Endovascular Treatment Of Cerebral Aneurysms Research Articles

Small Number of Coils With Extended Length in the Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysm: Experience of 108 Cases in a Single-Center

Small Number of Coils With Extended Length in the Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysm: Experience of 108 Cases in a Single-Center

Contour Neurovascular System for endovascular embolization of cerebral aneurysms: a multicenter cohort study of 10 European neurovascular centers

BackgroundIntrasaccular devices have become increasingly popular in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms, particularly at the bifurcation. Here we evaluate the Contour Neurovascular System, an intrasaccular device for the endovascular treatment...

Delayed Enhancing White Matter Lesions, a Rare Complication After Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization: A Case Report

BackgroundDelayed enhancing white matter lesions are a rare complication that develops after endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms, the etiology of which remains unclear. Case ReportWe present a 52-year-old female patient who was symptomatic with a seizure-like condition and showed reversible cranial parenchymal changes with high-dose cortisone treatment after endovascular stent-assisted coil embolization for an unruptured aneurysm in the internal cerebral artery. DiscussionClinicians should be alert to this rare complication and should follow patients for a long time due to its fluctuating and long-term course.

Development of AR and MR Applications for Supporting Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms

Development of AR and MR Applications for Supporting Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms

Comparison of the hemocompatibility of neurovascular flow diverters with anti-thrombogenic coatings

Despite the continual progress in technology, thromboembolic complications still occur following endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms and remain the primary contributor to morbidity and mortality. Thus, coating the surfaces of blood-contacting flow diverters may reduce thrombus-related complications in clinical use. In this study, the hemocompatibility of different commercially available flow diverters Pipeline Flex Embolization Device with Shield Technology (Medtronic), the p64 MW HPC (Phenox), and the DERIVO 2heal (Acandis) was investigated using an in vitro blood circulation model. The DERIVO 2 flow diverter was included in this study as an uncoated device. The markers of coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT)), thrombocytes (β-thromboglobulin (β-TG)), inflammation (PMN elastase), and complement system (SC5b-9, C3a, and C5a) activation were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition to blood cell counts and hemolysis, thrombogenicity was determined using scanning electron microscopy. Flow diverters with anti-thrombogenic coatings resulted in significantly lower activation of coagulation (TAT) and platelets (β-TG) and lower adhesion of platelets compared with the uncoated DERIVO 2 flow diverter. There were no significant differences between the coated flow diverters in terms of TAT and β-TG levels, as well as platelet adhesion. However, significantly lower activation of the complement system (SC5b-9 and C5a) was observed for the DERIVO 2heal flow diverter in comparison with the Pipeline Flex Shield and the p64 MW HPC flow diverters emphasizing the improved hemocompatibility of the fibrin/heparin-coated DERIVO 2heal flow diverter.

A comprehensive simulation framework for predicting the eCLIPs implant crimping into a catheter and its deployment mechanisms

Tubular flow diverters (FDs) represent an important subset of the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms (CAs), acting to reduce aneurysm inflow, eventually resulting in aneurysm thrombosis and occlusion. eCLIPs (product of Evasc Neurovascular Enterprises, Vancouver, Canada), an innovative non-tubular implant causes flow diversion by bridging the neck of bifurcation CAs. However, in a small subset of challenging bifurcation aneurysms with fusiform pathology, the currently available eCLIPs models do not provide sufficient neck bridging resulting in a gap created between the device structure and the aneurysm/artery wall. To overcome this challenge, a new design of the eCLIPs (VR-eCLIPs) was developed by varying the rib length to cover such an inflow gap. To optimize the new product development process, and avoiding expensive and time-consuming iterative manufacture of prototype devices, we have developed a new finite element model to simulate the crimping and expansion processes of the VR-eCLIPs implant, and assess the possibility of plastic deformation. Results indicated that neither eCLIPs nor VR-eCLIPs experience plastic deformation during the crimping process. Upon full expansion, the ribs of VR-eCLIPs interact with the aneurysm and artery wall to cover the inflow gap that exists in certain challenging anatomies. This process serves as a basis to expedite design development prior to prototype manufacturing.

