Energetic Ionic Salts Research Articles

Design and evaluation of a kind of polymer-bonded explosives with improved mechanical sensitivity and thermal properties

The emergence of TKX-50, an energetic ionic salt with a high enthalpy of formation and low sensitivity, has opened a new path for the development of high-energetic, insensitive composite explosives. However, due to the poor interfacial binding properties of TKX-50 with conventional binders, there is a lack of effective guidance for the design of TKX-50 based composite explosives. To address the above issues, the interactions between carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) and other binders with explosives TKX-50/HMX were compared using the molecular dynamics method. Based on the simulations, TKX-50/HMX/CMCAB-based polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) were prepared with CMCAB as binder, which displays a high binding energy (Ebind) with TKX-50 and high cohesive energy density (CED), and the effect of TKX-50 content on the performance of PBXs was investigated. The physical properties of PBXs, specifically the morphology, mechanical sensitivity, and thermal conductivity, were analyzed by SEM, sensitivity apparatus, and thermal conductivity meter, respectively. The specific heat capacity (Cp) and non-isothermal decomposition temperature of PBXs were tested by DSC, and then the corresponding thermal kinetic parameters were analyzed to evaluate their thermal safety. The adiabatic thermal decomposition processes of PBXs were tested using an ARC instrument. The decomposition mechanism and kinetics were also explored to further analyze their thermal stability and thermal safety under adiabatic conditions. The computer code EXPLO5 was used to predict the detonation parameters of PBXs. The results showed that CMCAB and TKX-50 displayed favorable interfacial bonding properties, and TKX-50 can be bonded with HMX to form a molding powder with a desirable morphology and safety profile. The TKX-50 in PBXs effectively improves the mechanical sensitivity and thermal safety of PBX and has a significant effect on the detonation performance of PBX. This research demonstrates a novel method suitable for screening and investigating high-energetic insensitive explosive systems compatible with TKX-50.

Structural and decomposition analysis of TKX-50 with vacancy defects: insights from DFT and AIMD simulations.

Vacancy defects are commonly present in crystals of energetic materials, and significantly influence the structural stability and decomposition mechanisms. However, there is a lack of profound understanding regarding the introduction of vacancy defects in energetic ionic salt, dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bitetrazole-1,1'-dioxide (TKX-50). Due to the 1 : 2 ratio of anions to cations, TKX-50 possesses a more complex distribution of vacancy defects compared to traditional energetic materials. Based on the density functional theory method, the relatively favorable thermodynamic formation of vacancy defect distributions was revealed. The noncovalent interactions within the system, as well as the planarity of the anions, were investigated to understand the structural stability of TKX-50. Through ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we discovered that vacancy defects can expedite the proton transfer during the initial decomposition stage of TKX-50 and affect the pathways of proton transfer. In the subsequent decomposition process, introduction of vacancy defects in the TKX-50 crystal leads to an earlier onset of ring-opening reactions and accelerates the appearance of decomposition products. The findings have the potential to provide insights into modeling vacancy defects in energetic ionic salts and reveal the impact of such defects on the structural stability and decomposition mechanisms of these materials.

DFT study on the intermolecular interaction between two energetic ionic salts: a case of TKX-50 and ADN

DFT study on the intermolecular interaction between two energetic ionic salts: a case of TKX-50 and ADN

N2H62+ Energetic Salts: A Promising Strategy for Increasing the Density and Balance Safety and Energy of Explosives

The conflict between energy characteristics and security of explosives makes the synthesis of high-energy and low-sensitivity explosives always a great challenge. N2H6BTO is a high-energy material with higher density and thermal stability than the parent material and acceptable mechanical sensitivity. Three energetic ionic salts, N2H6(AFTO)2, N2H5TzTO, and N2H6(TzTO)2, were prepared by adjusting the reaction ratio of the parent molecule with hydrazine hydrate. Consistent with N2H6BTO, the density of N2H62+ energetic salts is increased compared to the parent molecules. Moreover, N2H62+ energetic salts show excellent thermal stability (Td ≥ 255 °C) and high explosive performance (D ≥ 9037 m·s–1, P ≥ 28.1GPa) and are insensitive (IS ≥ 35 J, FS ≥ 360 N). N2H62+ energetic salt is expected to be an effective and simple strategy to improve the density of energetic materials and adjust the conflict between the energy characteristics and security of explosives.

