to LLECP-AOMDV, OLEADM and AOMDV schemes.

Energy-aware multipath routing in WSN using improved invasive weed elephant herd optimization

PurposeIn a wireless sensor network (WSN), the sensor nodes are distributed in the network, and in general, they are linked through wireless intermediate to assemble physical data. The nodes drop their energy after a specific duration because they are battery-powered, which also reduces network lifetime. In addition, the routing process and cluster head (CH) selection process is the most significant one in WSN. Enhancing network lifetime through balancing path reliability is more challenging in WSN. This paper aims to devise a multihop routing technique with developed IIWEHO technique.Design/methodology/approachIn this method, WSN nodes are simulated originally, and it is fed to the clustering process. Meanwhile, the CH is selected with low energy-based adaptive clustering model with hierarchy (LEACH) model. After CH selection, multipath routing is performed by developed improved invasive weed-based elephant herd optimization (IIWEHO) algorithm. In addition, the multipath routing is selected based on certain fitness functions like delay, energy, link quality and distance. However, the developed IIWEHO technique is the combination of IIWO method and EHO algorithm.FindingsThe performance of developed optimization method is estimated with different metrics, like distance, energy, delay and throughput and achieved improved performance for the proposed method.Originality/valueThis paper presents an effectual multihop routing method, named IIWEHO technique in WSN. The developed IIWEHO algorithm is newly devised by incorporating EHO and IIWO approaches. The fitness measures, which include intra- and inter-distance, delay, link quality, delay and consumption of energy, are considered in this model. The proposed model simulates the WSN nodes, and CH selection is done by the LEACH protocol. The suitable CH is chosen for transmitting data through base station from the source to destination. Here, the routing system is devised by a developed optimization technique. The selection of multipath routing is carried out using the developed IIWEHO technique. The developed optimization approach selects the multipath depending on various multi-objective functions.

Energy Aware Multipath Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) emerged as a paradigm to solve the problem of limited spectrum availability and the spectrum underutilization in wireless networks by opportunistically exploiting portions of the spectrum temporarily vacated by licensed primary users (PUs). Routing in CRNs is a challenging problem due to the PU activities and mobility. On the other hand, energy aware routing is very important in energy-constraint CRNs. In addition, it is crucial that CR users efficiently exchange data with each other before the appearance of PUs. To design a robust routing scheme for mobile CR ad hoc networks (CRANs), the constraints on residual energy of each CR user, reliability, and the protection of PUs must additionally be taken into account. Moreover, multipath routing has great potential for improving the end-to-end performance of ad hoc networks. Considering all these evidences, in this paper, we propose an energy aware on-demand multipath routing (EOMR) protocol for mobile CRANs to ensure the robustness and to improve the throughput. The proposed routing scheme involves energy efficient multipath route selection and spectrum allocation jointly. The simulation results show that our approach improves the overall performance of the network.

Quality and Energy Aware Multipath Routing in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

In Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), the sensor nodes are capable of acquiring the multimedia information like wildlife tracking, traffic accidents as well scalar data. Because of these factors, the WMSNs have a bright future in both academic and industry circles. Multimedia applications, on the other hand, generate a lot of network traffic, which causes a lot of delay and wastes a lot of energy. In WMSNs, both network duration and quality of service are critical, hence an effective routing algorithm that can manage more data while simultaneously extending network lifetime is necessary. Towards this objective, in this paper, we proposes a Quality Aware Multipath Routing (QAMR) that selects multiple paths based on three reference metrics; they are Expected Transmission Count, Energy and Delay. For a given source and sink node, the QAMR constructs a composite metric by combining these three metrics and selects node disjoint multiple paths. Since the multiple paths with common nodes has less efficiency in data forwarding, we opt for node disjoint paths in which no two paths have one common node. On the proposed system QAMR model, extensive simulation tests are performed, and the outcomes are evaluated using a variety of metrics such as energy consumption, throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio.

