Term Endurance Research Articles

INOVATIVNI VYUKA FUTSALU PRO UCITELE TELESNE VYCHOVY NA ZAKLADNICH SKOLACH

The teaching of futsal in primary schools in the Czech Republic is poorly mapped and primary schools more often teach indoor football than futsal. The basis for this research was a questionnaire survey in which 31 primary school physical education teachers participated. This survey showed that 69.2 % of teachers do not conduct futsal drills, 61.5 % do not know the rules of futsal and 84 % of teachers spend a maximum of 4 hours on futsal. Therefore, this paper presents an innovative futsal teaching method for physical education teachers to discuss the basic issues and teaching methods. In order to test our assumptions about the effectiveness of innovative teaching, a research was conducted with two groups of 8th and 9th grade pupils from the Jižní Primary School in Žatec over a period of 8 weeks. 29 pupils (14.21±0.12 years of age) formed the research group and 28 (14.09±0.26 years of age) formed the control group. As part of the research, both groups underwent entry and exit tests verifying futsal skills. The research group followed a specialised futsal plan designed by us, the other group played indoor futsal once a week under the guidance of a teacher. In all tested areas, the research group showed a significant improvement in the exit tests compared to the control group. In practice, this means that students who have undergone specialized futsal training improve in all the important areas that are essential for futsal. A significant difference in the outcome tests is observed in shooting and ball handling. We have seen a big shift in the pupils’ movement skills through the beep test and thus we can observe an improvement in short term endurance. In the test of stepping on the ball for 1 min, there is a shift in the dexterity component.

Effects on ring wear of bioethanol/diesel fuel blends used at long term endurance tests in a DI engine

In this study, the long-term endurance tests were carried out in a diesel engine that used diesel and 90% diesel + 10% bioethanol fuels. The spray and temperature distributions of two different fuels in the AVL FIRE program also were examined. Tribological and morphological analysis of piston rings were investigated in a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine using two different fuel types. The test engine used two different fuel types and was operated for approximately 110 hours under part engine load. Renewed rings in each fuelled engine operation were analyzed at Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results were also compared with the non-worked piston ring. Analysis results saw that abrasive wear was more intense on the first rings at both fuel types. Examining the effect of biofuels on engine wears, short wear lines were found at engine rings using diesel/bioethanol blend fuel compared to diesel fuel. It was being determined that this situation was a result of combustion parameters (such as pressure, and temperature) created with the different fuels used in diesel engines. As a result, that bioethanol has a content of low carbon (C) compared to diesel fuel, making a positive contribution to the reduction of ring wear.

Long term endurance analysis of the effects on ring wear and lubrication oil of biofuel used in a DI diesel engine

In this study, the long-term endurance tests were carried out in an engine that was used 100% diesel and 90% diesel −10% bioethanol blend. The lubricating oil and ring wear were investigated in the direct injection diesel engine using two different fuels under partial load and for 110 h. As a result of long-term endurance tests, ash content, density, viscosity, acid number determination, and flash point values of engine lubricating oil were detected. Moreover, the metal residues (Fe, Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mg, Mn, Ni) were signs of wear in the lubricating oil were observed. Samples were taken from the lubricating oil at 55 and 110 h and examined by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer method. Also, tribological and morphological analyses of the replaced piston rings were made for each fuel mixture. The piston rings (first ring, second ring and third ring) had been examined by using the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. As a result, it was observed that the metal residues in the oil changed over time. Metal residues were showed that after the 55th hour there were more metal residues in the lubricating oil with B10, compared to diesel. While the TAN value of lubricating oil was measured as 3.08 mg KOH/g in the D100 operation, this value was 3.29 mg KOH/g in the B10 operation.

Physical exercise shapes the mouse brain epigenome

ObjectiveTo analyze the genome-wide epigenomic and transcriptomic changes induced by long term resistance or endurance training in the hippocampus of wild-type mice. MethodsWe performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mice hippocampus after 4 weeks of specific training. In addition, we used a novel object recognition test before and after the intervention to determine whether the exercise led to an improvement in cognitive function. ResultsAlthough the majority of DNA methylation changes identified in this study were training-model specific, most were associated with hypomethylation and were enriched in similar histone marks, chromatin states, and transcription factor biding sites. It is worth highlighting the significant association found between the loss of DNA methylation in Tet1 binding sites and gene expression changes, indicating the importance of these epigenomic changes in transcriptional regulation. However, endurance and resistance training activate different gene pathways, those being associated with neuroplasticity in the case of endurance exercise, and interferon response pathways in the case of resistance exercise, which also appears to be associated with improved learning and memory functions. ConclusionsOur results help both understand the molecular mechanisms by which different exercise models exert beneficial effects for brain health and provide new potential therapeutic targets for future research.

