Energy Analysis Program Research Articles

Energy retrofit technology for modern and contemporary educational historical buildings considering preservation and utilization aspects

Energy retrofit technology is proposed for achieving continuous and efficient energy utilization in modern educational facilities. To improve the accuracy of diagnosis rather than improving numerical analysis, the building performance evaluation of exterior walls and windows was conducted using on-site measuring equipment. The target building had a substandard domestic performance; therefore, improvement measures were required to use building energy efficiently. We evaluated the energy consumption of the target building through the building energy analysis program DesignBuilder. Energy efficiency and economic benefits of retrofit technologies were evaluated, with seven selected technologies categorized into passive, active, and renewable. Efficient technologies included PV panel, High-efficiency HVAC system, Airtight film, and LED lights. 8 retrofit packages were formulated, considering energy savings, economic viability, and thermal comfort improvements. Among these, the energy-saving package, the package incorporating all technologies, the economically beneficial package, and the conservation package were efficient for energy savings, while the conservation package, the economic benefits, and the passive were economically efficient. energy-saving package was found effective for warm improvement and demonstrated significant improvement in cold thermal comfort conditions. Considering the modern nature of the target building, a comprehensive conservation package was deemed most suitable, offering energy savings, economic benefits, thermal comfort enhancements, and preservation aspects. With a payback period of 4 years and achieving a 41.4% energy saving, it was deemed the optimal choice for the target building.

INFLUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF VERNACULAR HOUSING

The canton of Zapotillo, located in the south of Ecuador, has a hot climate that has led the population to use endemic materials in the construction of their homes. These materials provide a comfortable indoor environment for the inhabitants, with earth, wood and stone being the main structural components of traditional houses. These vernacular houses represent years of empirical research and testing by local builders who have developed unique construction techniques. However, these houses have been overshadowed by new architectural typologies that use modern materials and construction systems with lower thermal performance. In the current landscape of Zapotillo, remains of the first settlements in the area can be found, blending into the overall landscape with contemporary constructions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the bioclimatic performance of vernacular houses in the canton, focusing on the technical and constructional study of selected cases, seeking to identify parameters that contribute to indoor comfort in relation to local climatic conditions. The research visualizes the energy characteristics of vernacular housing, highlighting the solar protection provided by the use of portals and terraces, as well as the comfort of the raw earth construction system to mitigate the effects of high temperatures during periods of extreme heat. The energy analysis programs Revit Insight, Rhinoceros, Grasshopper and Lady Bug tools are used to measure these variables, with the ultimate aim of rescuing vernacular values and adapting them to new projects, thereby revaluing the concept of traditional Zapotillo housing.

국공립 어린이집 그린리모델링 사업의 리트로핏 대안별 에너지 성능 및 경제성 비교 분석 : 단일 사례의 시뮬레이션 기반 분석 중심으로

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present an optimized green remodeling retrofit plan through energy performance and economic analysis of the public daycare center for which green remodeling has been completed. Method: By collecting data on public building green remodeling project management in 2020 from the Korea Authority of Land & Infrastructure Safety, target daycare centers that are single-use and can collect monthly building energy consumption data through a public data open system were extracted. The building outline and operating conditions were investigated, and energy performance was analyzed using Design Builder, a dynamic building energy analysis program. After calibration, an alternative model analysis for each technical element was performed, including the basic base model. Then, economic analysis was performed using the net present value method. Result: The results of this study were as follows. After comprehensively analyzing energy performance and economic feasibility, ALT-4(heat recovery ventilation system), ALT-9 (heat recovery ventilation system+high-efficiency air conditioning+LED lighting replacement), ALT-6(LED lighting replacement) models were determined by the final priority. ALT-4(heat recovery ventilation system) as a single element model and ALT-9(heat recovery ventilation system+high-efficiency air conditioner+LED lighting replacement) as a combined element model were the best alternative when comprehensively considering energy performance and economic feasibility in green remodeling.

