Endowed Institutions Research Articles

Strategy for Increasing the Accountability of Waqf Management in Islamic Religious Organizations

Objective –This study aims to determine the appropriate accountability conditions and strategies for increasing the accountability of Muslim religious endowment (waqf) institutions managed by religious organizations in North Sumatra, Indonesia.Design/Methodology –A qualitative descriptive research method is employed to identify strategies for improving the accountability of waqf management based on the results of in-depth interviews with source persons regarding the issue in North Sumatra.Results –Strategies are formulated to increase the accountability of waqf management. These consist of three approaches: synergy between regulators, the Indonesian Waqf Board, and waqf officers (nazirs); the implementation of waqf governance training for nazirs; and the establishment of an Indonesian waqf development master plan.Research limitations/implications – The scope of the research sample is confined to waqf management undertaken by religious organizations in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Further study needs to be conducted which considers other waqf organizations such as mosques, as well as the addition of research samples from other regions for comparison. The implication of this research is the need for additional resources that would be useful for the waqf development strategy in order to improve its accountability.Novelty/Originality – The novelty of this research is the comparison between waqf accountability and the management strategies of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah in North Sumatra. Previous research only considered accountability from the perspective of nazirs, whereas this study focuses on strategies to increase the accountability of waqf management of the Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah Waqf Institutions in North Sumatra from the perspective of nazirs, students and regulators.

An Islamic Crowdfunding Model for the Agricultural Sector: A Proposal Based on Salam and Muzāraʿah-Waqf Scheme

Purpose — This study aims to discuss several examples of temporary Islamic endowments (waqfs) in the modern period, arguing that jurists and Muslim endowment managers should utilise them more widely to adjust to current societal circumstances and open the door for new ways of caring for those in need. Design/Methodology/Approach — It employed textual analysis of legal opinions related to temporary waqfs, outlining the positions of scholars on both sides of the issue, including a presentation and analysis of their evidence. Findings — The research findings show that temporary waqfs are an essential means of renewable and sustainable economic support, where wealthy people endow their money for religious gain and to help others in need. Originality/Value — Unlike some previous studies, this article specifically examines modern and contemporary forms of temporary endowments and demonstrates some of their effects in supporting the economy and the needy in society. Practical Implications — Following this paper’s recommendations, those with funds and everyone who can create an endowment should support endowment institutions in modern ways and in different areas of temporary endowments, which would be very beneficial in eliminating poverty and supporting the economy. Research Limitations/Implications — Due to the limited scope of the study, its findings are limited to contemporary jurisprudential issues related to temporary endowments. Hence, it is related to the Islamic economy and steps for strengthening it in Muslim societies.

Governance of Endowment Institutions and Their Role in Supporting Entrepreneurial Projects in the Sultanate of Oman "An Analytical Comparative Study"

لطالما كان القطاع الخيري ركنا أصيلا في مكونات البنية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للدول الرائدة بجوار القطاع الحكومي والقطاع الخاص؛ حيث هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على واقع أحد برز مكوناته وهي المؤسسات الوقفية في سلطنة عمان، ودور الحوكمة في رفع أدائها الإداري والمالي، وتعزيز استثماراتها وقدرتها على تقديم خدمة مجتمعية نوعية مستدامة تتمحور حول مستهدفات حديثة تفرضها المتغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، لا سيما قطاع ريادة الأعمال، وقد اعتمد الباحث على المنهج البنيوي الوظيفي من خلال أدوات الاستقراء ، والتحليل، و المقارنة، في تناوله لموضوع الدراسة؛ وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج كان من أبرزها: أن السلطنة تزخر بتراث وقفي نوعي متميز، وأنها ماضية في حوكمة المؤسسات الوقفية العامة والخاصة مع توافر الأطر التنظيمية والتشريعية؛ إلا أن الباحث لم يجد مؤسسة وقفية عامة أو خاصة بالسلطنة تكرّس إيراداتها نحو تعزيز اللبنات الأساسية لقطاع ريادة الأعمال؛ رغم التداعيات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لأزمة الباحثين عن عمل؛ مع وجود نماذج متميزة في هذا القطاع في الإقليم الخليجي والعربي؛ الأمر الذي حدا بالباحث أن يوصي بضرورة تدخل القرار السياسي بأدواته التشريعية والاقتصادية والإدارية لتحويل هذا القطاع ليكون أحد أجنحة جهاز الاستثمار العماني، وضرورة إنشاء مؤسسة وقفية عامة، ومؤسسة وقفية خاصة تسخِّر إيراداتها نحو تعزيز وتنمية وتنويع المشاريع التنموية لقطاع ريادة الأعمال في سلطنة عمان.