Endurance Trained Athletes Do Not per se Have Higher Hoffmann Reflexes Than Recreationally Active Controls

The impact of endurance training on spinal neural circuitries remains largely unknown. Some studies have reported higher H-reflexes in endurance trained athletes and therefore, adaptations within the Ia afferent pathways after long term endurance training have been suggested. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that cyclists (n = 12) demonstrate higher Hoffmann reflexes (H-reflexes) compared to recreationally active controls (n = 10). Notwithstanding, highly significant differences in endurance performance (VO2peak: 60.6 for cyclists vs. 46.3 ml/min/kg for controls (p < 0.001) there was no difference in the size of the SOL H-reflex between cyclists and controls (Hmax/Mmax ratio 61.3 vs. 60.0%, respectively (p = 0.840). Further analyses of the H and M recruitment curves for SOL revealed a significant steeper slope of the M recruitment curve in the group of cyclists (76.2 ± 3.8° vs. 72.0 ± 4.4°, p = 0.046) without a difference in the H-recruitment curve (84.6 ± 3.0° vs. 85.0 ± 2.8°, p = 0.784) compared to the control group. Cycling is classified as an endurance sport and thus the findings of the present study do not further support the assumption that long-term aerobic training leads to a general increase of the H-reflex. Amongst methodological differences in assessing the H-reflex, the training-specific sensorimotor control of the endurance sport itself might differently affect the responsiveness of spinal motoneurons on Ia-afferent inputs.

Absence of cardiac damage induced by long-term intensive endurance exercise training: A cardiac magnetic resonance and exercise echocardiography analysis in masters athletes

ObjectivesIt is under debate whether the long-term practice of intensive endurance exercise induces chronic cardiac damage such as myocardial fibrosis and ventricle contractile dysfunction. Multimodality analysis was performed to evaluate myocardial damage induced by long term intensive endurance training in master athletes. MethodsThirty-three asymptomatic endurance master athletes (47 ± 6 year-old, 9,6 ± 1,7 h training/week for 26 ± 6 years), were compared to 18 sedentary controls (49 ± 7 year-old). They underwent a CMR protocol including 4 chambers morphological and late gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) analysis, left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) T1 mapping and calculation of cardiac extracellular volume (ECV). A maximal exercise echocardiography with left and right ventricular longitudinal global strain (LGS) analysis was performed. Cardiac biomarkers of fibrosis (high sensitive cardiac Troponin T, N-Terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I and N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III) were analysed. ResultsAthletes had larger left and right atrial volume, LV and RV end diastolic volume and increased LV and RV mass compared to controls. LGE was not found in athletes. Native T1 values of LV and RV were not significantly different in athletes compared with controls. ECV was normal in both groups (21,5%± 1,6% [18.3 – 23%] in athletes, 22%± 2,2% [18.5 – 27%] in controls). LV and RV peak exercise LGS values were higher in athletes. Cardiac biomarkers levels were normal. ConclusionDespite significant physiological cardiac remodelling, consistent with previous descriptions of athlete's heart, there was no evidence of myocardial fibrosis or exercise left or right ventricular dysfunction or cardiac fibrosis in endurance athletes. Our results are not supporting the hypothesis of deleterious cardiac effects induced by long term and intensive endurance exercise training.

Endurance in extreme work environments

Extreme work environments are inherently stressful and involve challenging working and living conditions. In contexts ranging from space exploration to disaster response, people must sustain performance under pressure, and function with limited resources. In this paper we develop the concept of endurance for extreme work environments, which we define as the capacity to sustain performance at high levels for safe and effective operations over extended durations (e.g., a mission, operation, deployment, or expedition). We integrate diverse streams of literature (e.g., work stress, recovery, and sleep) to describe endurance in terms of short- and long-term energy management processes as individuals interact with their work-life system (i.e. work, non-work, and sleep environment). We conclude with theoretical and practical implications for a better understanding of endurance, such as considering multiple time perspectives, and the role that researchers, practitioners, and organizations can play in optimizing endurance in the field.