DWI-Detected Ischemic Lesions after Endovascular Treatment for Cerebral Aneurysms: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

DWI-detected ischemic lesions are potential complications of endovascular procedures that are performed to treat intracranial aneurysms. We completed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the occurrence of DWI-detected ischemic lesions after endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms. A systematic literature search of PubMed, the Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus between January 2000 and June 2022 of post-endovascular procedures for intracranial aneurysm studies was conducted using the Nested Knowledge AutoLit software. The main outcome was DWI-detected ischemic lesions within 5 days of the procedures. Information regarding associated risk factors such as the type of procedure, patient demographics, and aneurysm characteristics was also collected. Twenty-nine studies with 2686 patients were included. The overall incidence of DWI ischemic lesions was 47.0% (95% CI, 39.6%-55.8%). The highest rate of lesions was seen with flow diversion at 62.4% (95% CI, 48.4%-80.5%), followed by complex procedures at 49.3% (95% CI, 29.5%-82.1%), stent-assisted coiling at 47.5% (95% CI, 34.6%-65.3%), simple coiling at 47.1% (95% CI, 35.7%-62.3%), and balloon-assisted coiling at 37.0% (95% CI, 28.3%-48.4%). The differences among different techniques were not statistically significant; however, there was significant heterogeneity and a significant risk of publication bias among included studies. Many patients who undergo endovascular procedures for intracranial aneurysms present with new postprocedural DWI-detected ischemic lesions, regardless of the endovascular procedure used. Future studies and meta-analyses are needed to investigate early and long-term outcomes of such small infarcts.

Early and long-term results of endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms

Introduction. Postoperative angiographic examinations after endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms may demonstrate unstable results, both in the form of recurrence formation, and in the form of increased degree of occlusion with initially incomplete occlusion of the aneurysm sac. Cerebral aneurysm recurrences represent an important medical and social problem comparable in terms of hemorrhage risks with nonoperated aneurysms.Aim. To estimate the early and long‑term results of endovascular treatment of patients with cerebral aneurysms ope rated on using different endovascular techniques. Materials and methods. The present study included 167 patients (48 men and 119 women) with 195 cerebral aneurysms aged from 18 to 75 years who were operated on using endovascular techniques at the neurosurgical department No. 3 of the Russian Research Neurosurgical Institute named after Prof. A. L. Polenov from 2013 to 2016. The average age of the patients was 52 ± 12 years, the minimum age was 18 years, and the maximum age was 75 years. The choice of endovascular treatment method in the patients included in the study was based on anatomico‑topographic and morphometric features of aneurysm, as well as taking into account the period of aneurysmal disease course.Results. The study of data of control angiographic examinations after endovascular treatment of patients with cerebral aneurysms showed that in the remote postoperative period the degree of aneurysm occlusion may differ from that initially achieved. The probability of aneurysm recurrence after its isolated occlusion with coils may reach 13.1 % already in 6 months after surgical treatment, 31.7 % after 12 months and 22.3 % after 36 months, averaging 22.5 % (p < 0.05).Conclusion. The personalized approach in choosing optimal surgical tactics for the treatment of patients with cerebral aneurysms allows to achieve stable radical aneurysm occlusion, to decrease the incidence of postoperative complications and aneurysm recurrences in the long‑term postoperative period.

Additional rescue stenting with Neuroform Atlas stents during stent-assisted coiling of saccular aneurysms