Educational Endowments and their Role in Investing in Human Capital - Islamic Economic Assessment

This study addresses educational endowments and their role in investing in human capital from the perspective of Islamic economics, which is considered a branch of development avenues that enhances genuine development opportunities in society. The study poses a primary question: What is the Islamic economic estimation of educational endowments, and to what extent do they contribute to investing in human capital? The study found that endowments for education have contributed to improving and raising the educational level. Endowment institutions have financed the infrastructure of educational and pedagogical endowment institutions, thus reducing the financial burdens on the state budget. Educational endowments have significant effects in economic, social, and educational fields, contributing and continuing to contribute to raising the level of the Islamic society in those areas. The study recommends the necessity of developing the legislative and legal foundations regulating endowment institutions and management methods of educational endowments to align with current developments and the spirit of the times.

Impak Amalan Wakaf Terhadap Pemerintahan Kerajaan ‘Uthmaniyyah di Bosnia & Herzegovina pada abad ke 15M hingga 17M Waqf Impact towards Ottoman Reigns in Bosnia and Herzegovina during 15th to 17th Century

The Ottoman rule in the Balkan Peninsula began in the 14th century and lasted until the 19th century. However, there are also small provinces such as Serbia that demanded independence earlier while there are also other provinces that are still under the reign after the 19th century. Among the important elements in carrying out development in their territories is by implementing waqf practices in every aspect such as economy and socio-culture. Initially, these endowment institutions were mostly founded by the ruling class and those with high status in the local community. Through this establishment gave a great impact in the politics and government of the Ottoman government either from a positive or negative perspective. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of waqf practices on the politics and rule of the ‘Ottomans in Bosnia & Herzegovina during the golden centuries of the kingdom, namely the 15th century to the 17th century. This study was conducted using qualitative methods in the form of historical research and collecting data using document analysis methods from various authoritative sources. The results of the study found that there were impacts on the practice of waqf in Bosnia & Herzegovina during that period. For example, it helped strengthen the power of the Ottoman even though not directly. This situation can be seen from the beginning of the practice of waqf through the involvement of Ottoman dignitaries who were from Bosnia, at the same time applying and integrating the Ottoman education system into the local community through waqf institutions that were built such as medrese. In addition, through the continuous development of waqf, it was able to stabilize the Ottoman rule in the region. This is because, the people see the government were able to prosper the economy for them while the Islamization process is becoming more and more vigorous due to the assistance from the cash waqf fund allocated for this activity. This led to an increase in the number of Muslims, making Islam the dominant religion in the region. In conclusion, the practice of waqf which is based on welfare and free services is not only considered to have an impact on community support but also can give a bad impression if it is not well managed by the government.