Modeling of Total Strain Range-Low Cycle Fatigue For Austenitic Stainless Steel.(Dept.M)

Homologous temperature low cycle fatigue data on type 316 austenitic stainless steel have been collected and analyzed using fracture mechanics approach. Average fatigue curves between 10and 106 cycles have been produced over the temperature rang Room Temperature to 766°C (following homologous temperature range of 0.0 165,0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 44, 0,42 and 0.50). A modified ap proach for deriving predicted fatigue life curves has been developed in the p resent work. The develop ed approach successfully modeled the fatigue endurance in terms of total strain range and a family of temperature dependent fatigue curves has been derived. The data curves have been translated into design curves. Furthermore, the derived fatigue curves are then compared with the available fatigue curves.

Effect of Short Term Resistance and Endurance Exercise Training on Resting Heart Rate and Inflammatory Marker in Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: In a normal healthy adult, sympathetic and parasympathetic system should be in synergy. Measuring resting heart rate is a one of the methods to assess health condition. It can be affected by different factors such as exercise, mental health, any disease, etc. Normal subjects with reduced heart rate are associated with better cardiovascular health. Physical inactivity is associated with high level of inflammatory markers. Increased inflammatory markers are related to inflammation and chronic diseases. The C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a biomarker of inflammatory diseases. High CRP level is a potent risk factor for obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, etc. Aim: To study the effect of short term resistance and endurance exercise training on resting heart rate in healthy young adults, CRP, Body Mass Index (BMI) and also to compare the changes between two exercise groups. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to May 2020 in the Department of Physiology at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study included 60 healthy young adults with normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and age between 18-25 years. Subjects were equally divided into Group I- Resistance exercise and Group II endurance groups. Subjects did moderate intensity exercise (based on maximum heart rate) for five days in a week for eight weeks. Endurance group did jogging. Resistance group did push-up, pull-up and squats. Target heart rate during moderate intensity of activities was 64-76% of maximum heart rate. Heart rate measurement was done before the start of exercise and after five to seven minutes of exercise when it reached 64-76% of maximum heart rate. It was measured by pulse oximeter. Follow-up was done after eight weeks of exercise training in both the groups. Evaluation was done by comparing resting heart rate and CRP level before the start of training and after the completion of training programme. Statistical analysis was done using student t-test and paired t-test. Results: Mean age of subjects of group I was found to be higher (19.98±1.26 years) as compared to group II (19.97±0.98 years). Mean pre intervention BMI of both the groups was found to be similar (21.97±1.78 kg/m2). No statistically significant change in resting heart rate was found in both resistance group (p=0.096) and endurance group (p=0.326) after exercise training. Statistically significant increase in CRP was found in resistance group (p&lt;0.001) and endurance group (p&lt;0.001). The increment in CRP was more in endurance group (55.04%) than resistance group (35.34%). Conclusion: Short duration of exercises increase inflammation but no significant effect on resting heart rate was seen.

Exploring the Effects of Daily, Timed, and Typed Technical Term Definition Practice on Indicators of Fluency.

Say All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffled (SAFMEDS) is one behaviorally based teaching tactic. Like flash cards, SAFMEDS helps build familiarity with course objectives and can be used to promote fluency in the corresponding verbal repertoire. However, SAFMEDS differs from flash cards in that it follows specific design features and the acronym specifies how to practice flash cards. Students might practice in the traditional see-say learning channel used with SAFMEDS, or they could practice in a see-type learning channel (i.e., Type All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffled [TAFMEDS]), as the precision teaching community has sought to bring digital technology to their teaching, using computerized standard celeration charts and programs that present flash cards in a digital format. The present study explored the use of computerized charting and a see-type learning channel program developed for TAFMEDS in several sections of an undergraduate Introduction to Behavior Principles course. Course instructors explored the correlations between daily TAFMEDS practice with behavior-analytic terminology and student performance. After 3 weeks of daily practice, the study concluded with a culmination of 4 checkouts that examined endurance, application, stability, retention (when possible), and performance in different learning channels. Results indicated a correlation between daily practice and higher daily performance frequencies and longer term outcomes, including maintenance, endurance, stability, application, and generativity. The findings are discussed in terms of bringing frequency-building activities to university settings and the advantages and disadvantages of bringing technological advancements into frequency-based instruction.