Acceptable indoor air quality at reduced energy consumption for high-occupancy buildings with intermittent operation

In high-occupancy buildings with intermittent and short-occupancy events, occupants and their activities are the primary sources of contaminants, rendering continuous ventilation unnecessary for achieving acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). Because the recommended ventilation rate constitutes a substantial percentage of the supply air, reducing or discontinuing ventilation during unoccupied periods saves significant energy. This study aims to assess the IAQ of high-occupancy buildings with different ventilation strategies and occupancy schemes to conserve energy using CONTAM (IAQ and ventilation analysis program) and Visual-DOE (energy analysis program). The results show that intermittently operating the ventilation 1 hour before occupancy saves 25% in the auditorium and 33% in the mosque compared to the continuous ventilation strategy. The intermittently operated strategy with ventilation 1 hour before occupancy also revealed an acceptable CO2 level (<1000ppm), while the Formaldehyde (HCHO) levels decreased with increasing ventilation rates, as humans’ contribution to the HCHO concentration indoors was insignificant.

제주 지역별 기후변화 특성과 건축물 에너지 요구량에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the climate change of the past 30 years in Jeju Island and to analyze the change in energy demand accordingly. As a research method, data from the four regions (Jeju-si, Gosan, Seongsan, Seogwipo) of the Korea Meteorological Administration (ASOS) were used as climate data, and the amount of cooling and heating energy required was calculated through Energy # v2.5, an energy analysis program. The resulting values were derived. As for climate change by region, the average temperature in the middle and summer continued to rise compared to the winter, and the average relative humidity also increased in the summer. As a result of analyzing the change in energy demand by region (1991 ~ 2020), it was found that cooling energy demand increased due to the increase in average temperature and relative humidity in all four regions. In addition, due to the increase in average temperature, the heating energy demand in winter is showing a tendency to decrease slightly. In particular, Jeju, Gosan, and Seongsan regions show a higher change than Seogwipo regions. Through the analysis of climate information and energy demand for the four regions of Jeju, it will be possible to predict the change in the building energy performance of Jeju Island by estimating the trend of climate change over the past 30 years, the change in energy consumption, and future climate information.

Evaluation of feasibility analyses for different hub heights of a wind turbine

In this study, techno-economic and environmental feasibility analyses of a wind turbine for different hub connection heights were investigated using RETScreen Expert energy analysis program. Çerkezköy district of Tekirdağ province was chosen as the region in which the wind turbines will be constructed. According to the analysis of hourly wind speed data recorded by a meteorology station established in Çerkezköy, it can be easily said that the annual average wind speed for 10 m altitude is 5.305 m/s and the directions of the prevailing winds are between NE (45o) and ENE (67.5o). The model of the wind turbine chosen in the present study is the Sinovel 1500/77, and techno-economic and environmental evaluations were made for the hub connection heights of 65, 80 and 100 m. In accordance with the study results, when the payback period is evaluated in terms of energy production cost and greenhouse gas reduction potential, the wind turbine with 100 m hub connection height exhibits better results than others with 65 and 80 m. It is thought that this study will guide selecting a suitable hub height for wind power plants and wind turbines that are planned to be established in Çerkezköy, one of the largest industrial regions of Turkey to obtain cost-effective and environment-friendly conditions.

사무소 건물 적용 PCW 창호의 기후대별 에너지 성능 분석

Purpose: This study analyzed building cooling, heating and lighting energy performance of the photochromic window (PCW) in various climate zones. Method: Office buildings were modeled using DesignBuilder software, which is a building energy analysis program, and four climate regions-Temperate climate, Tropical climate, Marine climate, and Cold climate were selected to test the performance of PCW. Result: Due to the characteristics of U-value and shading coefficient (SC) of PCW, indoor heat loss decreased in winter resulting in a decrease in heating energy consumption. On the other hand, cooling energy consumption decreased due to less transmission solar radiation in summer. As for the lighting energy consumption, the PCW

오피스빌딩 리모델링을 위한 도로 폭별 건물 규모 증가에 따른 냉난방에너지 소요량 분석

Purpose: The study analyzes office buildings and surrounding roads located in Teheran-ro, where remodeling is expected. The optimum size of office buildings is derived for each road width. It is intended to predict the energy consumption of heating and cooling loads in office buildings and to present guidelines for design that can save energy in the initial design stage for remodeling. Method: This study classified roads in Gangnam-gu with Teheran-ro at the center according to the hierarchy of roads specified in the Building Act. Cases by road width were selected according to classification and the average volume of office buildings located on the road was derived. The office building with the derived volume was simulated by changing the width of the road. Design Builder, a building energy analysis program, was selected as a simulation tool for analysis of heating and cooling loads according to road width and size. Result: When designed as the largest size in the volume allowed by the law, heating and cooling load per area are advantageous. In the initial design phase, more granular research is required by applying a variety of variables that affect energy savings.

