Muscle Endurance Research Articles

Muscle type-specific effects of bilateral abobotulinumtoxinA injection on muscle growth and contractile function in spastic mice.

Intramuscular injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) is commonly used to improve or maintain the joint range of motion in young children with spasticity. However, the effectiveness of BoNT-A treatment is variable and movement limitations are recurrent. Here we show long-term effects of a single, bilateral abobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A) injection in the gastrocnemius medialis and soleus muscles of wild-type and spastic (B6.Cg-Glrbspa/J with a mutation in the glycine receptor) mice at a young age (6-7 days). Specifically, we evaluated the impact of aboBoNT-A-A on gait, physical performance, and spontaneous physical behavior, as well as on contractile force characteristics, morphology, and histological phenotype of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles by comparing their results to those of saline-injected controls up to 9 weeks after the injection. The detailed time course of the study specifies the timing of the aboBoNT-A injection at 1 week, the period of behavioral studies from 4-9 weeks, and the age of the mice (10 weeks) at the time of contractile force characteristics and histology assessments. In spastic mice, aboBoNT-A injection had a minor and very specific effect on physical performance, by only modestly increasing stride length as a function of age. aboBoNT-A injection caused a reduction in the force-generating capacity and a slightly smaller physiological cross-sectional area in gastrocnemius medialis, but not in soleus. Reduced physiological cross-sectional area in aboBoNT-A-injected muscles was due to a lower number of muscle fibers, rather than reduced muscle fiber cross-sectional area. The percentage of slow-type muscle fibers and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity were increased, which was associated with an improved muscle endurance capacity. In conclusion, aboBoNT-A injection reduced the number of muscle fibers, causing muscle hypertrophy in remaining fibers and a shift towards more oxidative fibers, resulting in an improved endurance capacity and gait. This study proposed potential cellular mechanisms for the therapeutic efficacy of aboBoNT-A in spasticity.

Physical fitness related to sports performance of preteenagers resident in Jutaí, Amazonas

Performance-oriented physical fitness is directly linked to the development of motor skills. Regular and intense physical activity should be valued as an effective and low-cost strategy to promote healthy growth and development during adolescence. This qualiqualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study evaluated the physical fitness related to sports performance of 379 pre teen students (46% boys and 54% girls), aged between 11 and 14 years, through the battery of tests and measurements of the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR) that evaluates localized muscle endurance, explosive strength of upper and lower limbs, agility, speed and cardiorespiratory endurance. This study is part of the EFEJU project - Physical Education in the Schools of Jutaí, Amazonas, approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of the State of Amazonas under number 5.621.338. The results revealed a weak classification for muscle endurance located in 197 (97%) girls and 118 (67%) boys, for Upper Limb Strength in 66 (37.5%) boys and 151 (74.4%) girls, for Lower Limb Strength, in 98 (55.7%) boys and 184 (90.5%) boys, Agility in 170 (96.6%) boys and 198 (97.5%) girls, in Speed 130 (73.9%) boys and 186 (91.6%) girls and for Cardiorespiratory Fitness 89 (50.6%) and 154 (75.9%) girls. The majority, both pre-adolescents evaluated, presented weak classifications in all tests, indicating the need to encourage regular and systematized physical exercise.

The Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of a Structured Individual Exercise Program for Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in low levels of physical activity post-discharge. A comprehensive exercise program could be a safe method to increase stroke patients’ physical activity and exercise volume. This pilot study examines the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of a comprehensive exercise regimen for stroke patients residing in the community after discharge. Methods: This single-group pilot study included patients who received inpatient rehabilitation for motor impairment following a stroke. Community-dwelling participants engaged in a comprehensive exercise program, which was structured and individualized, consisting of stretching, aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises, conducted under the supervision of a health exercise specialist in a dedicated living lab within the hospital. The program involved 20 sessions, each lasting 50 min, conducted three to five times weekly. The pre- and post-intervention evaluations were comprehensive, including safety and validity assessments, along with physical function tests such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing and various fitness tests (6 min walk test, timed up and go test, chair stand test, figure-of-8 walk test, grip strength test, and sit-and-reach test). Depression levels were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: A total of 22 subjects were recruited, with 21 completing the study after one dropout due to fatigue and visiting distance. Among the 21 completers, one subject experienced a mild adverse event (hypoglycemia), which was not serious, confirming the program’s safety. The exercise participation rate was 95.5%, and the adherence rate averaged 95.2%, with all completers achieving over 80% adherence. Significant improvements were observed in VO2 peak (p = 0.000), 6 min walk test (p = 0.000), timed up and go test (p = 0.000), chair stand test (p = 0.000), figure-of-8 walk test (p = 0.000), and grip strength (p = 0.001). However, changes in the peak respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.078), sit-and-reach test (p = 0.228) and GDS scores (p = 0.275) were not significant. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the comprehensive exercise program is sufficiently safe and valid for stroke rehabilitation patients. The program significantly enhances cardiopulmonary endurance, walking ability, balance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and coordination. Further research with larger sample sizes and control groups is needed to confirm these findings and explore additional benefits.

Physical Activity and Fitness Level of Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital

Background and Objectives. Physical activity (PA) and fitness level are considered key factors in public health promotion, and as such, healthcare workers (HCW) need to be physically well because they are not only responsible for themselves, but of their clients as well. Therefore, we aim to determine the PA and health-related fitness (HRF) level of HCW in a tertiary hospital, disaggregated to age, sex, work assignments, and job tenure. Methods. A cross-sectional research design was utilized to assess HCW from the administrative, medical, nursing, and paramedical cohorts. ALPHA-FIT Test Battery was used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, lower extremity power and strength, upper body muscle endurance, balance, and body composition. Results. Our study concurred with the results of previous studies on HCW yielding lower PA levels compared with the general population. We tested 282 participants (administrative: 97; medical: 36; nursing: 55; paramedical: 94), mean age 37.4 years, 64.54% females, 52.13% perceived average health status. Ninety percent of the HCW had PA levels below the World Health Organization’s recommended levels. The ALPHA-FIT mean score per category revealed: one-legged stance, 2.67/3; figure-of-8 run, 2.45/3; shoulder-neck mobility, 4.58/5; modified push-up, 2.05/4; hand-grip strength, 2.5/5; jump and reach, 4/4; dynamic sit-up, 2.62/3; six-minute walk test, 475.38 meters covered. There were no significant differences in PA and HRF levels across cohorts except for modified sit-ups (p<0.001) and figure-of-8 run (p=0.012). The results showed significant inverse correlation between balance and shoulder-neck mobility and age (p<0.001), and modified push ups (p=0.004). Males had significantly higher sit-up scores (p<0.001), one-legged stance scores (p=0.001), and faster figure-of-8 run (p=0.011), while females had better jump and reach scores (p<0.001). Conclusion. Physical activity levels of HCW did not meet the World Health Organization’s recommended PA levels. Healthcare professionals who are expected to be aware of the benefits of PA and HRF have shown low to midfit levels of grip strength, upper extremity endurance, core strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Information on PA and HRF may aid in policy making on employee wellness that could highly impact health service delivery.

The Relationship Between Dietary Supplement And Muscles Endurance And Balance Among Athletes In Cross River State Nigeria

This study examined the relationship between dietary supplement and, muscular endurance and balance among athletes in Cross River State. Two research objectives were formulated to guide and direct the study. The objectives investigated the relationship between dietary supplement and muscular endurance and the relationship between dietary supplement and balance among athletics in Cross River State, Nigeria. Relevant literature related to the study was reviewed. Survey research design was considered appropriate for the study. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted in selecting the sporting facilities while systematic random sampling technique was adopted in selecting the two hundred and thirty-five respondents used for the study. A well validated structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Pearson product moment correlation statistical tool was used for data analysis. The result obtained revealed that; dietary supplement significantly relates with muscular endurance among athletes and there is no significant relationship between dietary supplement and body balance among athletes. The study recommended that athletes should be regularly sensitized on the need to take relevant dietary supplement, when necessary, in order to boost their level of muscular endurance while performing sports