The metabolically effects of the short term endurance training among rat model of 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson’s disease

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known to affects the Body weight. These changes are due to multifactorial different mechanisms and training can affect on these disorders. In this study, is assessed the effect of short term endurance training on weight changes and mRNA expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) in rats model of 6-OHDA. Methods: In this empirical study, Parkinson’s rats were made using stereotaxic device and by 8𝜇g injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB). Thirty two male Wistar rats are assessed in experimental groups including: 1. Saline (Sham), 2. Saline+training, 3. 6-OHDA and 4. 6-OHDA+training (n=8). Training groups 2 weeks after the surgery started 14 consecutive days treadmill running. One month after the surgery, the rat’s weight were analyzed and using of Real Time-PCR method mRNA expression levels of the metabolically and mitochondrial factors of SIRT-1 and PGC-1α, in the striatum of rats, were measured through one way ANOVA. Results: The 6-OHDA resulted in weight loss, significant decrease in expression of PGC-1α mRNA and a compensatory increase in SIRT-1 mRNA. However, endurance training in 6-OHDA+training group reduces these disorders, and increases mRNAs up to normal level in the Sham group (p≤0/05). Conclusion: The endurance training can reduce disorder in body weight and metabolic factors in Parkinson’s disease.

The combustion analysıs and wear effect of biodiesel fuel used in a diesel engine

In this study, it was investigated the changes in pressure/crank angle change and heat release rates/crank angle of the engine used of diesel fuels (D100), canola oil methyl ester (COME) and sunflower oil methyl ester (SOME). The SOME and COME blends in 10%, 20% and 30% proportions (in volume) to diesel fuel were added. The diesel engine was worked at different speeds in the experimental study. In this study was aimed to reveal the mechanical and thermal effects of different fuels in the combustion chamber. The numerical combustion analyzes were carried out in the ESE-DIESEL section of the AVL-FIRE. The tribological effects varying with the use of different fuels were also detected and evaluated by long term endurance tests. The engine used COME10 and diesel fuel was operated on for approximately 150 h of long-term endurance tests. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersion X-Ray (EDX) analyses at 250× magnification were performed in order to observe the effects of different fuels used on piston rings.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF INJURY TO ATHLETES IN CONNECTION WITH PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS (SKIING)

Introduction. In modern sports, a high level of physical performance of the athlete is due to the functional properties and condition of all body systems. Of particular importance is the assessment of the functional state of the central nervous system. At the same time, the potential risk of injuries increases with each passing year, so one of the main tasks of sports physicians, psychologists, physiologists, especially in high-achievement sports, is to reduce injuries in sports. The aim of the study was to compare the state of psychophysiological functions of highly qualified athletes who specialize in sports with varying degrees of extremeness (snowboarding, downhill skiing, cross-country skiing). Material and methods. To determine the state of psychophysiological functions of athletes used diagnostic complex "Diagnostics-1" (MV Makarenko, VS Lyzogub). The group of respondents included qualified athletes engaged in skiing, characterized by the predominance of dynamic speed and a high probability of injury. These sports make special demands primarily on the central nervous system of athletes. In accordance with the purpose of the work, we studied the latent periods of simple visual-motor reaction, simple and complex reaction of choice, the efficiency of sensorimotor activity and the dynamics of nervous processes in the feedback mode, the accuracy of the reaction to a moving object and the ratio of reactions of advance and delay, dynamic muscular endurance of the right and left hands (according to the tapping test), as well as the basic properties of the nervous system namely the functional mobility of nervous processes and the strength of nervous processes. Results. Athletes with a higher degree of extreme sports and risk of injury (snowboarders and skiers) showed a higher psychophysiological status in terms of strength of nervous processes and indicators of reaction to a moving object, a higher level of dynamic muscular endurance in terms of tapping test. Conclusions. The identified differences in the state of psychophysiological functions in athletes with varying degrees of extreme sports activities and the level of risk of injury can have prognostic value and be used to optimize sports improvement in these sports.