Energetics and Ionic–Electronic and Geometric Variabilities of Hydroxylammonium-Based Salts

In the present work, we study the formation energy of energetic ionic salts (EISs), as well as the volumetric and electric variabilities of ions involved in EISs, by employing 25 hydroxylammonium cations (HA+) in 22 salts as examples. We identify the viability of a dispersion-corrected density functional theory method, PBE-D3(BJ), to describe the lattice parameters, with a mean relative deviation of 1.26% and a maximal relative deviation of 2.5%. Thereby, the ionization energy, formation energy, and lattice energy are predicted. The variability of volume (VHA+) is confirmed in different HA+-based salts, as well as between two HA+ of the same lattice with Z′ > 1. The largest difference of VHA+ among the 25 HA+ reaches ∼9%. This variability of VHA+ is originated from the difference in crystal field effects, or intermolecular interactions. That is, the stronger intermolecular hydrogen bond tends to exhibit a stronger drag and pull effect on HA+ and leads to a larger VHA+. In comparison, it exhibits a more significant variability of electricity, as the maximal total Mulliken charge of HA+ (QHA+) is >1.67 times the minimal one. Moreover, the observed QHA+ varying from 0.164 to 0.438 e is much less than the apparent charge of 1 e, suggesting the highly insufficient charge of HA+ in EISs. This means that the ionic bonding does not necessarily govern the intermolecular interactions in common EISs. Besides, an electrostatic potential (ESP) minimum-oxygen balance (OB) correlation is found in the anions countering HA+, as the more negative OB tends to cause a more negative ESP minimum. All of these findings are expected to richen the insight into the nature of EISs as a special group of EMs.

Construction of a physically cross-linked carrageenan/chitosan/potassium phytate double-network hydrogel for dihydroxylammonium 5, 5′ -bistetrazole-1, 1′ -diolate (TKX-50) removal and recovery

TKX-50 is a new high energy and low sensitivity energetic ionic salt with great application potentials. However, the separation and removal of TKX-50 from the wastewater generated during its preparation and application are usually difficult. In the present work, we successfully prepared a carrageenan/chitosan/potassium phytate physically cross-linked double network hydrogel (KC/CTS/PAP PCDNH) by the semi-dissolution/acidification/sol-gel transition (SD-A-SGT) method. The structure and TKX-50 adsorption performance of the hydrogel were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics were then investigated. The effects of organic solvents on TKX-50 adsorption were evaluated. The TKX-50 adsorbed in hydrogel was successfully recovered with a NaOH solution. In all, the hydrogel shows great application potentials for the TKX-50 wastewater treatment as a green adsorbent.

Constructing a framework with 1,3,4-oxadiazole and pyrazole for new high energy insensitive salts

A novel neutral tricyclic energetic compound 5,5’ -(4-nitro-1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl) bis (1,3,4-oxadiazol -2-amine) and a series of corresponding energetic ionic salts 7–9 were synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis, and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to analyze the newly synthesized compounds. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was also used to validate the precise structure of ammonium salt 7. These energetic salts exhibit positive heat of formation (401.17 ​kJ·mol−1 to 690.66 ​kJ·mol−1), moderate detonation performance (8517 ​m·s−1 to 8803 ​m·s−1) and low mechanical sensitivity (IS ​> ​40 ​J; FS ​> ​360 ​N). It is worth noting that, in comparison to previously reported energetic salts containing nitramino 1,3,4-oxadiazole with poor thermal stability, the beginning decomposition temperatures of hydroxylamine salt 9 is greater than 180 ​°C. The newly synthesized hydroxylamine salt 9 has promise to be used as new high energy insensitive material based on the aforementioned characteristics.