Endurance of leg muscle strength and endurance of arm muscle strength to the ability of swimming speed 200 meters breaststroke

The lack of breaststroke swimming ability among athletes has led to a decline in breaststroke swimming performance in the Solok city swimming association. This problem is thought to be related to the low endurance of leg and arm muscles to the swimming speed of 200 meters breaststroke. This correlational study aims to reveal the contribution of leg muscle endurance, arm muscles, and the joint contribution of both to swimming speed 200 meters breaststroke in athletes coaching achievements in the Solok city swimming association. This study involved 25 swimming athletes in Solok city, with total sampling technique. Data on leg muscle strength endurance was measured through the squat jump test, arm muscle strength endurance through the push up test, and swimming speed through the 200 meter breaststroke swimming test. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple correlations with a significant level of α = 0.05, and the contribution was calculated by the formula r² x 100%. The results of data analysis showed that leg muscle strength endurance contributed 74.65%, while arm muscle strength endurance contributed 70.06%. The combination of both contributed 74.99% to the ability of 200 meters breaststroke swimming speed of athletes coaching achievements in swimming associations in Solok city.

Evaluating the athletics Athletes' Physical Fitness for PON XXI/2024 Qualification

Maluku's achievements can grow when the human resources of the coaches are enhanced to promote professionalism in the development of the science and technology of sports. Thus, the training process is not solely based on experience but on the science of training, which is studied in depth to support the better development of training athletes in the future. This study aims to determine how well Maluku athletic athletes' physical fitness is prepared for the PON XXI/2024 qualification round held in Solo, Central Java. This study used saturation sampling to study all the population samples. The instruments utilized in this study are the VO2 Max test, local muscle endurance test, biomotor ability test, speed and power tests, and local muscular stamina tests. The results revealed that the athletes' physical fitness to face a national event, in this case, the PON XXI/2024 qualification, is still considered medium, and the physiological condition belongs to the category of good based on the running time achievement that is close to the time achieved on the PON XXI qualification. The results of the study indicate that Maluku's athletic athletes have improved. However, the improvement has not surpassed the PB PASI time record. Despite the improvement in performance during training, the athletes had not reached the target to pass into the PON XXI Qualification. Keywords: evaluation, physical fitness, athletes’ achievement.

Impact of strength training on the prevention of orthopedic injuries in sports: a literature review.

Introduction: The perception of physical activity has evolved, influenced by urbanization, media, and public health initiatives. While regular physical activity offers health benefits, musculoskeletal injuries in athletes remain a concern, often going unnoticed due to subtle symptoms. Preventing these injuries is crucial, with strength training (ST) emerging as a strategy to enhance stability and reduce injury risk. Purpose of the Study: This review examines the impact of strength training on preventing orthopedic injuries in athletes, focusing on mechanisms like muscle strengthening, joint stabilization, improved endurance, and correcting imbalances. It evaluates research on ST's effectiveness in preventing knee, ankle, hip, back, and upper limb injuries. Methodology: A comprehensive search of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, was conducted using keywords such as "strength training," "orthopedic injury prevention," "musculoskeletal stability," "injury risk reduction," and "sports injuries." Results: Strength training plays a key role in preventing sports injuries by enhancing muscle strength, joint stability, and endurance, addressing musculoskeletal weaknesses and imbalances. Studies show ST significantly reduces knee, ankle, hip, and back injuries. For instance, knee injuries are prevented by strengthening the hip abductors and quadriceps, while ankle injuries are mitigated by improving core and lower limb strength. ST also prevents injuries in "overhead sports" by enhancing shoulder stability. Keywords: strength training, orthopedic injury prevention, musculoskeletal stability, sports injuries, injury risk reduction.