Cardiac damage induced by long term and intensive endurance exercise training in senior athletes: A cardiac magnetic resonance and exercise echocardiography analysis

Moderate intensity regular physical activity is a mainstay of cardiovascular prevention. However, it is under debate whether the effects of intensive endurance exercise induce chronic cardiac damage. It has been proposed that long-term endurance exercise may be associated with myocardial fibrosis detected by late gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and/or with right ventricle contractile dysfunction, but these aspects are not constantly found across studies. Extracellular volume (ECV) determined by CMR, circulating cardiac biomarkers, and longitudinal global strain (LGS) assessed by echography are relevant tools to explore these potential adverse effects of exercise. To assess the presence of myocardial fibrosis, and to evaluate ventricles function, in endurance senior athletes. Thirty three asymptomatic endurance senior athletes (47 ± 6 yo, 9.6 ± 1.7 h of training per week for 26 ± 6 yrs), were compared to 18 sedentary controls (49 ± 7 yo). They underwent a CMR protocol including morphological and LGE analysis, T1 mapping and calculation of ECV. A maximal exercise echography with LGS analysis was performed. Cardiac biomarkers were analysed. Athletes had higher ventricular volumes, biventricular mass, and stroke volume assessed by CMR versus controls. Native T1 and ECV were not significantly different in athletes compared with controls. LGE was not found in athletes. Peak exercise LGS values were higher in athletes for both ventricles. The levels of cardiac biomarkers were normal in all subjects. Athletes showed signs of physiological cardiac remodelling, consistent with previous descriptions of athlete's heart. Despite this remodelling, there was no evidence of myocardial fibrosis or exercise ventricular dysfunction in athletes. Our results are not supporting the hypothesis of deleterious cardiac effects induced by long term and intensive endurance exercise training.

ІНФОЛОГІЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ СТВОРЕННЯ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНИХ СКЛАДЕНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

The article is devoted to the development of methods infolohichnoho modeling and simulation polierhatychnoho documentary describing the test bearing properties nanomaterials that determine the 33 endurance and technological resources mixtures structural components pavement layers in terms the variety effects to cover non-stationary environment and traffic. Formalized mathematical description models and methods necessary for the system CM-PD as hardware and software testing technology polierhatychnoho structure formation nanomaterials under technical and technological orders endurance performance evaluation and resource material layers work surfaces for safe movement traffic forecasting. The peculiarities the modes interaction and the language simulation ergatic modeling for the search rational technologies creation road materials are substantiated. The proposed analytical tools aimed at forming the structure silicon-carbon polymers and composites with expected force-moment and mass-energy physicochemical properties to counteract the effects heterogeneous factors non-stationary environment. The method infological modeling processes for providing conditions for the purposeful between atomic and molecular interactions in the limited local spatial volumes is developed. Formalized parametrization of mutual functions distribution concentrations, pressure and temperatures, which jointly accelerates the stage thermodynamic self-organization and controlledly form the domain-granular structures substances artificial structural materials (SCM) road cover. The information analytical tools the KM-PD system provide the reliability the estimates endurance interval, mechanical strength, integrated resource, obtained by the methods simulation the MSC and in general, KSSSDO. Mixtures substances withstand similar effects from environmental factors and respond equally to microphase spatial separation compatible component components. The maximum levels energy efficiency ordered load bearing coverings are the achievement for the operation the transport and road complex with non-stationary flows moving objects on the surfaces the future ITS infrastructure provided by the agreed levels multiple heterogeneous interactions. KEY WORDS: THERMODYNAMIC SYNTHESIS, FORMATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES, DOCUMENTARIES DECISION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INFOLOHICHNE MODELING, CARRYING LAYERS TRANSPORT INTERACTION CRITERION SIMILARITY SECURITY RESOURCE SPACE SELF-ORGANIZATION.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ МУЛЬТИМОДАЛЬНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ВАНТАЖІВ ЗА УЧАСТЮ АВІАЦІЙНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ

The article is devoted to the development of methods infolohichnoho modeling and simulation polierhatychnoho documentary describing the test bearing properties nanomaterials that determine the endurance and technological resources mixtures structural components pavement layers in terms the variety effects to cover non-stationary environment and traffic. Formalized mathematical description models and methods necessary for the system CM-PD as hardware and software testing technology polierhatychnoho structure formation nanomaterials under technical and technological orders endurance performance evaluation and resource material layers work surfaces for safe movement traffic forecasting. The peculiarities the modes interaction and the language simulation ergatic modeling for the search rational technologies creation road materials are substantiated. The proposed analytical tools aimed at forming the structure silicon-carbon polymers and composites with expected force-moment and mass-energy physicochemical properties to counteract the effects heterogeneous factors non-stationary environment. The method infological modeling processes for providing conditions for the purposeful between atomic and molecular interactions in the limited local spatial volumes is developed. Formalized parametrization of mutual functions distribution concentrations, pressure and temperatures, which jointly accelerates the stage thermodynamic self-organization and controlledly form the domain-granular structures substances artificial structural materials (SCM) road cover. The information analytical tools the KM-PD system provide the reliability the estimates endurance interval, mechanical strength, integrated resource, obtained by the methods simulation the MSC and in general, KSSSDO. Mixtures substances withstand similar effects from environmental factors and respond equally to microphase spatial separation compatible component components. The maximum levels energy efficiency ordered load bearing coverings are the achievement for the operation the transport and road complex with non-stationary flows moving objects on the surfaces the future ITS infrastructure provided by the agreed levels multiple heterogeneous interactions. KEY WORDS: THERMODYNAMIC SYNTHESIS, FORMATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES, DOCUMENTARIES DECISION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INFOLOHICHNE MODELING, CARRYING LAYERS TRANSPORT INTERACTION CRITERION SIMILARITY SECURITY RESOURCE SPACE SELF-ORGANIZATION.

P311Cardiac damage induced by long term and intensive endurance exercise training in senior athletes: a cardiac magnetic resonance and exercise echocardiography analysis

Abstract Background Moderate intensity regular physical activity is a mainstay of cardiovascular prevention. However, it is under debate whether the cumulative effects of intensive endurance exercise induce chronic cardiac damage. It has been proposed that long-term endurance exercise may be associated with myocardial fibrosis detected by late gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and/or with right ventricle contractile dysfunction, creating a potential substrate for ventricular arrythmia, but these aspects are not constantly found across studies. Extracellular volume (ECV) determined by CMR, circulating cardiac biomarkers, and longitudinal global 2D strain (LGS) assessed by cardiac echography are relevant tools to explore these potential adverse effects of exercise in senior athletes. Purpose To assess the presence of myocardial fibrosis detected by CMR (LGE and ECV) and biomarkers, and to evaluate ventricles function with LGS, in endurance senior competitive athletes. Methods Thirty-three asymptomatic endurance senior athletes (47±6 years old, 9,6±1,7 h of training per week for 26±6 years), were compared to 18 sedentary controls (49±7 years old). They underwent a CMR protocol including morphological and late gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) analysis, T1 mapping and calculation of ECV using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A maximal exercise transthoracic echography with LGS analysis was performed. Cardiac biomarkers (N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity troponin T and plasma markers of collagen biosynthesis and degradation procollagen type I N terminal propeptide and procollagen type III NT propeptide) were also analysed. Results Athletes had higher left (84,0±20,8 vs 67,62±12,4 ml/m2; p=0,00593) and right (41,3±9,5 vs 32,9±6,0 ml/m2; p=0,00228) ventricular volumes, higher total biventricular mass (109,61±14,18 vs 98,66±16,25 g/m2; p=0,02038), and higher stroke volume (50,7±12,6 vs 40,1±9,2 ml/m2; p=0,00441) assessed by CMR versus controls. Native T1 (left ventricle: 938±21 vs 940±34 ms; p=0,8098 - right ventricle: 1027±53 vs 1026±114 ms; p=0,92983) and ECV (21,5±1,6 vs 22,0±2,2%; p=0,40868) were not significantly different in athletes compared with controls. LGE was not found in athletes. Peak exercise LGS values were higher in athletes for left (23,19±2,86 vs 20,82±2,05%; p=0,00335) and right (29,25±3,47 vs 26,48±3,22%; p=0,00777) ventricles, compared with control. The levels of cardiac biomarkers were normal in all subjects. Conclusion Athletes showed signs of physiological cardiac remodelling, consistent with previous descriptions of athlete's heart. Despite this important remodelling, there was no evidence of myocardial fibrosis or exercise left or right ventricular dysfunction in athletes. Our results are not supporting the hypothesis of deleterious cardiac effects induced by long term and intensive endurance exercise training.