SmartDR:A device-to-device communication for post-disaster recovery

Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, can cause severe destruction and create havoc in the society. Buildings and other structures may collapse during disaster incidents causing injuries and deaths to victims trapped under debris and rubble. Immediately after a natural disaster incident, it becomes extremely difficult for first responders and rescuers to find and save trapped victims. Often searches are carried out blindly in random locations, which delay the rescue of the victims. This paper introduces a Smartphone Assisted Disaster Recovery (SmartDR) method for post-disaster communication using Smartphones. SmartDR utilizes the device-to-device (D2D) communication technology in Fifth Generation (5G) networks, which enables direct communication between proximate devices without the need of relaying through a network infrastructure, such as mobile access points or mobile base stations. We examine a scenario of multi-hop D2D communication where smartphones carried by trapped victims and other people in disaster affected areas can self-detect the occurrence of a disaster incident by monitoring the radio environment and then can self-switch to a disaster mode to transmit emergency help messages with their location coordinates to other nearby smartphones. To locate other nearby smartphones also operating in the disaster mode and in the same channel, each smartphone runs a rendezvous process. The emergency messages are thus relayed to the functional base station or rescue centre. To facilitate routing of the emergency messages, we propose a path selection algorithm, which considers both delay and the leftover energy of a device (a smartphone in this case). Thus, the SmartDR method includes: (i) a multi-channel channel hopping rendezvous protocol to improve the victim localization or neighbour discovery, and (ii) an energy-aware multi-path routing (Energy-aware ad-hoc on-demand distance vector or E-AODV) protocol to overcome the higher energy depletion rate at devices associated with single shortest path routing. The SmartDR method can guide search and rescue operations and increase the possibility of saving lives immediately aftermath a disaster incident. A simulation-based performance study is conducted to evaluate the protocol performance in post-disaster scenario. Simulation results show that a significant performance gain is achievable when a device utilizes the channel information for the rendezvous process and the leftover energy for routing path selection. Our results show that peer discovery in multi-channel D2D environment can be significantly improved when channel quality information is considered in CH sequence design. Moreover, selecting a routing path based on LoE of a device and the standard deviation of residual energy of a path, can not only enhance the network lifetime, but also reduce the chance of network being partitioned.

QoS Aware Cross Layer for SIP Based VoIP Over Enhanced OLSR Routing Protocol in Hybrid Wireless Network

To improve SIP signal execution in MANET, routing parameters must be powerfully balanced through SIP methods dependent on a set equal for execution improvement measurements to help the SIP signal framework. In this manner, the presentation of the Optimal Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is to be additionally improved. In MANET, vitality is a key anxiety for secure communication, making it conceivable to avoid enemies or childish hubs since the system. In term of this paper, the projected secure as well as QoS based energy aware multipath routing in MANET. In support of multipath path collection, we have provided the Optimal Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) algorithm. Energy efficient multipath routes are designated on the system using this method. Afterward a quantity of transactions, a route may misplace its connection quality. Hence the optimal path is selected to the paths installed on the system utilizing the Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO) algorithm. At last the presentation measurements of our planned SMO-OLSR task are contrasted and the current OLSR. SMOOLSR used for hybrid wireless network for efficient communication. The reproduction results demonstrate that the presentation of our planned work, the packet delivery rate, the delay, and the packet fallout are improved over the existing work. This planned methodology is actualized on the foundation of NS2.

Particle Swarm Optimization based Multihop Routing Techniques in Mobile ADHOC Networks

Mobile adhoc network (MANET) comprises a network of mobile nodes, which communicates with one another through wireless connections. Reliability, energy efficiency, congestion control and interferences are the problems faced with the traditional routing protocols in MANET. Routing defines the process of identifying the optimal paths between two nodes in the network. For resolving these issues, several multipath routing techniques have been presented. This paper assesses the performance of the two bio-inspired multipath routing techniques namely Energy-Aware Multipath Routing Scheme based on particle swarm optimization (EMPSO) and PSO with fitness function (PSO-FF) algorithms. These two algorithms are compared and the results are investigated under several performance measures. The simulation results stated that the PSO-FF algorithm has shown better results over the EMPSO algorithm under several measures.