High-pressure induced structural changes of energetic ionic salts: Dihydroxylammonium 3,3′-dinitro-5,5′-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1′-diolate (MAD-X1)

Pressure-induced structural changes of dihydroxylammonium 3,3′-dinitro-5,5′-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1′-diolate (MAD-X1), an insensitive energetic ionic salt with high detonation performance, was investigated under simulated conditions (0 to 10 GPa). Using the first-principles density-functional theory, the geometrical structure, intra/intermolecular interactions, electronic properties and Raman spectrum were calculated in detail to elucidate material stability. The anisotropic compressibility in MAD-X1 was revealed by variations of lattice parameters. Furthermore, combining internal hydrogen bonds and geometric parameters of each moiety, we could explain the abrupt changes on lattice constants from two aspects, which demonstrated the contribution of hydrogen bonding to decreasing the material sensitivity. Studies on band gap and partial density of state showed that excessive pressure probably inhibit the electron transfer. Additionally, the simulation of vibrational properties suggested a possible phase transition at 7–8 GPa, implying that MAD-X1 could maintain its stability up to 7 GPa.

Bis(5-nitroimino-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl) methane-based energetic salts: Synthesis, crystal structure, thermal behavior and catalytic activity

Four energetic ionic salts of bis(5-nitroimino-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl) methane (BNTM) potassium (KBNTM), ammonium (A2BNTM), hydroxylamine ((HA)2BNTM), 1,3-diaminoguanidine ((DAG)2BNTM) have been synthesized and characterized by Elemental analysis(EA), Fourier infrared(FI) and Nuclearmagnetic resonance(NMR). Fortunately, the single crystals available for determination of KBNTM was acquired by slow evaporation of solvent method and its structure was discussed. The thermal behaviors of them were explored by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) and Thermogravimetry/ Derivative Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) technique, and the result displayed that all of them had good thermal stability. The most possible mechanism function of main exothermic decomposition process were obtained (No.35 for KBNTM, No.6 for A2BNTM, No.24 for (HA)2BNTM, No.14 for (DAG)2BNTM). In addition, (HA)2BNTM has the best thermal safety, followed by KBNTM and A2BNTM according to the calculated value of self-accelerating decomposition temperature (TSADT) and critical temperature of thermal explosion (Tb). Moreover, the catalytic effects of four ionic salts on Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine(RDX) and Octogen(HMX) were investigated respectively. The consequent showed that (HA)2BNTM accelerated the thermal decomposition of RDX and HMX, and reduced the decomposition temperature and apparent activation energy of RDX and HMX by 6.94 °C, 17.37 kJ·mol−1 and 4.17 °C, 2.77 kJ·mol−1, respectively. Surely, the thermal decomposition mechanism function of (HA)2BNTM/RDX was different from that of RDX (No.5, f(α)=6(1-α)2/3 [1-(1-α)1/3]1/2). In summary, (HA)2BNTM can be regarded as a potential energetic combustion catalyst with insensitive to physical impact (IS=16 J).

Detonation Reaction Zone and Acceleration Ability of a TKX‐50 Based Polymer Bonded Explosive

AbstractPrevious studies on detonation of the Dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50), an attractive energetic ionic salt (EIS), were mainly based on thermodynamic codes or small‐scale tests, the available experimental data are not adequate to fully understand detonation characteristics of this new kind of energetic material. This article gives an experimental investigation on detonation reaction zone (DRZ) and acceleration ability of a TKX‐50 based Polymer Bonded eXplosive (PBX), PBX‐TKX‐50. The detonation properties of two traditional explosives: (i)PBX‐HMX, an HMX‐based PBX, (ii) PBX‐RDX, an RDX‐based PBX, both of which contain the energetic compounds and binder in the same mass ratio as PBX‐TKX‐50, are also measured for a comparative analysis. The results show that PBX‐TKX‐50 has the highest detonation velocity and detonation pressure, nevertheless the slowest reaction rate within detonation reaction zone, the longest reaction time and DRZ length among the three PBX samples. Despite its prominent detonation velocity and detonation pressure, the acceleration ability of PBX‐TKX‐50 is lower than PBX‐RDX. The Jones‐Wilkins‐Lee (JWL) equation of state for detonation products calibrated by the cylinder expansion test has severely overestimated the axial acceleration ability of PBX‐TKX‐50 in the numerical simulation of Disc Acceleration eXperiment (DAX), which may due to the fact that remarkable confinement effect and/or geometry effect exist in detonation of the EIS based sample. The mechanisms behind these detonation behaviors are still under investigation in our ongoing studies.

