Cooperative Energetics Research Articles

THE MAIN BASIS OF HIS ACTIVITY IS UKRAINIANISM (To the political beliefs of Stepan Smal-Stotsky)

The foundations of the formation of Stepan Smal-Stotskyi's national beliefs are considered, in particular, his fascination with national ideas, his involvement in active work in the field of Ukrainianism in his student years, his participation in political and educational activities, as well as his serious pursuit of scientific and teaching work. Emphasis is placed on his expertise in the pedagogical field, energetic cooperation in the social, political and cultural and educational life of Bukovyna. His great contribution to the development of schooling in the region, in significant economic support to the Bukovyna peasantry, was noted. The ambassador's Diet and parliamentary activity in defending the national and political interests of Ukrainians of Bukovyna, in particular in supporting and strengthening the national forces, unity, independence of the Ukrainian people, expanding democratic freedoms and the network of Ukrainian schools, free education in all educational institutions, was emphasized. Emphasis is placed on the participation of S. Smal-Stotskyi in the creation of a political party, his journalistic and editorial work, his understanding of the Ukrainophiles movement, the outline of the tasks and theoretical foundations of the Ukrainophiles, and answers to the most pressing questions of the Ukrainian national movement.It has been asserted about his irreconcilable position towards Moscophiles, their harmfulness to the Ukrainian movement, his rejection of any possibility of class struggle for Ukrainians, opposing it to national liberation. The scientific achievements of the professor are highlighted, in particular, regarding the introduction of phonetic spelling in Ukrainian educational institutions of Galicia and Bukovyna, regarding the study of the history of the native region, the publication of a number of socio-political works. Emphasis is placed on close ties with Ukrainian and foreign scientists, cultural and educational figures. Particular attention is paid to the great national awareness and cultural and educational work of S. Smal-Stotsky among the Ukrainian prisoners of war of the Russian army in the camps of Austria-Hungary and Germany during the First World War. His work during the ZUNR period, at the Ukrainian Free University, in the creation of the Museum of the Liberation Struggle of Ukraine, and his participation in the work of various Ukrainian public and cultural organizations in the 1930s are revealed. Keywords: Stepan Smal-Stotskyi, Bukovyna, Ukrainian language, scientific work,cultural and educational activity, SVU (The Union for the Liberation of Ukraine).

Using heat-activated persulfate to accelerate short-chain fatty acids production from waste activated sludge fermentation triggered by sulfate-reducing microbial consortium

Persulfate has been applied extensively for waste activated sludge (WAS) decomposition due to the strong oxidizing sulfate radical generated as a product. However, the efficiency is not improved without activation to produce free radicals. In this study, a novel coupling strategy of heat-activated persulfate (Heat_PS) pretreatment and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) triggering was explored to enhance short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by WAS fermentation. The remaining sulfate acts as an essential acceptor of electrons for the metabolism of synergistic SRB, thereby boosting WAS acidification by energetic cooperation with anaerobic fermenters. The results showed that SCFAs yield in the Heat_PS + SRB group peaked at 431.89 mg COD/gVSS, with the proportion of acetate reaching 57.8 %. This was 6.33 and 1.75 times higher than that in raw and single Heat_PS treated WAS, respectively. Carbon balance revealed a conversion rate of 26.1 % of carbon content in WAS to SCFAs, with 4.5 % lower CO2 equivalents emitted than that in raw WAS fermentation by the assessments of environmental impacts. This was partially attributed to the strong decomposition of WAS by SO4•− and •OH oxidation from heat-activated PS and the SRB trigger. In addition, the synergistic relationship among acidogenic/fermentative bacteria and SRB consortia was further verified by the positive correlation among Desulfovibrio, the hydrolytic Escherichia-Shigella, Morganella and the fermetative Macellibacteroides and Bacteroides, as revealed by molecular ecological networks (MENs) analysis. The results of this study may highlight the cooperation of the synergistic micribial consortia as an additional perspective for the recovery of value-added biological metabolites from complex biotransformation.