THE ISLAMIC ECONOMY IN LIGHT OF THE STRUGGLE OVER RENEWABLE ENERGY: IMPORTANCE AND ROLE

The research addressed the problem of the role played by the Islamic economy in achieving sustainable development by investing in renewable energy projects, and taking care of the environment and preserving it through this type of energies as an alternative to fossil energy that shaped capitalist systems around the world, and was largely compatible with the binary positivist economic systems, and accordingly, the goal The research is to clarify this role and its importance, and the position of the Islamic economy on sustainable development, and the points of convergence with it in terms of objectives and dimensions. The research concluded that the Islamic economy and through the banking sector, zakat funds, and endowment institutions play a prominent role in achieving sustainable development through renewable energy, in which the world is living in a political and military conflict over its sources in the East and West

INDICATORS OF ENDOWMENT GROWTH: CONCEPT, DIMENSIONS, AND MEASUREMENTS

The endowment sector is witnessing continuous development, with increasing interest in it as a third economic sector alongside the public and private sectors. This phenomenon drives the need to strengthen, monitor, and evaluate its growth, and highlights interest in its development and the extension of evaluating its effectiveness and efficiency. This paper examines the importance of using indicators to measure and evaluate the growth of Islamic endowment (Waqf), highlighting the need for endowments in light of the expansion and prosperity of this sector. The current paper contributes to understanding the level of endowment growth and the extent to which it achieves its objectives. This paper explores indicators for measuring endowments' growth in terms of administrative, regulatory, economic, and social dimensions. Using a descriptive-analytical approach. This paper discusses the importance of indicators for measuring endowment growth and determining the primary features of these indicators in evaluating endowment institutions and analyzing the effects of their activities and programs. The research results show the importance of endowment growth indicators in evaluating endowment institutions. This paper concluded by providing suggestions for a framework to measure endowment growth that encompasses social, economic, and developmental dimensions, emphasizing the importance of evaluating the growth, effectiveness and efficiency of the systems adopted by endowment institutions

From Learning Circles to Endowed Institutions: Zāwiyas of the Mosque of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀs in the Ayyubid and Mamlūk Cairo

From Learning Circles to Endowed Institutions: Zāwiyas of the Mosque of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀs in the Ayyubid and Mamlūk Cairo

From Learning Circles to Endowed Institutions: Zāwiyas of the Mosque of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀs in the Ayyubid and Mamlūk Cairo

From Learning Circles to Endowed Institutions: Zāwiyas of the Mosque of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀs in the Ayyubid and Mamlūk Cairo

Where’s Tobin? Protecting Intergenerational Equity for Endowments: A New Benchmarking Approach

Tobin’s thoughtful admonition that the trustees of an endowed institution should guard the future against the spending needs of the present cannot be perfectly implemented in practice given today’s aggressive investment policies. The authors introduce an understandable toolkit for benchmarking and evaluating any given spending rule so that it protects future spending at some engineered level of probability. They use basic tools of finance—perpetuity math, budget constraints, economic balance sheets, well-supported assumptions for expected return, the discount rate and the growth rate, and multiperiod distribution charts—to assist the institution in achieving its desired probability of maintaining spending power in the long run. The authors address the common practice of smoothing and the problems it creates, and set forth a rule of conservation of risk: Spending risk is set by the risk of the investments used to fund the spending, not by the spending policy itself. Smoothing does not make risk go away; it just hides it for a while, deferring it to a later generation.

Muqarada sukuk as an Investment Tool in Endowment Funds and the Possibility of its Application in Iraq an Analytical Study