Energy-aware multipath routing protocol for internet of things using network coding techniques

The energy conservation is a significant challenge to prolong the network lifetime in Internet of Things (IoT). So in this paper, we propose an energy-aware multipath routing protocol (EAM-RPL) to extend the network lifetime. The multipath model establishes multiple paths from the source node to the sink. In EAM-RPL, the source node applies the randomised linear network coding to encode the data packets and it transmits the data packets into the next cluster level of nodes. The intermediate nodes receive the encoded data packets and forward them to the next cluster of nodes. Finally, the sink node receives the data packets and it decodes the original data packet sent by the source node. The performance of the proposed EAM-RPL is compared with the RPL protocol. The simulation result shows that the proposed EAM-RPL improves the packet delivery ratio by 3-5% and prolongs the network lifetime by 5-10%.

Energy-aware multipath routing protocol for internet of things using network coding techniques

The energy conservation is a significant challenge to prolong the network lifetime in Internet of Things (IoT). So in this paper, we propose an energy-aware multipath routing protocol (EAM-RPL) to extend the network lifetime. The multipath model establishes multiple paths from the source node to the sink. In EAM-RPL, the source node applies the randomised linear network coding to encode the data packets and it transmits the data packets into the next cluster level of nodes. The intermediate nodes receive the encoded data packets and forward them to the next cluster of nodes. Finally, the sink node receives the data packets and it decodes the original data packet sent by the source node. The performance of the proposed EAM-RPL is compared with the RPL protocol. The simulation result shows that the proposed EAM-RPL improves the packet delivery ratio by 3-5% and prolongs the network lifetime by 5-10%.

Energy-aware multi-path transmission of ECG signals for the classification of arrhythmia in wireless sensor network

Electrocardiogram (ECG) transmission and classification of arrhythmia stand as an effective area for dealing with the cardiac-related diseases since the world is reporting a higher rate of heart patients. Remote monitoring of the patients, being an effective solution in providing an effective diagnosis solution, wireless technology plays a significant role in ECG transmission. However, routing seems to be a hectic challenge, and hence, the paper proposes an effective routing protocol, termed as fractional artificial bee colony BAT (FBeeBAT) algorithm that is the integration of fractional concept, artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, and bat optimisation algorithm. The proposed algorithm enables the energy-aware multi-path routing in the wireless body area network (WBAN), in which the ECG signal of the patient is transmitted to the destination. The received ECG signal is subjected to arrhythmia classification using the genetic bat-support vector neural network (GB-SVNN). The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is analysed by establishing the simulation environment using 50 and 100 nodes in transmitting and classifying the ECG signal. The proposed method assured a classification accuracy of 0.98 and the goodput of 0.058 that is better compared with the existing methods.

Energy-aware multi-path transmission of ECG signals for the classification of arrhythmia in wireless sensor network

Electrocardiogram (ECG) transmission and classification of arrhythmia stand as an effective area for dealing with the cardiac-related diseases since the world is reporting a higher rate of heart patients. Remote monitoring of the patients, being an effective solution in providing an effective diagnosis solution, wireless technology plays a significant role in ECG transmission. However, routing seems to be a hectic challenge, and hence, the paper proposes an effective routing protocol, termed as fractional artificial bee colony BAT (FBeeBAT) algorithm that is the integration of fractional concept, artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, and bat optimisation algorithm. The proposed algorithm enables the energy-aware multi-path routing in the wireless body area network (WBAN), in which the ECG signal of the patient is transmitted to the destination. The received ECG signal is subjected to arrhythmia classification using the genetic bat-support vector neural network (GB-SVNN). The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is analysed by establishing the simulation environment using 50 and 100 nodes in transmitting and classifying the ECG signal. The proposed method assured a classification accuracy of 0.98 and the goodput of 0.058 that is better compared with the existing methods.