Novel Syntrophic Isovalerate-Degrading Bacteria and Their Energetic Cooperation with Methanogens in Methanogenic Chemostats

Isovalerate is an important intermediate in anaerobic degradation of proteins/amino acids. Little is known about how this compound is degraded due to challenges in cultivation and characterization of isovalerate-degrading bacteria, which are thought to symbiotically depend on methanogenic archaea. In this study, we successfully enriched novel syntrophic isovalerate degraders (uncultivated Clostridiales and Syntrophaceae members) through operation of mesophilic and thermophilic isovalerate-fed anaerobic reactors. Metagenomics- and metatranscriptomics-based metabolic reconstruction of novel putative syntrophic isovalerate metabolizers uncovered the catabolic pathway and byproducts (i.e., acetate, H2, and formate) of isovalerate degradation, mechanisms for electron transduction from isovalerate degradation to H2 and formate generation (via electron transfer flavoprotein; ETF), and biosynthetic metabolism. The identified organisms tended to prefer formate-based interspecies electron transfer with methanogenic partners. The byproduct acetate was further converted to CH4 and CO2 by either Methanothrix (mesophilic) and Methanosarcina (thermophilic), which employed different approaches for acetate degradation. This study presents insights into novel mesophilic and thermophilic isovalerate degraders and their interactions with methanogens.

Study on environmental legal systems of different regions in China and impact on energetic cooperation

Based on the present situation of China’s environmental law system under the rapid economic development, this paper expounds the significance of regional environmental law research. Through the comparison of regional environment and legal system between China and the United States, this paper analyzes the impact of domestic environmental legal system on energy cooperation under the background of Belt and Road Initiative.

Conformational Dynamics and Cooperativity Drive the Specificity of a Protein-Ligand Interaction

Molecular recognition is critical for the fidelity of signal transduction in biology. Conversely, the disruption of protein-protein interactions can lead to disease. Thus, comprehension of the molecular determinants of specificity is essential for understanding normal biological signaling processes and for the development of precise therapeutics. Although high-resolution structures have provided atomic details of molecular interactions, much less is known about the influence of cooperativity and conformational dynamics. Here, we used the Tiam2 PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain and a quadruple mutant (QM), engineered by swapping the identity of four residues important for specificity in the Tiam1 PDZ into the Tiam2 PDZ domain, as a model system to investigate the role of cooperativity and dynamics in PDZ ligand specificity. Surprisingly, equilibrium binding experiments found that the ligand specificity of the Tiam2 QM was switched to that of the Tiam1 PDZ. NMR-based studies indicated that Tiam2 QM PDZ, but not other mutants, had extensive microsecond to millisecond motions distributed throughout the entire domain suggesting structural cooperativity between the mutated residues. Thermodynamic analyses revealed energetic cooperativity between residues in distinct specificity subpockets that was dependent upon the identity of the ligand, indicating a context-dependent binding mechanism. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed distinct entropic signatures along the mutational trajectory from the Tiam2 wild-type to the QM PDZ domain. Collectively, our studies provide unique insights into how structure, conformational dynamics, and thermodynamics combine to modulate ligand-binding specificity and have implications for the evolution, regulation, and design of protein-ligand interactions.

Novel heparin mimetics reveal cooperativity between exosite 2 and sodium-binding site of thrombin

IntroductionThrombin is a primary target of most anticoagulants. Yet, thrombin's dual and opposing role in pro- as well as anti- coagulant processes imposes considerable challenges in discovering finely tuned regulators that maintain homeostasis, rather than disproportionately changing the equilibrium to one side. In this connection, we have been studying exosite 2-mediated allosteric modulation of thrombin activity using synthetic agents called low molecular weight lignins (LMWLs). Although the aromatic scaffold of LMWLs is completely different from the polysaccharidic scaffold of heparin, the presence of multiple negatively charged groups on both ligands induces binding to exosite 2 of thrombin. This work characterizes the nature of interactions between LMWLs and thrombin to understand the energetic cooperativity between exosite 2 and active site of thrombin. Materials and methodsThe thermodynamics of thrombin–LMWL complexes was studied using spectrofluorimetric titrations as a function of ionic strength and temperature of the buffer. The contributions of enthalpy and entropy to binding were evaluated using classic thermodynamic equations. Label-free surface plasmon resonance was used to assess the role of sodium ion in LMWL binding to thrombin at a fixed ionic strength. Results and conclusionsExosite 2-induced conformational change in thrombin's active site is strongly dependent on the structure of the ligand, which has consequences with respect to regulation of thrombin. The ionic and non-ionic contributions to binding affinity and the thermodynamic signature were highly ligand specific. Interestingly, LMWLs display preference for the sodium-bound form of thrombin, which supports the existence of an energetic coupling between exosite 2 and sodium-binding site of thrombin.