The endowment is a great Islamic economic system that contributes to social and economic development, and invests in many ways. Among the contemporary methods for investing endowments are Muqarada instruments, as they are an Islamic alternative to investment bonds in usurious banks, and the first to be used by the Jordan Islamic Bank in the eighties of the last century, and they represent common shares in the speculative capital, which is of equal value, and has a prospectus that contains all the information required by Sharia, such as knowledge of the capital and distribution of profits, and it is tradable in the stock market if it mostly represents assets and benefits. The research showed that it can be applied in investing endowment funds in Iraq by official endowment institutions or charitable societies, which contributes to the development of endowed money, encourages investors to engage in projects in various sectors of the Iraqi economy, and this provides job opportunities for young people, increases the volume of work. Endowments instead of the current reality of these institutions in which administrative and financial corruption is rampant, and the return of endowed funds to the purposes of Sharia. Reference: ابن الهمام الحنفي، شرح فتح القدير،( 2003م)، خرج أحاديثه عبد الرزاق غالب، الطبعة الأولى، الطبعة الأولى، دار الكتب العلمية – بيروت. ابن قدامى المقدسي، المغني،( 1983م)، دار الكتاب العرابي، بيروت ابن قدامى المقدسي، المغني،(1997م)، تحقيق د. عبد الله عبد المحسن التركي، الطبعة الثالثة، دار عالم الكتب، الرياض. أبو الوليد ابن رشد القرطبي، بداية المجتهد ونهاية المقتصد،( 1960 م)، مطبعة مصطفى البابي الحلبي، القاهرة. أبو الوليد الباجي، المقدمات الممهدات،( 1985م)، تحقيق احمد اسعد، الطبعة الأولى، دار الغرب الإسلامي، لبنان. أبو بكر محمد بن ابي سهيل السرخسي، المبسوط، دار المعرفة – بيروت أبو زكريا محي الدين يحيى ابن شرف النووي، شرح صحيح مسلم،( 1972م)، الطبعة الثانية، دار احياء التراث العرابي-بيروت. أبو نصر إسماعيل ابن حماد الجوهري الفارابي، الصحاح تاج اللغة والصحاح العربية،( 1983م)، تحقيق احمد عبد الغفور عطار، دار العالم للملاين، الطبعة الرابعه، بيروت احمد ابن الحسين البيهقي، السنن الكبرى،( 2003م)، تحقيق محمد عبد القادر عطا، الطبعة الرابعة، دار الكتب العلمية -بيروت احمد الدردير، الشرح الكبير مع حاشية الدسوقي، مطبعة عيسى الحلبي – القاهرة. احمد بن علي الفيومي، المصباح المنير، المكتبة العالمية، بيروت احمد عبد الحليم ابن تيمية، مجموع الفتاوى،( 1987م)، تحقيق محمد عبد القادر عطا ومصطفى عبد القادر، دار الكتب العربية – بيروت أسامة عبد المجيد العاني، صناديق الوقف الاستثمارية،(2008 م)، رسالة ماجستير، الجامعة الإسلامية – بغداد. أشرف محمد، تصور مقترح للتمويل بالوقف،( 2006 م)، مجلة الأوقاف العدد 9، الكويت د. حسن محمد ماشا عربان، الصكوك والصناديق الوقفية وكيفية اسهامها في استثمار أموال الوقف، ( 2017 م)، الخرطوم – السودان. د. أبو القاسم محمد أبو شامة، تثمير الوقف النقدي -دراسة تأصيلية-(2020 م)، جامعة الطائف – السعودية د. احمد محمد السعد، الاتجاهات المعاصرة في استثمار الوقف،( 2000م)، الكويت. د. الصديق الضرير، سندات المقارضة،( 1994م)، عمان – الأردن د. اوميد صباح عثمان، استثمار أموال الوقف في القانون العراقي – دراسة نقدية تحليلية – جامعة إيشك، أربيل – كردستان العراق. د. عبد القادر بن عزوز، فقه استثمار الوقف وتمويله في الإسلام دراسة تطبيقية عن الوقف الجزائري (رسالة دكتوراه)،( 2008 م)، الكويت. د. محمد عبد الحليم عمر، الاستثمار في الوقف وغلاته وريعيه،( 2004م)، سلطنة عمان. د. مشتاق عماد عبد العزيز، لقاء مباشر معه عن مؤسسة احباب المصطفى لرعاية الايتام والارامل،( 2021م ) شمس الدين محمد بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن – المعروف بالحطاب-الرعيني المالكي، مواهب الجليل في شرح مختصر خليل،( 1992م)، الطبعة الثالثة، دار الفكر – بيروت. عبد السلام العبادي، سندات المقارضة،( 1994م)، عمان – الأردن. عليش، منح الجليل ،( 1984 م)، دار الفكر، الطبعة الأولى، بيروت قرار المجمع الفقهي الإسلامي الدولي،( 1988م)، الدورة الرابعة – جدة القليوبي وعميرة، حاشيتا قليوبي وعمير، دار احياء التراث العربي، مصر مادوغي بن سيدي سيلا، استثمار أموال الوقف في الشريعة الإسلامية،( 2019م)، الشارقة – الامارات مجلة المجمع الفقهي الإسلامي الدولي،( 1809). محمد امين ابن عابدين، العقود الدرية في تنقيح الفتاوى الحامدية، الطبعة الثانية، دار المعرفة – بيروت محمد امين ابن عابدين، حاشية رد المحتار،( 1984م)، مطبعة مصطفى البابي الحلبي، طبعه 3، مصر. محمد بن احمد بن حمزة ابن شهاب الدين الرملي، نهاية المحتاج،( 1967م)، مطبعة مصطفى البابي الحلي، مصر محمد بن جرير بن يزيد بن خالد أبو جعفر الطبري، جامع البيان عن تأويل آي القران،( 1985م)، دار الفكر – بيروت محمد بن عرفة الدسوقي، حاشية الدسوقي على الشرح الكبير للدريدي، تحقيق محمد عليش دار الفكر – بيروت محمد بن مكرم بن علي أبو فضل جمال ألدين بن منظور، لسان العرب،( 1994)م، دار صادر، الطبعة الثالثة، بيروت محمد عثمان شبير، المعاملات المالية المعاصرة في الفقه الإسلامي، 2007م، دار النفائس – عمان وزارة الاوقاف الكويتية، الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية ،( 1989م)، الطبعة الأولى، الكويت