Performance level criteria for semi-transparent photovoltaic windows based on dye-sensitized solar cells

Since the discovery of the photovoltaic (PV) effect in the 19th century, various PV windows have been developed to improve the energy performance of a building and expand the supply of renewable energy. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted attention as promising alternatives to conventional silicon solar cells because of their transparency and aesthetic value. This study aims to analyze the effect of DSSC windows on the building environment and energy performance and build a database to help architects select appropriate DSSC windows for future zero-energy buildings (ZEBs). We use DesignBuilder, a building energy analysis program, to evaluate indoor illuminance, indoor temperature, cooling and heating energy, lighting energy, and power generation. Our prototype DSSC windows exhibit an improved heat transmission rate (i.e., U-value) but lower visible-light transmission (VLT) than low-emissivity glazing windows; thus, they decrease the heating energy and increase the cooling and lighting energy. We predict that DSSC windows meeting the criteria of 13% power conversion efficiency (PCE) and 30% VLT will achieve energy savings of 4861.44 kWh/yr. PV windows with over 50% VLT with any PCE can be beneficial to net zero-energy and net energy-plus buildings.

사무소 건물 적용 DSSC BIPV 창호의 환경 및 에너지성능 분석

Purpose: This study aimed at analyzing the building indoor environment conditions and energy performance when DSSC BIPV windows are applied, and building a database to suggest the appropriate performance level of DSSC BIPV windows in future buildings. Method: The DesignBuilder, a building energy analysis program, was used to evaluate indoor illuminance, room temperature, cooling and heating energy, lighting energy, and power generation performance. Result: Simulation results demonstrate that the current characteristics of DSSC BIPVs exhibit an improved U-value but low visible light transmission (VLT) performance in comparison with low-emissivity double glazing windows. Thus, heating energy consumption was reduced, while as the electricity consumption for lighting was significantly increase. This increasement influenced the increase of the cooling energy consumption due to the higher indoor cooling load from lighting fixtures. To satisfy the 13% power generation efficiency suggested by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a VLT of 30% is required, which will produce energy savings of 4,861.44 ㎾h/year. For VLTs of ＞50%, energy saving is possible in combination with any generation efficiency.

Sıkıştırma ile Ateşlemeli Motorlarda Bilgisayar Destekli Enerji ve Ekserji Analizi

Kaynakları daha verimli kullanmanın en iyi yolu, enerji ve ekserji arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamaktır. Termodinamiğin birinci kanunu enerji analizi ile ilişkilidir. Bu kanun enerjinin niceliği ile alakalıdır. Enerji analizi sistemin enerji ve entalpi transferlerini açıklamaya yardımcı olur. Enerji yok edilemezken ekserji yok edilebilir. Ekserji bir sistemden elde edilebilecek maksimum teorik iş olarak tanımlanır. Diğer taraftan ekserji analizi termodinamiğin ikinci yasasına dayanır. Termodinamiğin ikinci kanunu enerjinin niteliği ile alakalıdır. Bir sistemin kullanılabilirliği ekserji analizi ile belirlenebilir. Bir sistemin termodinamik detaylarının belirlenmesi istenildiğinde hem enerji, hem de ekserji analizi yapılmalıdır. Ekserji ve enerji analizleri çeşitli alanlara uygulanabilir. Ekserji analizi, içten yanmalı motorlar konusunda önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada enerji ve ekserji analizi yapabilen bir programın tanıtımı ve yapısı gösterilmiştir. Program sayesinde hızlı ve güvenilir sonuçlar elde edilebilecektir.