Equated volume load: similar improvements in muscle strength, endurance, and hypertrophy for traditional, pre-exhaustion, and drop sets in resistance training

Equated volume load: similar improvements in muscle strength, endurance, and hypertrophy for traditional, pre-exhaustion, and drop sets in resistance training

Associations of back muscle endurance with occupational back muscle activity and spinal loading among subsistence farmers and office workers in Rwanda.

Over the course of the physical activity transition, machines have largely replaced skeletal muscle as the source of work for locomotion and other forms of occupational physical activity in industrial environments. To better characterize this transition and its effect on back muscles and the spine, we tested to what extent typical occupational activities of rural subsistence farmers demand higher magnitudes and increased variability of back muscle activity and spinal loading compared to occupational activities of urban office workers in Rwanda, and whether these differences were associated with back muscle endurance, the dominant risk factor for back pain. Using electromyography, inertial measurement units, and OpenSim musculoskeletal modeling, we measured back muscle activity and spinal loading continuously while participants performed occupational activities for one hour. We measured back muscle endurance using electromyography median frequency analysis. During occupational work, subsistence farmers activate their back muscles and load their spines at 390% higher magnitudes and with 193% greater variability than office workers. Partial correlations accounting for body mass show magnitude and variability response variables are positively associated with back muscle endurance (R = 0.39-0.90 [P < 0.001-0.210] and R = 0.54-0.72 [P = 0.007-0.071], respectively). Body mass is negatively correlated with back muscle endurance (R = -0.60, P = 0.031), suggesting higher back muscle endurance may be also partly attributable to having lower body mass. Because higher back muscle endurance is a major factor that prevents back pain, these results reinforce evidence that under-activating back muscles and under-loading spines at work increases vulnerability to back pain and may be an evolutionary mismatch. As sedentary occupations become more common, there is a need to study the extent to which occupational and leisure time physical activities that increase back muscle endurance helps prevent back pain.

Effect of Body Mass Index on Balance, Trunk Muscle Endurance, Functional Mobility and, Physical Activity in College Students

Effect of Body Mass Index on Balance, Trunk Muscle Endurance, Functional Mobility and, Physical Activity in College Students

Effects of the Vitality Acupunch Exercise Program on Older Adults With Probable Sarcopenia: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study.

Purpose: Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is a highly prevalent condition in older adults in long-term care (LTC) facilities. This pilot study aimed to test the effects of a vitality acupunch (VA) exercise program on muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle endurance, functional fitness, activities of daily living, quality of life, and sleep quality of older adults in LTC facilities with probable sarcopenia in the United States and understand the experiences of residents who participated in the VA program. Design: A mixed-methods experimental design was used for this study. Methods: The quantitative phase included a sample of 27 participants randomly assigned to the control (n = 13) or VA (n = 14) condition. The VA condition consisted of three weekly 40-minute instructor-led seated exercise sessions over 24 weeks. Measures were obtained at baseline, three, and sixmonth intervals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore participant's experiences of the program. Findings: Statistical comparison revealed significantly higher handgrip strength for the VA group (p = .008). Narrative analysis revealed that the program had a positive impact on participant's daily lives. Conclusions: The VA program offers a holistic, evidence-based exercise program for older adults with probable sarcopenia living in LTC facilities.

The Effects of an 8-Month Multicomponent Training Program in Body Composition, Functional Fitness, and Sleep Quality in Aged People: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background/Objectives: This study examined the effects of an intervention on anthropometrics, body composition, physical fitness, and sleep quality in aged individuals, comparing a control group (N = 11) and an experimental group (N = 13) across two measurement points. Methods: A multicomponent training program of 8 months was adopted as the intervention group. A bioimpedance balance, functional fitness test, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index measured body composition, functional fitness, and sleep quality. Results: Both groups showed minimal changes in body mass and hand grip strength. However, the experimental group experienced significant improvements in physical fitness, including a 26% increase in arm curl repetitions, an 18% reduction in 5 times sit-to-stand (5TSTS) completion time, and a 29% rise in 2-min step test (2MST) steps, indicating enhanced muscle endurance and cardiovascular fitness. Flexibility decreased significantly in the experimental group, while body fat percentage was reduced by 10%. Sleep quality improved by 47% in the experimental group but declined by 14% in the control group. Correlational analysis revealed that better sleep quality was linked to improved fitness performance and reduced body fat in the experimental group, with post-intervention results further confirming the connection between sleep and fat reduction. In the control group, improved sleep quality was associated with higher metabolic rates after 8 months. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the intervention positively impacted physical fitness and sleep quality, with potential benefits for overall health.