Endower Requirements and Its Relationship to Modern Management at Waqf Institutions - A Comparative Study

There is a close relationship between the condition of the endower and the modern administration, whether as an organizational relationship or a purely administrative relationship, because the condition of the endower from the jurisprudential view is considered a criterion in determining the nature and powers of the endowment overseer Hence, it is important to know the legal background of the conditions of the endowment, so that we can imagine their relationship to the modern endowment institutions .This study comes to reveal these conditions, treat their effects, and clarify their privacy, to assess what should and what is forbidden according to a jurisprudential perspective, and what is related to management and what enhances it from a modern administrative perspective. In this research, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, and some of the comparative method, by deeply analyzing the jurisprudential texts related to the subject of the study.

COMMENTARY: The Endowment Model Is Just Active Management

Endowed institutions and other investors, if they choose to be active rather than indexed, can benefit by considering as potential investments every asset class and strategy in the world. Such unconstrained investing is supported by finance theory, which says that constraints on active bets are always costly in terms of return, conditional on the active management in question being successful (adding alpha) in the first place. Endowment funds are free to do many things that other investors are not, making them more likely to succeed at active management than other classes of institutions or individuals. However, the performance of these funds has varied materially over time, with a recent long period of underperformance, so the success of the endowment model is not guaranteed. Part of this underperformance is due to the high costs of the alternative investments that distinguish endowment-model portfolios from more traditional portfolios, so investors adopting the endowment model should pay special attention to fund fees and other costs. <b>TOPICS:</b>Portfolio theory, portfolio construction, foundations &amp; endowments, performance measurement <b>Key Findings</b> ▪ The endowment model of investing is just a form of active management and is not a magic formula for making (or losing) money. ▪ Many endowed institutions are free to make substantial bets—on alternative investments, large deviations from policy portfolios, and unconventional structures—that other institutions cannot. ▪ This freedom should increase the alpha earned by endowments, provided that they are capable of earning alpha in the first place.