Interaction of rat α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with α-conotoxin RgIA and Vc1.1: Insights from docking, molecular dynamics and binding free energy contributions

The α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is an effective therapeutic target for neuropathic pain. α-Conotoxin RgIA and Vc1.1 are two well-known peptides blocking α9α10 nAChR potently and selectively, which have been extensively investigated as drug candidates. Several key residues were established in previous experimental research. However, the mechanism of the specific interaction still needs to be elucidated in more detail. In this work, we explored the interaction mechanism between RgIA/Vc1.1 and rat α9α10 nAChR using docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Energy and network analysis programs were used to reveal key residues responsible for their interaction. Our results indicated that the most critical residues were in accord with previous studies. Importantly, several novel residues, including Tyr95, Trp151 in α9 (+)α10 (−) interface as well as Tyr196, Arg59in α10 (+)α9 (−) interface, were found in our models. Furthermore, we analyzed noncovalent interaction energies between RgIA/Vc1.1 and rat α9α10 nAChR. The results showed that three negatively charged residues (Glu197 in α10 subunit, Asp168 in α9 subunit and Asp205 in α10 subunit) were involved in the interaction between RgIA and rat α9α10 nAChR. In contrast, the interaction between Vc1.1 and rat α9α10 nAChR was mediated by the positively charged residues Arg59, Arg81 in α9 (−) subunit. These findings provided further insights into the molecular mechanisms of interaction between RgIA and Vc1.1 and rat α9α10 nAChR.

국산재 합판을 코어재로 사용한 교차집성재(CLT) 적용 목조주택의 냉·난방에너지 요구량 분석

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a structural timber developed for low-grade timber utilization. This study analyzed the thermal properties of Ply-lam CLT using Korean plywood as a core material of CLT and analyzed the cooling and heating energy demands of wooden house with Ply-lam CLT. The thermal conductivity of Ply-lam CLT was measured by TCi thermal conductivity measurement equipment. The overall thermal conductivity of the five-layer Ply-lam CLT was calculated using KS M ISO 6946. The cooling and heating energy demands of the wooden houses with Ply-lam CLT were analyzed using Passive House Planning Package (PHPP), a building energy analysis program based on ISO 13790. The thermal conductivity of Ply-lam CLT was lower than that of existing CLT consisting of five-layered larch. In addition, it was confirmed that the heat insulating performance of CLT can be further improved according to the application site and thickness of the plywood board. The CLT applied wall reduces the cooling and heating energy demands because of reduce the thermal bridge and infiltration in the wall. Finally, considering both the amount of cooling and heating energy demand reduction and the wall thickness increase, it is considered that the wall with the passive house level (0.15 W/m2K) applied the Ply-lam CLT board is most suitable among 7 wall cases.

Building Energy saving System using People Counting from CCTV Cameras

In general, IP (Internet Protocol) Cameras are CCTVs that analyzes image data not only for security purposes, but also for measuring presence and counting of people with video analytic functions. In this paper, we present a feasibility study in using the obtained video analytic data for a building energy management system. First, we developed a simulator based on a building model where CCTV may be placed to observe people. The data from each CCTV are analyzed to produce people counting at each area of the building model. In order to analyze the energy trend of an actual building, we performed a simulation using an energy analysis program, eQUEST. The produced people counting were used to control building management system defined in eQUEST. The feasibility of a building energy management system using the analyzed image data was proved by simulation.

도시단위 건축물 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 저감을 위한 데이터 통합 활용 기반기술에 관한 연구

We have researched a character of BIM(Building Information Modeling) and GIS(Geographic Information System) data for integrated utilization of urban spatial data and building data for reduction. We consider literature on integrated utilization of BIM and GIS and measure method of in urban spatial unit. Among them without distortion of standard data structure, derive method how to install between BIM and GIS standard data. Rhino & Grasshopper is utilization tools of DB platform. The compatibility with existing BIM and GIS data format, graphic and numeric results can be output at the same time. And using the existing ARCHSIM, it can be easily combined for building energy analysis program. Based on BIM and GIS data to run an energy analysis target on Majang-dong, it could be poly synthetically derived the value information and graphic information.

A PROCESS TO DIVIDE CURVED WALLS IN IFC-BIM INTO SEGMENTED STRAIGHT WALLS FOR BUILDING ENERGY ANALYSIS

The amount of energy that buildings consume is currently attracting significant interest throughout the world, and considerable attention is being devoted to the development of green buildings to reduce energy consumption; how­ever, the current process being used to conduct building energy analysis has a significant shortcoming in that it cannot directly use building information modelling (BIM)-based representational data that includes a curved wall. Currently, the curved wall must be converted into segmented straight walls (SSWs) in the building model in order for the building energy analysis (BEA) program to be able to recognize and use the data. In this paper, we have proposed a segmentation process for curved walls in industry foundation classes (IFC)-based BIM for BEA. The proposed process consists of three sub-processes: 1) extracting data from the IFC model; 2) dividing the curved wall into several segmented straight walls; and 3) generating an INP file as a building description for DOE-2.2-based BEA. The proposed process will enable the engineers who are responsible for BEA to use a BIM-based model directly in the BEA program without having to do additional work. The proposed process can help ensure that the BEA results are accurate and reliable.