Intrinsic noise modulation in closed oligomerization-type systems

How random fluctuations impact on biological systems and what is their relationship with complexity and energetic cooperativity are challenging questions that are far from being elucidated. Using the stochastic differential equation formalism, we studied analytically the effect of fluctuations on a series of oligomerization processes, in which several molecules of the same or different species interact to form complexes, without interaction with the environment. The conservation of the total number of molecules within the systems imposes constraints on the stochastic quantities, among which the negativity of the covariances and the vanishing of the determinant of the covariance matrix. The intrinsic noise on the number of molecules of each species is represented by the Fano factor, defined as the variance to mean ratio. At the equilibrium steady states, the sum of the Fano factors of all molecular species is equal to the rank of the system, independently of the parameters. The Fano factors of the individual molecular species are, however, parameter dependent. We found that when the free energy cooperativity of the reactions increases, the intrinsic noise on the oligomeric product decreases, and is compensated by a higher noise on the monomeric reactants and/or intermediate states. The noise reduction is moreover more pronounced for higher complexity systems, involving oligomers of higher degrees.

Strong Short-Range Cooperativity in Hydrogen-Bond Chains.

Chains of hydrogen bonds such as those found in water and proteins are often presumed to be more stable than the sum of the individual H bonds. However, the energetics of cooperativity are complicated by solvent effects and the dynamics of intermolecular interactions, meaning that information on cooperativity typically is derived from theory or indirect structural data. Herein, we present direct measurements of energetic cooperativity in an experimental system in which the geometry and the number of H bonds in a chain were systematically controlled. Strikingly, we found that adding a second H‐bond donor to form a chain can almost double the strength of the terminal H bond, while further extensions have little effect. The experimental observations add weight to computations which have suggested that strong, but short‐range cooperative effects may occur in H‐bond chains.

Strong Short‐Range Cooperativity in Hydrogen‐Bond Chains

AbstractChains of hydrogen bonds such as those found in water and proteins are often presumed to be more stable than the sum of the individual H bonds. However, the energetics of cooperativity are complicated by solvent effects and the dynamics of intermolecular interactions, meaning that information on cooperativity typically is derived from theory or indirect structural data. Herein, we present direct measurements of energetic cooperativity in an experimental system in which the geometry and the number of H bonds in a chain were systematically controlled. Strikingly, we found that adding a second H‐bond donor to form a chain can almost double the strength of the terminal H bond, while further extensions have little effect. The experimental observations add weight to computations which have suggested that strong, but short‐range cooperative effects may occur in H‐bond chains.

Inhibition of photosystem II activities in soybean (Glycine max) genotypes differing in chilling sensitivity

Due to chilling sensitivity, minimum night temperatures represent the main constraint in soybean production in South Africa. In vivo quantification of photosystem II (PSII) function by direct chlorophyll fluorescence revealed that dark chilling (8°) inhibited PSII function in the extreme chill sensitive genotype, Java 29 (JAs) mainly by deactivating reaction centers and inhibiting the conversion of excitation energy to electron transport and electron transfer from reduced plastoquinone to the PSI end electron acceptors. Further analysis of the normalized fast fluorescence transients, revealed that in JAs, upon dark chilling, disengagement of the oxygen evolution complex (ΔVK band) occurred which coincided with a concomitant decrease in O2 evolution measured in vitro. The chilling resistant Maple Arrow (MAr), though one night cold stress lead to a decrease in fluorescence emission at 2ms (−ΔVJ band) indicating a decrease in the QA− concentration due to cold-induced slow-down of electron donation from P680, however showed clear signs of recovery after the second and third cold nights. The moderate chill sensitive genotype, Fiskeby V (FBm) responded in a fashion intermediate to above-mentioned extremes. A second experiment showed that in JAs the inhibitory effect increased with increasing time of exposure to light following dark chilling. Our data demonstrated that significant differences exist in the cold tolerance of different soybean genotypes: (a) In respect to activity criteria, expressed by the quantum yields for primary photochemistry φPo=TRo/ABS, for electron transport from photosystem II to photosystem I as φEo=ETo/ABS and the efficiency, φRo=REo/ABS, to reduce the end electron acceptors of photosystem I up to NADP; (b) In respect to stability criteria, dependent on structure and conformation, such as the capability of energetic cooperativity (grouping) among photosynthetic units quantified by the grouping probability for exciton movements within the energetically connected group of entire photosynthetic units. Therefore analyzing the O-J-I-P fluorescence transient according to the JIP-test offers a practical and sensitive in vivo screening test for dark chilling tolerance in soybean.