Rituals for the Dead: Religion and Community in the Medieval University of Paris by William J. Courtenay

Reviewed by: Rituals for the Dead: Religion and Community in the Medieval University of Paris by William J. Courtenay Tori Schmitt William J. Courtenay, Rituals for the Dead: Religion and Community in the Medieval University of Paris (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2019), xi + 201 pp., 43 ills. In his latest book, Rituals for the Dead: Religion and Community in the Medieval University of Paris, William J. Courtenay offers enticing new perspectives on the religious functions of the early university. Scholarship on medieval higher learning has long centered on investigating the university as a singular, corporate entity, mapping out its precise legal origins, privileges, and curricula. Instead, Courtenay's volume—developed from Conway Lectures given at the Medieval Institute of University of Notre Dame in 2016—sheds light on a particular facet of university life: the obligation of its scholars to enact religious care for their dead, which, as Courtenay notes in the introduction, "if … observed, took up between 20 and 30 percent of their time" (5). Drawing from several decades of expertise, Rituals for the Dead offers seven succinct chapters, covering both visual and textual sources, which demonstrate the great significance of memorialization in daily life of magistri et scolares Parisienses. In the first and second chapters, "Death in Paris" and "Allocating Spiritual Rewards," Courtenay examines statutes concerning burials and funerary masses. In 1215, Robert of Courson, papal legate and former regent master of theology, recorded that any student or master of the university who died in Paris was entitled to burial with mandated attendance by his peers. For masters or significant donors, reoccurring masses could also be endowed, ensuring a "twofold benefit, remembrance among the living and reduction of pain and time in purgatory" for the deceased (17). As Courtenay points out, the concept of virtus missae, or the [End Page 234] notion that both the living and dead could benefit from prayers, alms, and masses given for the deceased, clearly reflected contemporaneous theological debates at the university and cathedral chapter concerning the nature of purgatory. In the third chapter, "Candles For Our Lady," attention shifts to the commemorative practices of individual nations. By the second quarter of the thirteenth century, all masters and students at the university held affiliation with one of four nations: French, Picard, Norman, and English. Affiliation within these nations loosely corresponded to geographic origins, though in many cases students also came from elsewhere in Europe. Sources such as the Proctors' Book of the English nation, which dates to the early 1330s, provide lists of expenditures for services, such as candles in the celebration of nostra Domina, the Virgin Mary. In the final section of the chapter, Courtenay builds on the observations of Nathalie Gorochov, arguing that the benefits of belonging to a nation bore similarity to membership in a lay confraternity, as both afforded the kinds of funerary benefits, "normally available only to the wealthy in medieval society" (49). In the fourth chapter, "Gaudy Night: Colleges and Prayers for the Dead," Courtenay highlights the inherently commemorative function of medieval colleges. While the terms "hall" and "college" are frequently used interchangeably to discuss student residences, Courtenay points out a key difference in that colleges "were endowed institutions and incorporated," principally for the benefit of the soul of their founder (55). Consequently, statutes, such as those from the Collège de Hubant, also known as the Collège de l'Ave Maria, outlined that students must carry out charitable acts and religious piety on a recurring basis in memory of the college's founder. In the final three chapters of the book, Rituals for the Dead moves to consider those often overlooked in discussion of the medieval university. Though women were barred from official enrollment, the chapter "A Hidden Presence" discusses the significant contributions made by women patrons, founders, wives of married students and faculty, grammar school teachers, shop owners, and tradeswomen to the scholarly community of the Left Bank. In "The Growth of Marian Devotion," Courtenay presents the profusion of Marian imagery on thirteenth- and fourteenth-century seals for faculty, nations, and individual scholars as visual evidence of the growing cultural importance of Marian piety. The concluding chapter, "Balancing Inequality," acknowledges the...