Theoretical Study on Vibration Control of Symmetric Structure with Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-Friction Damper

The paper proposed an innovative shape memory alloy (SMA)-friction damper. The damper consisted of the superelastic SMA wire and the friction element in series. According to the working mechanism of the damper, the paper set up the mechanical model of the damper. Seismic elastic-plastic time history response analysis program and energy analysis program of the damped structure were designed. The numerical calculations of the vibration control of a threestory shear-type symmetric structure with the damper were carried out. The results indicated that the damper can decrease the displacement and the inter-story displacement of the structure effectively, but increase the acceleration of the structure comparing with uncontrolled structure. The SMA-friction damper can not only adjust the working status of the energy dissipation elements automatically according to the seismic responses of the structure, but also has some advantages as simple configuration and economical application.

외피의 Passive Design 요소와 신재생에너지를 적용한 생물안전 밀폐시설의 에너지 시스템 개선방안 연구

Abstract In general, the entire air supply of a bio-safety laboratory (BSL) should be exhausted on the outside to ensurebio-safety, and the air conditioning system should always be operated to maintain a difference in the room pressure. Asa result, the annual energy consumption of such a building is approximately five or ten times higher than that of an office building of the same magnitude. Thus, this study applies an actual operating system that targets BSL. The energy consumptionis analyzed using the Energy Plus V8.0 program (an energy analysis program), and five kinds of cases that depend on the energy consumption of the basic BSL system are also analyzed. As a result, the energy consumption in Case 1 (basic system) is of 324.95 GJ. When the basic system of Case 1 is compared to that in Case 2 (basic system+passive design with exterior envelopes), an annual energy savings of is 6.9% is achieved. For Case 3 (basic system+Photovoltaic, PV) 12.7% is achieved, and for Case 4 (Solar Geothermal Hybrid System of renewable energy, SGHS) 49.5% is achieved. Ifa passive design with exterior envelopes and renewable energy system (PV+SGHS) is combined, as in Case 5, the energy consumption would be 118.15 GJ. Therefore, when this last system is compared to a basic system, the passive design with exterior envelopes and renewable energy system (PV+SGHS) can reduce energy consumption by 63.6%

Energy Performance Analysis on the Design Conditions of High-Rise Apartment Houses in South Korea

Aapartment houses account for more than 60% of the total of residential buildings to be built in South Korea. In particular, a high-rise apartment house with 21 floors or more has steadily increased in densely populated areas. The heating and cooling energy demand of the apartment house is greatly affected by the shape and the thermal insulation of its building envelope. In addition to its functional efficiency, the shape of building envelope in a high-rise apartment house is considered to be an important factor for the urban landscape with diverse construction methods and materials. In this study, we analyzed the heating and cooling energy demand depending on the effective heat capacity of building structure and the installation position of thermal insulation materials as the design conditions of high-rise apartment houses. This study used the ECO2 energy analysis program for the building energy efficiency grading certification system in South Korea.

STANDARDIZING THE ANNUAL ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN BASRAH CITY

The present work is aimed to reduce the annual electric energy consumption in a residential building in Basrah city through introducing a standardized rule for the annual electrical consumption for the cooling and heating purposes. This work will concentrate on all parameters which help to go toward the optimum use of thermally efficient house. The building energy analysis program e-Quest was used to simulate the annual energy consumption for a typical residential house built with different types of building materials. Transfer function cooling load calculation was used. The results showed that for the Base- House, the thermal transmission through the walls and roof constitutes more than half of the total peak cooling load. It was found that a house built with thermo-stone causes 5.9% reduction of the annual cooling energy consumption, and 12.4% in the annual heating energy consumption. However, insulating the Base- House causes a significant reduction in the air conditioning equipment capacity and consequently reduction in cooling energy consumption by 23%, and reduces the heating energy consumption by 42.8%. Finally this work presents a useful planning to developed building design which reduces the electrical energy consumption