Assessment of Urolithin A effects on muscle endurance, strength, inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism in male athletes with resistance training: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Urolithin A (UA) on muscle endurance, muscle strength, inflammatory levels, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism status in resistance-trained male athletes. An 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with twenty resistance-trained male athletes. Participants were supplemented with 1 g of UA daily. Muscle strength and muscle endurance measures were assessed, and fasting venous blood samples and morning urine samples were collected to evaluate their oxidative stress levels, inflammatory markers, and protein metabolism status. There were no significant differences observed in terms of dietary energy intake and composition between the two assessments conducted within a 24-hour period. After 8 weeks of UA supplementation, compared to baseline measurements, the UA group exhibited increases in 1RM bench press and squat, although these changes were not statistically significant (Δ = 3.00 ± 0.17 kg, p = 0.051, Δ = 1.35 ± 2.73 kg, p = 0.499). However, significant improvements were noted in Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC) and repetitions to failure (RTF) performance (Δ = 36.10 ± 0.62 NM, p = 0.000; Δ = 2.00 ± 0.56, p = 0.001). When compared to the placebo group, the UA supplementation for 8 weeks led to an increase in 1RM bench press and squat, although statistical significance was not reached (Δ = 3.50 ± 0.79 kg, p = 0.462; Δ = 2.55 ± 1.36 kg, p = 0.710). Furthermore, the group receiving UA supplementation, compared to the placebo group, showed significant improvements in MVIC and RTF (Δ = 43.50 ± 0.77 NM, p = 0.048; Δ = 2.00 ± 1.22, p = 0.011), indicating that the UA group exhibited superior performance enhancements in these metrics compared to the placebo group. After 8 weeks of UA supplementation, the UA group showed a significant decrease in 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) compared to baseline measurement (Δ=-2.38 ± 1.96 μmol/L, p = 0.049). Additionally, the UA group exhibited a significant increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) compared to baseline (Δ = 0.71 ± 0.21 mg/L, p = 0.001). However, there was no significant changes observed in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Δ=-1.00 ± 1.01 pg/mL, p = 0.076), or superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Δ=-0.004 ± 0.72 U/mL, p = 0.996) compared to baseline in the UA group. When compared to the placebo group, there was no significant difference observed in 3-MH in the UA group (Δ=-3.20 ± 0.31 μmol/L, p = 0.36). In terms of inflammation markers, the UA group exhibited a significant decrease in CRP (Δ=-0.79 ± 0.38 mg/L, p = 0.032) compared to the placebo group, whereas there was a decrease in IL-6 without statistical significance (Δ=-1.75 ± 0.45 pg/mL, p = 0.215). Furthermore, the UA group showed a significant decrease in SOD compared to the placebo group (Δ=-4.32 ± 0.90 U/mL, p = 0.041). After 8 weeks of UA supplementation at 1 g/day, resistance-trained male athletes showed improvements in muscle strength and endurance. Additionally, UA supplementation was also associated with reduced oxidative stress levels and a decrease in inflammation response levels.