Establishment of the Institute and Waqf aspects of its development in Central Asia (until the second half of the 19th century)

The article describes the essence of waqf institution and some aspects of its development in Central Asia. The importance of the endowment institution not only as a philanthropist, but also as a social institution that embodies many functions in society is highlighted

Analysis of Two Endowment and Attorney Models of Takaful in Malaysia and Iranian Law

Background and Aim: One of the most important tools with the function of insurance in the contemporary era is Takaful, which is based on Islamic jurisprudence (Sunni jurisprudence) and despite its short life, has gained a good position in the insurance market in Islamic countries. Since Islamic contracts are used in the structure of Takaful, a jurisprudential and legal study of the structure of Takaful and attention to the interests of participants as a guarantee for the stability of this institution in the insurance market is inevitable. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive Study. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and confidentiality have been observed. Findings: In this article, two endowment and attorney models of Takaful based on jurisprudential and legal principles are discussed and the theories of Sunni and Imami'ah jurisprudence and Iranian and Malaysian law system regarding the doubts in Takaful are examined. Non-acceptance of endowment of money, non-acceptance of endowment by legal entities, incompatibility of endowment of company property with the nature of insurance commercial companies, problems in Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law are important impediment on the model of endowment. Conclusion Some Takaful contracts, such as the endowment institution, may not be in line with the rules of endowment in Iran, but the model of the attorney contract can be considered correct in both Imami'ah (Shiite) and Sunni jurisprudential views according to the principle of necessity and the principle of validity of contracts.

Development endowment and Islamic financing formulas Financial leasing as an example

This study aims to highlight the idea of ​​a development endowment, and deviate from the prevailing stereotypical culture of endowment in society and among many Islamic endowment institutions, considering that the endowment institution should be an integrated development institution, and the various forms of Islamic financing can play a prominent and pivotal role in the development of Islamic endowments And since the lease ending in ownership was among the most widely discussed and preferred formulas for Islamic financial institutions for their financing and investment advantages, and because this Islamic financing formula was most favored by endowment institutions for the investment options they provided and Wali, this study came to highlight the ability of this financing formula to respond to the financing and development options of Islamic endowment institutions.&#x0D; This study addressed the idea of ​​a developmental endowment by using this formula, proposing several practical options for this formula, which Islamic endowment institutions can benefit from in its developmental programs, as well as the difficulties and obstacles surrounding the use of this financing formula in the endowment development and development, proposing appropriate solutions to overcome on her.

Research progress of family support evaluation tools for the elderly in nursing institutions

From the two aspects both at home and abroad endowment institutions the elderly family support commonly used assessment tool, this paper introduces the process of development of tools, dimensions, scoring method, and analyze the reliability and validity of the advantages and disadvantages of various assessment tools, aimed at the elderly family support for localization development of our country endowment institutions provide reference for the development and application of assessment tools. Key words: Aged; Nursing home; Family support; Assessment tools

Model for evaluating the service quality of elderly institutions with hesitant fuzzy linguistic information

As there being more and more senior citizen in China, large quantities of endowment institutions are flooding into the market. However comparing with the large amount of senior citizen, the amount of endowment institutions are not enough with the une

Fourth and Long

AbstractLiterary scholars in recent years have endowed institutions with tremendous explanatory power, insisting that these social formations exercise a determining influence on cultural production. The fiction that institutions can impose themselves as coherent subjects on cultural activity has its origins in the Progressive Era and persists today across a variety of social contexts beyond literary studies, surfacing even (and especially) in moments of institutional precarity. This essay examines three such moments: the losing football games in Owen Johnson’s early campus novel Stover at Yale (1912) and Don DeLillo’s postwar experimental novel End Zone (1972) and Jay M. Smith and Mary Willingham’s exposé of the athletics scandals at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Cheated (2015). The fact that the institutional analysis of End Zone and the institutional critique of Cheated so closely resemble the celebration of institutions in Stover at Yale—the fact that the progressive fiction of institutional subjecthood has reasserted itself even when writers like DeLillo, Smith, and Willingham set out to denaturalize it—reflects the fundamental inadequacy of recent critical attempts to fathom literary history at the scale of the institution.