Energy Aware Multipath Routing Scheme in Ad Hoc Network Using Fitness Function

Energy Aware Multipath Routing Scheme in Ad Hoc Network Using Fitness Function

Energy Aware Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Aware Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Secured and QoS Based Energy-Aware Multipath Routing in MANET

In MANET, energy aware multipath routing is major concern for securable transmission which is possible by avoiding the attackers or selfish nodes from the network. In this paper we have proposed secured and QoS based energy aware multipath routing in MANET. For multipath route selection, we have presented particle swarm optimization-gravitational search algorithm. Using this algorithm energy efficient multipath routes are selected in the network. After number of transmissions, a route may loss its link quality. So an optimal path is selected from the established routes in the network using cuckoo search algorithm which performs based on the behavior of cuckoos. Performance metrics of our proposed work is compared with that of the existing work authenticated anonymous secure routing. Simulation results show that energy efficiency and network lifetime of our proposed work is improved than that of existing work.

Applied fuzzy heuristics for automation of hygienic drinking water supply system using wireless sensor networks

About 20% of communicable infectious disease is spread by drinking contaminated water. Hence, a real-time in-pipe drinking water quality system using sensor networks is proposed. The proposed prototype Drinking Water Quality Monitoring System (DWQMS) checks for parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, oxidation–reduction potential, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen in the drinking water supplied through pipes by the municipality in a fast and efficient manner. In the proposed work, a sensor network that is powered by solar energy is deployed inside the water pipelines to improve the network connectivity and enhance the network lifetime. The prototype designed uses an Energy Aware Multipath Routing Protocol (EAMRP) to prevent the water flow when contamination is detected in a particular pipeline region without interrupting the supply in non-contaminated regions. The key ingredients of the proposed protocol are an energy-efficient algorithm; maximizing the data correlation among sensors; shortest path routing and fast data transmission algorithm to report the water quality to the users quickly; event detection algorithms to assess the water contamination risks in pipes; and fuzzy rule descriptors to predict the water quality as desirable/acceptable/rejected for drinking with better accuracy. The simulation results show that the designed DWQMS acts as an early warning system and outperforms in terms of energy efficiency, detects the contaminants with better accuracy, increases network lifetime, and better estimates the water quality parameters. The proposed algorithms are tested in a small test bed of wireless sensor networks with 20 nodes that monitor the drinking water quality distributed in water distribution mains, which alert the consumers/houses in the water-contaminated regions.

An Energy Aware Multipath Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network is a new field of computer science and technology research. It has a very broad application prospects. In order to improve the network survival time, it is very important to design efficient energy-constrained routing protocols. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of wireless sensor networks, and analyzed the design criteria of sensor network routing algorithms. In view of the shortcomings of traditional algorithms, we proposed an energy-aware multi-path algorithm. When selecting a data transmission path, the energy-aware multi-path algorithm can avoid nodes with low energy levels. At the same time, it takes the remaining energy of the node and the number of hops as one of the measures of the path selection. The multi-path routing algorithm realized the low energy consumption of the data transmission path, thus effectively prolonging the network lifetime. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the results show that our method has high reliability and energy efficiency.

Energy Aware Multipath Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) emerged as a paradigm to solve the problem of limited spectrum availability and the spectrum underutilization in wireless networks by opportunistically exploiting portions of the spectrum temporarily vacated by licensed primary users (PUs). Routing in CRNs is a challenging problem due to the PU activities and mobility. On the other hand, energy aware routing is very important in energy-constraint CRNs. In addition, it is crucial that CR users efficiently exchange data with each other before the appearance of PUs. To design a robust routing scheme for mobile CR ad hoc networks (CRANs), the constraints on residual energy of each CR user, reliability, and the protection of PUs must additionally be taken into account. Moreover, multipath routing has great potential for improving the end-to-end performance of ad hoc networks. Considering all these evidences, in this paper, we propose an energy aware on-demand multipath routing (EOMR) protocol for mobile CRANs to ensure the robustness and to improve the throughput. The proposed routing scheme involves energy efficient multipath route selection and spectrum allocation jointly. The simulation results show that our approach improves the overall performance of the network.