Nitrification Progress of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Energetic Compounds: A Review.

As a momentous energetic group, a nitro group widely exists in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), etc. The nitro group has a significant effect on improving the oxygen balance and detonation performances of energetic materials (EMs). Moreover, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, and it can increase the acidity of the acidic hydrogen-containing nitrogen-rich energetic compounds to facilitate the construction of energetic ionic salts. Thus, it is possible to design nitro-nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with adjustable properties. In this paper, the nitration methods of azoles, including imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and oxadiazole, as well as azines, including pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, and tetrazine, have been concluded. Furthermore, the prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs.

Nitrogen-rich ion salts of 1-hydroxytetrazole-5-hydrazide: a new series of energetic compounds that combine good stability and high energy performance.

High-efficiency explosives that combine high stability and excellent energy performance are one of the key directions of energetic materials research. In this study, a novel monocyclic hydroxytetrazole derivative (3) with high stability was prepared, and a series of insensitive energetic ionic salts were derived from it. Benefiting from their outstanding performance in terms of density, 3D hydrogen bonding and π-electron interactions, these salts are excellent in both detonation performance (D = 8709 to 9314 m s-1 and P = 29.9 to 35.6 GPa) and thermal stability (Td = 193.0-232.2 °C). The hydrazine salt (2) exhibits high detonation properties (D = 9314 m s-1 and P = 35.6 GPa), due to its high density (ρ = 1.71 g cm-3) and high heat of formation (ΔfH = 563.2 kJ mol-1 = 3.19 kJ g-1). In addition, the high thermal stability (Td = 232.0 °C) and low mechanical sensitivity (IS = 30 J and FS = 360 N) of 2 are also unmatched by HMX and TKX-50. These improved properties demonstrate the great promise of 2 as an insensitive high-energy explosive.

The effect of micro-nano TKX-50 particle gradation on the properties of TNT based castable explosives

ABSTRACT Dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) is an energetic ionic salt that has many advantages over conventional explosives, including high detonation speed, high energy, and low toxicity. Although the properties of TKX-50 have been explored in many aspects, TKX-50/2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) based melt cast explosives are not yet reported. Herein, this work investigated the application of TKX-50 in melt cast explosives by using TNT as the dispersant and TKX-50 as the high-energy component. The effect of micro-and nano-sized TKX-50 particles on the properties of the castable explosives was investigated. The TKX-50-based castable explosives were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, velocity of detonation measurement, and vacuum stability testing. Moreover, ProCAST, a finite element casting simulation software, was used to study the temperature field changes and predict the locations of defects generated during the solidification process of melt cast explosives, and the simulated results are consistent with the experimental results. Hence, this work provided a new prospect of micro-and nano-sized TKX-50 particles in castable explosives.

The photostability and degradation pathways of TKX-50 as a representative of nitrogen-rich energetic salts in aqueous solution

The dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50), as an outstanding representative of nitrogen-rich energetic salts, has recently attracted increasing interest due to its excellent performances. However, it is unclear about the photostability and degradation pathways of TKX-50 in aqueous solution. In this paper, the photostability and the degradation process of TKX-50 in aqueous solution have been comprehensively studied for the first time. TKX-50 can keep stable toward visible light. However, it presented a rapid degradation with rate constant of 0.0054 s−1 under 254-nm light irradiation. TKX-50 also demonstrated much faster photodegradation than traditional nitro explosives. Further, degradation products of TKX-50 were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrum with theoretical calculations. The photodegradation pathways are proposed that 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (BTO) anion of TKX-50 can been fragmented into the nitrile by losing N2 and HNO, and then hydroxylammonium (NH3OH+) from TKX-50 reacts with the nitrile through the nucleophilic addition. Besides as a solvent, water also may accelerate the photodegradation of TKX-50 probably by hydrolyzing the intermediary nitrile products. In a word, this study provides comprehensive understanding about the photostability of TKX-50 in aqueous solution, and it is helpful to study the photochemistry of other energetic ionic salts based on BTO.

Synthesis and characterization of promising insensitive energetic salts based on 3-amino-5-hydrazinopyrazole

The development of green energetic materials is based on environmental friendliness, safety and performance improvement. It is of great significance to design and synthesize new nitrogen rich salts for a new generation of green energetic materials. In the present work, a series of 3-amino-5-hydrazinopyrazole energetic salts comprising energetic anions were synthesized and were characterized using elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compounds 1-5 were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and the sensitivities were measured by the standard BAM methods. Additionally, the structure-property relationship was elucidated from the experimental results and theoretical calculations. Energetic salts of 2 and 5 exhibited high heat of formation (5, 1160.06 kJ mol-1), high decomposition temperature (2, 172 °C; 5, 186 °C), excellent detonation performance (2, Dv, 9076 m s-1, P 34.1 GPa; 5, Dv, 8974 m s-1, P 31.9 GPa), moderate sensitivity towards outer stimuli and high nitrogen contents (2, 41.03%; 5, 63.84%). This work increases future prospects for the design of insensitive and novel high-energy green energetic material.

Recent advances for assessment of the condensed phase heat of formation of high-energy content organic compounds and ionic liquids (or salts) to introduce a new computer code for design of desirable compounds

The condensed phase heat of formation of organic compounds as well as ionic liquids or salts is an important thermodynamic parameter for the evaluation of their energy contents, performances, and sensitivities. For using these materials as components of fuels, propellants or explosives, chemical industries should produce the compounds with high positive heat of formation because they can provide high heat of combustion or detonation performance. In contrast, their thermodynamic stability may decrease with higher positive values in their heats of formation. Experimental values of the condensed phase heats of formation for high energy content-neutral and ionic compounds are scarce in the literature. This work reviews reliable models for prediction of the condensed phase heat of formation of important classes of organic and ionic liquid energetic compounds. A novel easy to handle and user-friendly computer code is introduced for prediction of the condensed phase heat of formation using suitable and reliable predictive methods. The reliability of the new computer code is checked for organic compounds containing energetic groups -O-O-, –N3, –ON=O, –NO2, -ONO2 and –NNO2 as well as high nitrogen content materials and imidazolium- or triazolium-based ionic liquids (or salts). The values of the root mean square (rms) deviations of the condensed phase heat of formation by the new computer code/ quantum mechanical approaches for 11 neutral energetic organic compounds, 14 high-N content compounds, and 72 imidazolium- and triazolium-based energetic ionic liquids or salts are 45.8/78.0, 79.4/105.3, and 39.8/318.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Thus, the reliability of the outputs the new computer code is higher than the computed results from complex quantum mechanical methods, especially for imidazolium- and triazolium-based energetic ionic liquids or salts, wherein they need high-speed computers, specific computer codes and expert users.

Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of aminourea salt of 4,8-dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e] pyrazine

To reduce the acidity defect of 4,8-dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine(DFP), a new energetic ionic compound aminourea salt of 4,8-dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine (DSDFP) was designed and synthesized with a yield of 72.6%. The structure of target compound was characterized by means of NMR (1H and 13C), IR spectra, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The thermal stability was tested by DSC and TG method and DSDFP shows good thermal stability with exothermic decomposition peaks in the range of 267.3 °C ∼ 282.3 °C. The impact sensitivity was measured using BAM standard method and the detonation performance was computed by Kamlet-Jacobs equations. Results show that DSDFP exhibits excellent impact sensitivity of greater than 40 J and desirable detonation performance with detonation velocity of 7891 m/s and detonation pressure of 27.1 GPa. These results highlight its great promise of potential candidates for high-performance energetic salt.