Research progress of mooring buoy system for sea surface and seafloor observation

Due to the need of the three dimensional observation of ocean surface and seafloor, and seafloor detection, a new concept ocean observation system is constructed. The system has the ability to getting the hydrological, meteorological, water quality information and video data of surface and seafloor with synchronic in both time and space, and transmitting the data to shore center in real time mode. The system combines the ocean buoy and seafloor junction box together with the electro-optical-mechanical (EOM) cable. So the buoy offers power to the seafloor node through EOM Cable, and the seafloor data transmits to surface buoy. Lastly, the observation information of seafloor and sea surface can transmits to the shore center by satellite and wireless. And the data regardless of the sea surface or the seafloor, is transmitted in real time mode. Due to the needed of the seafloor observation and mooring, communication, and power offering, the system is redesign compared to traditional buoys. The transmission communication is constructed as “seafloor observation (underwater junction box)-ethernet (underwater junction box)-optical ethernet switch-EOM cable-optical ethernet switch-ethernet (buoy)-satellite (buoy)”. In order to mooring the surface buoy, a neutral optical fiber and electronic composite cable is designed, while the load-bearing layer is made of fibers material, which reduces the requirement of buoy reserve buoyancy. So the cable is neutral in seawater, and it is suitable for large depth deployment. The wind and solar is combined together to offer power for seafloor node. DC-DC boost/decrease inverter modular is utilized to adjust the voltage for power transmission with EOM cable. In order to deployment of the system in the deep sea, the winch is designed for EOM cable. Through the winch, the seafloor nodes and cables are arranged in proper order. This method avoids the installation and operation with the remote operated underwater vehicle and the wet plugging in technology, which reduces the cost of the system and the risk of the experiments.Through the offshore test, the reliability of the whole communication link is verified, and the feasibility of launch and recovery process is verified. The system has the ability of long term endurance and stable power supply capability, for the sea surface and seafloor observation. The feasibility of launch and recovery process is verified through the experiment. The system satisfies the requirements of real-time observation and information transmission of sea surface and seafloor, and realizes the synchronous observation of sea surface and seafloor. Especially, the video recorded data of seafloor and surface can transmit to shore center. The system is of great significance in observation of sea acoustics, geology and earthquakes.

THE LEVEL OF HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS AMONG THE INMATES OF REFORM AND REHABILITATION CENTERS IN JORDAN

The Directorate of General Security in Jordan has created sport fields in new prisons taking into consideration its importance for inmates. This is due to the belief that prisoners should be encouraged to spend interesting times, discharge their repressed energies and to improve their physical and mental states in addition to strengthening their social relations. Providing members and specialist officers to the inmates may decrease the problems inside prisons by doing these different kinds of physical activities. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the level of health-related fitness of the inmates in the reform and rehabilitation centers in Jordan and to differentiate between them according to the time span spent in the prison. The study sample consisted of (208) inmates who volunteered to participate in the tests out of 2400 inmates in the center. They were classified into different age categories and their condemnation period. The tests contained the health related physical fitness elements: muscle power, respiratory endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, and body composition in terms of body mass index. Results showed that there were statistical differences between the categories in this study in some tests. It was concluded that there must be physical programs for inmates to prevent them from getting non-communicable diseases due to hypokinetic and sedentary life.

Thermally Superstable Cellulosic-Nanorod-Reinforced Transparent Substrates Featuring Microscale Surface Patterns.

The recent rapid expansion of thin-film, bendable, and wearable consumer (opto)electronics demands flexible and transparent substrates other than glass. Plastics are the traditional choice, but they require amelioration because of their thermal instability. Here, we report the successful conversion of a soft and thermally vulnerable polymer into a highly thermally stable transparent nanocomposite material. This is achieved by the meticulous choice of a polymer with a glass-transition temperature below 0 °C that gives stable mechanics above room temperature, reinforcing the polymer with a load-bearing hierarchical network of the incredibly strong and stable natural material: cellulose nanorods. Owing to the Pickering emulsification process, the nanocomposites inherit the self-assembled structural hierarchy from the cellulose nanorod-encapsulated resin droplets. The ameliorated nanocomposites have highly desirable high-temperature endurance (∼150-180 °C) in terms of the thermomechanical, thermodimensional, and thermo-optical performance. Any photonic nano- or microstructures can be directly molded on the surface of the nanocomposites in high precision for better light management in photonic and opto-electronic applications. The highlight of this work is the demonstration of a highly thermally stable microlens array on the ameliorated transparent nanocomposite.