Effect of a 10-week Training Program on Muscle Power, Endurance, and Jump Kick Performance in Young Male Taekwondo Athletes Using the 4D PRO&amp;reg; Bungee Trainer and Battle Ropes Exercises

Effect of a 10-week Training Program on Muscle Power, Endurance, and Jump Kick Performance in Young Male Taekwondo Athletes Using the 4D PRO&amp;reg; Bungee Trainer and Battle Ropes Exercises

Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Anti‐Fatigue Evaluation of Octacosanol Nanoemulsions

ABSTRACTOctacosanol (OCT) is a natural aliphatic alcohol with multiple activities, but the poor solubility limited its wide applications. In this study, OCT nanoemulsions were prepared by a low‐energy emulsification method. The particle size, polydispersity index, and Zeta potential of OCT nanoemulsions were 12.59 nm, 0.131, and −10.54 mV, respectively. OCT nanoemulsions could keep stable up to 180 days at 4°C with particle size ranging from 12.61 to 16.57 nm. In addition, OCT nanoemulsions could remain stable upon exposure to autoclaving, acid–base (pH 2–8), freeze–thaw, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and low concentrations of ions. The grid test time and exhaustive swimming time of the OCT nanoemulsions group increased by 70% and 40% compared with the exercise control group, indicating that OCT nanoemulsions could enhance the muscle strength and endurance performance of mice. Compared with the exercise control group, the muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) levels of the OCT nanoemulsions group increased by 97%, 45%, 62%, and 20%, while the blood lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase levels of the OCT nanoemulsions group decreased by 33% and 22%, respectively, suggesting that OCT nanoemulsions had the anti‐fatigue effect. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that OCT nanoemulsions could repair muscle damages induced by excessive exercise. These findings could pave the way for the development of OCT nanoemulsions with high stability and anti‐fatigue potential.

Effectiveness of Intradialytic Exercise on Muscle Strength and Fatigue Score in Chronic Kidney Failure (CKF) Patients in the Grandmed Hemodialysis Room

Chronic kidney failure is a progressive and irreversible kidney dysfunction in which the body's ability to maintain metabolism, fluid and electrolyte balance is disrupted, resulting in uremia or azotemia. Hemodialysis is a form of treatment for patients with chronic kidney failure, in which the patient's blood is diverted out of the body through a dialyzer, which occurs through diffusion and ultrafiltration, after which the blood is returned to the patient's body. Several methods to maintain muscle strength and reduce fatigue scores, namely intradialytic exercise is an exercise program developed that can increase muscle strength, muscle endurance and physical activity. The general objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of intradialytic exercise involvement interventions on muscle strength and fatigue scores in hemodialysis patients at GrandMed Lubuk Pakam Hospital. This research method is a quantitative study, using a quasy experiment with a one group pre-test post-test design. The population in this study were all patients with Chronic Kidney Failure who were recorded at the Medical Records Hospital Grandmed Lubuk Pakam from October 2021 to December 2022. With inclusion criteria: respondents experienced movement disorders, muscle cramps, and weakness. The number of samples was 22 respondents. The sampling technique used in this research is non-probability sampling, namely purposive sampling. The statistical test used is the Wilcoxon test. The Wilcoxon test results obtained significant results from the intradialytic exercise technique on muscle strength and fatigue scores with a p value of 0.00 each. So that it can be concluded that there is an effect of giving good intradialytic exercise interventions on muscle strength &amp; fatigue scores in chronic kidney failure patients undergoing hemodialysis

Effects of Physical Activity Level and Sedentary Behavior on the Musculoskeletal System in Young Adults

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity and sedentary behavior in young adults aged 18-35 and to evaluate the effects of this relationship on musculoskeletal pain, posture, muscle shortness, and trunk muscle endurance. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a university between March 2018 and August 2018, 219 students were included. Data were obtained by using the case report form which determines the demographic characteristics and sedentary behavior of the students, The International Physical Activity Index - short form, posture analysis form, muscle shortness evaluation form, and trunk muscle endurance evaluation form. Results: In the study, 66.2% of patients were female and 33.8% were male. In the evaluation of physical activity level, the ratio of highly active individuals in males, and inactive and insufficiently active individuals in females was significantly higher (p &amp;lt;0.05). Musculoskeletal pain was significantly higher in inactive and insufficiently active individuals (p&amp;lt;0.001). A negative correlation existed between physical activity level and pain frequency, duration, and scores (p&amp;lt;0.001). There was a positive correlation between trunk endurance tests and physical activity and exercise participation. Non-exercisers showed shortening of lumbar extensor muscles and gastrosoleus, with increased thoracic kyphosis (p&amp;lt;0.05). Daily sitting time correlated positively with elbow, wrist, and knee pain, and lumbar lordosis (p&amp;lt;0.05). Those spending more time at the computer experienced higher levels of head-neck and elbow pain, pain duration, muscle shortness, thoracic kyphosis, shoulder protraction, and anterior head tilt (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: In young adults, increasing physical activity and reducing daily sitting time are necessary to prevent musculoskeletal pain and reduce postural deformities. Keywords: Musculoskeletal diseases, musculoskeletal pain, physical exertion, posture, sedentary behavior, trunk muscular endurance, young adult.