Cooperative interaction between π-hole and single-electron σ-hole interactions in O2S···NCX···CH3 and O2Se···NCX···CH3 complexes (X = F, Cl, Br and I)

Ab initio calculations are performed to analyse the cooperative effects between π-hole and single-electron σ-hole interactions in O2S···NCX···CH3 and O2Se···NCX···CH3 complexes, where X = F, Cl, Br and I. These effects are investigated in terms of geometric and energetic features of the complexes, which are computed by UMP2/aug-cc-pVTZ(-PP) method. Our results indicate that the shortening of the each π-hole bond distance in the complexes is dependent on the strength of the σ-hole interaction. The maximum and minimum energetic cooperativity values correspond to the most and least stable complexes studied in the present work. The cooperativity between both types of interaction is chiefly caused by the electrostatic effects. The topological analysis, based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, is used to characterise the interactions and analyse their enhancement with varying electron density at bond critical points.

Cooperative and diminutive interplay between the sodium bonding with hydrogen and dihydrogen bondings in ternary complexes of NaC3N with HMgH and HCN (HNC)

Ternary complexes of NaC3N with HMgH and HCN (HNC) are connected by sodium, hydrogen and dihydrogen bonds. Molecular geometries and interaction energies of dyads and triads are investigated at the MøllerPlesset perturbation theory of the second order/aug-cc-pVDZ computational level. Particular attention is paid to parameters, such as cooperative energies and many-body interaction energies. Triads with the HMgH molecule located at the end of the chain show an energetic cooperativity ranging between −2.13 and −10.53 kJ mol−1. When the HMgH molecule is located in the middle, the obtained cluster is diminutive with an energetic effect with values 4.39 and 6.77 kJ mol−1. The electronic properties of the complexes are analysed using parameters derived from the atoms in molecules methodology. Based on the energy decomposition analysis, it can be seen that the stabilities of the complexes are predicted to be attributable mainly to electrostatic effects.

Cooperative and Diminutive Interplay Between Lithium and Dihydrogen Bonding in F3YLi…︁NCH…︁HMH and F3YLi…︁HMH…︁HCN Triads (Y=C, Si; M=Be, Mg)

The F(3)YLi…NCH…HMH and F(3)YLi…HMH…HCN triads (Y=C, Si; M=Be, and Mg) are connected by lithium and dihydrogen bonds. To understand the properties of the systems better, the corresponding dyads are also studied. Molecular geometries, binding energies, infrared spectra and NMR properties of monomers, dyads, and triads are investigated at the MP2/6-311++G** computational level. Particular attention is paid to parameters, such as cooperative energies, and many-body interaction energies. Triads with the HMH molecule located at the end of the chain, show energetic cooperativity ranging between -3.66 to -7.59 kJ mol(-1). When the HMH molecule is located in the middle, the obtained cluster is diminutive with an energetic effect between 3.49 to 5.17 kJ mol(-1). The electronic properties of the complexes are analyzed using parameters derived from the atoms in molecules (AIM) methodology.