A Family of Energetic Materials Based on 1,2,4-Oxadiazole and 1,2,5-Oxadiazole Backbones With Low Insensitivity and Good Detonation Performance.

Design and synthesis of new compounds with both high detonation performances and good safety properties have always been a formidable task in the field of energetic materials. By introducing -ONO2 and -NHNO2 moieties into 1,2,4-oxadiazole- and 1,2,5-oxadiazole-based backbones, a new family of energetic materials, including ammonium 3-nitramino-4-(5-hydroxymethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-furazan (4), 3,3′-bis[5-nitroxymethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,4′-azofuroxan (6), [3-(4-nitroamino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-methylene nitrate (8), and its energetic ionic salts (10–12), were synthesized and fully characterized. The energetic and physical properties of the materials were investigated through theoretical calculations and experimental determination. The results show that the oxadiazole-based compounds exhibit high enthalpy of formations, good detonation performances, and extraordinary insensitivities. In particular, the hydrazinium salt (11) shows the best energetic properties (11: d = 1.821 g cm−3; P = 35.1 GPa, vD = 8,822 m s−1, IS = 40 J, FS > 360N). The ESP and Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated that a large number of hydrogen bonds as well as π-π stacking interactions within molecules might be the key reason for their low sensitivities and high energy-density levels.

High pressure structural behaviour of 5,5'-bitetrazole-1,1'-diolate based energetic materials: a comparative study from first principles calculations.

Pressure on the scale of gigapascals can cause incredible variations in the physicochemical and detonation characteristics of energetic materials. As a continuation of our earlier work (B. Moses Abraham, et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 29693–29707), here we report the high pressure structural and vibrational properties of 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate based energetic ionic salts via dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations. Remarkably, these energetic materials exhibit anisotropic behavior along three crystallographic directions with progressing pressure; especially, the maximum and minimum reduction in volume is observed for HA-BTO and TKX-50, respectively. The large bulk modulus of TKX-50 (28.64) indicates its hard nature when compared to other BTO-based energetic salts. The effect of pressure on hydrogen bonded D–H⋯A energetic materials induces spectral shift (lengthening/shortening) in the donor group (D–H) of the stretching vibrations and is widely recognized as the signature of hydrogen bonding. We observed unusual contraction of the D–H bond under compression due to the short range repulsive forces encountered by the H atom while the molecule attempts to stabilize. The Hirshfeld surface analysis highlights the pressure induced stabilization of HA-BTO due to increased N⋯H/H⋯N and O⋯H/H⋯O close contact of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors. These studies provide theoretical guidance as a function of pressure, on how the micro-structures and intermolecular interactions can tune macroscopic properties to enhance the energetic performance.

Comprehensive Study of the Interaction and Mechanism between Bistetrazole Ionic Salt and Ammonium Nitrate Explosive in Thermal Decomposition

Bistetrazole energetic ionic salts, such as dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and diamino 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (ABTOX), are new insensitive materials and have great potential applications because of their good energy and safety performance. Prior to pure explosive preparation into PBX, the interactions between the components must be evaluated. Examination of interactions between bistetrazole ionic salt and ammonium nitrate explosive in thermal decomposition is beneficial in revealing the interactive mechanism of these two kinds of energetic materials in decomposition, as well as in the evaluation of compatibility, safety, and reliability of PBX explosive based on TKX-50, ABTOX, HMX, and RDX. Herein, the thermal decomposition behavior of TKX-50/HMX, ABTOX/HMX, TKX-50/RDX, and ABTOX/RDX is investigated. Ammonium nitrate explosives can significantly reduce the thermal decomposition peak temperature of the bistetrazole ionic salt. For example, HMX reduces the decomposition p...