The Effect of Anaerobic Interval Air Rowing Training (AIART) on Increasing Strength and Endurance of Upper Body Muscles in Rowing Athletes

This study aims to explore in depth how interval training with an Air Rower can be optimized to support maximum performance in rowing athletes. The research method applied is a true-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design, involving 20 male rowing athletes aged 18-20 years, divided into two groups: the control group (G1; n = 10), and the treatment group (G2; n = 10). The Anaerobic Interval Air Rower Training (AIART) program was conducted at an intensity of 85-95% HRmax, with a frequency of 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Data was collected by evaluating muscle strength using a dynamometer, while muscle endurance was tested using the upper body pull-up test performed over one minute. Data analysis was conducted using the independent sample t-test, and effect size evaluation was performed using Cohen's d. The results showed a significant increase in the mean delta (∆) muscle strength between G1 and G2 (0.50±0.97 vs 2.50±0.53 kg, p=0.001) and had a large effect size with a Cohen's d value of 2.558. Similarly, the mean ∆ muscle endurance showed a significant increase between G1 and G2 (0.21±0.67 vs 2.74±0.65 times, p=0.001) and had a large effect size with a Cohen's d value of 3.855. Therefore, it is concluded that the AIART intervention conducted over 6 weeks on rowing athletes is proven to be effective in improving muscle strength and endurance.

Effectiveness of Schroth Therapy in Improving Self-Perception, Body Image, and Quality of Life in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a structural spinal deformity that not only affects physical health but also has significant psychosocial consequences, such as body image disturbances, reduced self-perception, and diminished quality of life (QoL). Schroth therapy, a physiotherapeutic intervention designed to address scoliosis through three-dimensional exercises, has shown promise in managing these outcomes. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Schroth therapy in improving self-perception, body image, and QoL in adolescents with AIS. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Studies published between 2015 and 2024 were identified using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving adolescents aged 10-18 years with AIS, receiving Schroth therapy as the primary intervention, were included. Outcomes measured were self-perception, body image, and QoL, assessed using tools like the SRS-22/23 and WRVAS. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Pedro scale. Results: Six studies, with sample sizes ranging from 28 to 60 participants, were included in this review. The Schroth therapy group demonstrated significant improvements in self-perception, as measured by the Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale (WRVAS), with a between-group difference of 6.5 points (95% CI: 3.2 to 9.9, p &lt; 0.01, F = 169.5) reported by Buyukturan et al. (2024). Additionally, improvements in the self-image domain of the SRS-22 questionnaire were observed, with a mean change of 0.149 (95% CI: 0.001 to 0.297, p = 0.049) noted by Zhang et al. (2024). In terms of quality of life (QoL), one study by Kocaman et al. (2021) found a 15% increase in overall SRS-22 scores (p = 0.02), while the combined SE + ASSE group exhibited significant improvements in QoL compared to the SE-only group (p = 0.019) as shown by Khaledi et al. (2024). While other measures, such as Cobb angle and back muscle endurance, showed significant results, the focus of this review highlights the notable benefits of Schroth therapy on self-perception and QoL. Conclusions: Schroth therapy appears effective in enhancing self-perception, body image, and quality of life in adolescents with AIS. While current evidence supports its psychosocial benefits, further long-term studies with larger sample sizes and more sensitive assessment tools are needed to validate these findings.