The Texas Building and the Women’s World’s Fair Exhibit Association of Texas

The Texas Building and the Women’s World’s Fair Exhibit Association of Texas Jeffrey A. Zemler (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution The south façade of the Texas building at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, 1893. Courtesy Paul V. Galvin Library Digital History Collection, Illinois Institute of Technology. [End Page 18] If this great state is to make a creditable exhibit at the world’s Columbian exposition, it must largely depend on the action and energetic co-operation of the women of Texas.” This declaration by Benedette B. Tobin, the newly elected president of the Board of Lady Managers of the Texas World’s Fair Exhibit Association, set the direction and tone for this group of women civic boosters. They had assumed the leadership of the fund-raising effort to erect a building showcasing the Lone Star State at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, after the men had decided to “share” the responsibility with the women. Tobin, ever the optimist, believed that the women of Texas would succeed, because “the raising of a certain sum of money, [is] a thing that most women have a rare faculty of doing, when the need arises.” In the end, she was partially correct about the money. Still, if it had not been for the diligence of these women, Texas would not have had its own building at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 (often referred to as the Chicago World’s Fair).1 From May 1, 1893, to October 30, 1893, the World’s Columbian Exposition was the signal participatory event in the United States, and admissions totaled 27,529,400, one of the largest attendances for any exposition to that date. Even the bitter contest to host the exposition, which the popular press followed in detail, seemed to foreshadow its importance in the public’s imagination. Its central theme of American progress from 1492 likewise captured the attention of the public. Eventually, thirty-six states, four territories, and numerous countries would participate in what [End Page 19] many contemporaries considered the “most stupendous affair of the kind in the whole world’s history.”2 Historians have viewed the World’s Columbian Exposition as an important element in the advancement of women’s issues. The Women’s Building overflowed with displays of women’s achievements in the arts, sciences, and industry and excited the imagination of many visitors. The building, built at a cost of $200,000, was 400 feet long and 200 feet wide and was at times too small to accommodate the crowds that gathered to hear various speakers. Its Board of Lady Managers, not to be confused with the Texas organization, oversaw the Women’s Building construction and management and scheduled the World’s Congress of Representative Women to convene from May 15 to May 22, 1893. A resounding success, the congress presented more than 600 speakers in 67 formal sessions that drew an estimated 150,000 participants. Some of the sessions were so large that they had to be held in the nearby Memorial Arts Building. Historians have also cast these activities by women as motivational events that invigorated the women’s movement in all regions of the country. Norman Bolotin and Christine Laing argue that “the fair helped position women as a force to be reckoned with in all arenas as the world crossed into the twentieth century.” Since the early 1990s, historians have uncovered new information detailing women’s organizational activity in nineteenth-century Texas. Judith N. McArthur, among other historians, describes the fair as instrumental in the burgeoning political awareness and collective outspokenness of women in Texas in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. “It began,” she writes, “with inspiration from the great fair in Chicago in the summer of 1893.” In actuality, this transformative process began two years earlier in Texas with the active personal participation of the women living in the state.3 This essay argues that the [End Page 20] Women’s World’s Fair Exhibit Association of Texas served as a precursor to an explosion of progressive women’s organizational activity, fostered a pattern for women activists to follow, and provided...

Exploring subdomain cooperativity in T4 lysozyme I: structural and energetic studies of a circular permutant and protein fragment.

Small proteins are generally observed to fold in an apparent two-state manner. Recently, however, more sensitive techniques have demonstrated that even seemingly single-domain proteins are actually made up of smaller subdomains. T4 lysozyme is one such protein. We explored the relative autonomy of its two individual subdomains and their contribution to the overall stability of T4 lysozyme by examining a circular permutation (CP13*) that relocates the N-terminal A-helix, creating subdomains that are contiguous in sequence. By determining the high-resolution structure of CP13* and characterizing its energy landscape using native state hydrogen exchange (NSHX), we show that connectivity between the subdomains is an important determinant of the energetic cooperativity but not structural integrity of the protein. The circular permutation results in a protein more easily able to populate a partially unfolded form in which the C-terminal subdomain is folded and the N-terminal subdomain is unfolded. We also created a fragment model of this intermediate and demonstrate using X-ray crystallography that its structure is identical to the corresponding residues in the full-length protein with the exception of a small network of hydrophobic interactions. In sum, we conclude that the C-terminal subdomain dominates the energetics of T4 lysozyme folding, and the A-helix serves an important role in coupling the two subdomains.

Structural cooperativity in the SH3 domain studied by site-directed mutagenesis and amide hydrogen exchange

We have studied the effects produced by site-directed mutagenesis upon energetic and structural cooperativity in the Src homology region 3 domain of α-spectrin. The mutation of Asn47 to Gly or Ala in the distal loop brings about significant changes to the global stability of the domain in spite of not affecting its structure to any great extent. The binding affinity for a proline-rich peptide is also largely diminished in both mutant domains. We have compared the apparent Gibbs energies of the amide hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HX) between the wild-type and the Gly47 mutant. The observed changes in the Gibbs energy of HX indicate a remarkable energetic cooperativity in this small domain. Regions of the domain’s core have a high cooperativity with the position of the mutation, indicating that their HX occurs mainly in states in which the distal loop is unstructured. More flexible regions, which undergo HX mainly by local motions, show a lower but still considerable cooperativity with the distal loop. We conclude that there is an important correlation between regional stability and cooperativity in this small domain.

A integração Brasil-Argentina no final dos anos 90

Este artigo explica a situação das relações entre Brasil e Argentina no final dos anos 90. Orienta-se para o destaque dos quatro campos mais relevantes deste processo de integração, que são o econômico, onde esta está mais presente; a área de política externa e segurança, que, nos anos 90, apresentou divergências; o âmbito campo científico com suas limitações; e o campo da cooperação energética. Como referência, utiliza em alguns momentos uma perspectiva histórica para contextualizar o período em questão.

Energetic cooperation via ion-permeable junctions in mixed animal cell cultures

Low ouabain concentration (1 × 10−4 M) is shown to decrease intracellular K+ (K+in) and to increase intracellular Na+ (Na+in) in human fibroblast cell cultures. The same ouabain concentration was without effect upon K+in ad Na+in in rodent cultures such as BHK-21, mouse fibroblasts and rat glyoma C6 cells. K+in and Na+in in the mixed cultures of human and BHK-21 fibroblasts or human and mouse fibroblasts were found to be resistant to 1 × 10−4 M ouabain whereas that of the mixtures of human and rat glyoma C6 cells proved to be ouabain-sensitive. The gap-junction-mediated dye transfer was revealed between human and BHK-21 cells. Such an effect was very small in the human-C6 cell mixed culture. It is concluded that cells with active ion pumps can support the maintenance of K+ and Na+ gradients in cells with inactive pumps, provided that effective ion transport via gap junctions takes place.

Cerulenin-Induced Modifications in the Fatty Acid Composition Affect Excitation Energy Transfer in Thylakoids of Petunia hybrida Leaves

Cerulenin-induced modifications in the fatty acid composition have been used to investigate the influence of acyl lipids on excitation energy distribution in thylakoid membranes of Petunia hybrida by means of 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy. Although cerulenin has no effect on relative contents of chlorophyll and acyl lipids, changes in the fatty acid composition of all thylakoid acyl lipids have been observed. The main cerulenin effect seems to be an increase in linoleic acid at the expense of saturated and monounsaturated C16- and C18-fatty acids resulting most likely in an increase in acyl lipid species containing both linoleic and linolenic acid. Low temperature (77 K ) fluorescence kinetics reveal a remarkable decrease in the ratio of the variable divided by the maximal fluorescence of photosystem II (F2(v)/F2(M)), taken as indicator for cerulenin-induced changes in this photosystem. Calculations of the excitation energy distribution terms based on a grouped bipartite model of photosynthesis suggest that a decrease in this ratio is caused by changes in energy transfer probabilities responsible for both, photochemical trapping of photosystem II and energetic cooperativity (grouping) between different photosystem II-light harvesting complex-units. Moreover, changes in the conformation responsible for spillover energy transfer are most likely to occur. Correlations between cerulenin-induced modifications of fatty acid composition and energy distribution support the assumption that excitation energy transfer depends on the structural state of the lipid matrix.

Totalitarianism in Retreat: The Example of the DDR

On November 1, 1963, the Ordinary Professor for Physical Chemistry at the Humboldt University in East Berlin, Robert Havemann, included the following remarks in his lecture on conceptual thinking: “The vital source of our cultural development … is the many-sided, increasingly comprehensive information of all members of society concerning all knowledge, all problems and questions of our time. Every impediment to and limitation of information paralyzes the activity of the members of society and thereby the development of social conditions, and only puts a brake on development. At all times reactionary regimes have attempted to keep the people in ignorance. … A government can only succeed in its so very important tasks if it can rely on the active and energetic cooperation of all members of society.… Whoever is afraid of the consequences of general unlimited information and, on account of this fear, impedes it, creates thereby precisely the conditions for fateful development” (p. 52).