ObjectiveOverlapping stenting is sometimes attempted during endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysm as a rescue for coil herniation, stent mal-positioning, or in-stent thrombosis. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of additional rescue stenting (ARS) in telescoping fashion with Neuroform Atlas stent (NAS) during stent-assisted coiling of saccular aneurysms. MethodsWe collected clinical and radiological data of patients with saccular aneurysms treated with ARS using NASs between March 2018 and December 2021. Y or X-stent-assisted coiling technique was excluded. ResultsEighteen unruptured and 5 ruptured aneurysms in 23 patients were treated with ARS using NASs. Sizes of aneurysms ranged from 2.0 mm to 10.0 mm (mean: 5.0 mm). Immediate angiographic results were complete occlusion in 11 aneurysms, residual neck in 4 aneurysms, and residual sac in 8 aneurysms. Peri-operative morbidity was 4.3 %. Nineteen of 23 patients underwent follow-up conventional angiography (mean, 9.9 months). Results showed progressive occlusion in 10 (52.6 %) cases and asymptomatic in-stent stenosis in 3 (15.8 %) cases. At the end of the observation period (mean, 17.4 months), all 18 patients without subarachnoid hemorrhage had excellent clinical outcomes (mRS of 0), except one (mRS of 1). Of five patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, four had a favorable outcome (mRS of 0–1), while the other one was dependent (mRS of 4). ConclusionIn this report on 23 patients, ARS with NASs for treating saccular aneurysms showed good technical safety with favorable clinical and angiographic outcomes. However, delayed in-stent stenosis was not uncommon. Thus, regular imaging follow-up is required.

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in the treatment of thromboembolic events related to endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms-systematic review and meta-analysis.

Thromboembolism complication is considered the most common complication associated with the treatment of endovascular. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the studies investigating the effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor agents on thromboembolic complications during endovascular aneurysm coiling. This systematic review investigated the outcome of the use of three glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor agents (ie abciximab, tirofiban, and eptifibatide) on the thromboembolic complications during endovascular aneurysm coiling. The electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline were searched up to 25 June 2021, using the keywords "Abciximab," "Tirofiban," and "Eptifibatide" incombination with "Thromboembolism Complication," "Aneurysms," and "Endovascular Aneurysm Coiling." A total of 21 articles were found to be eligible and included in this review. The rates of complete and partial recanalization were estimated to be 56% and 92% in patients who underwent abciximab and tirofiban therapy, respectively. Rupture aneurysms were found in the majority of patients. In general, the mortality rate of the patients treated for thromboembolic complications during endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was found to be 4.8% (CI 95%:0.027-0.067; p < .005). The average remission rate in studies investigating thromboembolism was 91% (CI 95%:0.88-0.95, I2 : 65.65/p < .001). Based on the obtained results, a higher mean rate of complete recanalization by eptifibatide was found in studies in which abciximab or tirofiban were used, compared to other mentioned agents. Moreover, the amount of hemorrhage was reported to be less after using tirofiban rather than abciximab.

The evolution of non-reconstructive methods of endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms

The evolution of endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms has logically developed in the direction from non-constructive methods (treatment of aneurysms using detachable balloons, using liquid embolizing agents, occlusion of aneurysms with detachable coils, occlusion of aneurysms with balloon-assisted coils, implantation of various types of intradaccular devises) to reconstruction of the artery segment carrying the aneurysm (occlusion of aneurysms with stent-assisted coils and the use of flow-diverters). The effectiveness of these methods, including in the treatment of patients in the acute period of aneurysm rupture, in the immediate postoperative period has been proven by a variety of randomized studies, at the same time, in the long-term period, there are cases of aneurysm recurrence, including those accompanied by its rupture and the need for repeated surgical treatment. It should be noted that the development and modernization of various devices for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms is aimed at reducing the risk of operational complications and achieving greater radicality not only in the near, but also in the long-term postoperative period. The purpose of this review is to describe the stages of development of endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. In this work, we describe the most well-known non-constructive methods of treatment.

Photosensitive Hydrogel-Based Embolic Agent Treatment of Wide-Necked Aneurysms: Preliminary Animal Results.

Background: The endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms has become widespread but may still be limited by recurrence rates or complications. The discovery of novel embolic strategies may help mitigate these concerns. Methods: We formulated a Photosensitive Hydrogel Polymer (PHP) embolic agent which is low-viscosity, shear-thinning, and radio-opaque. After the filling of an aneurysm with PHP with balloon assistance, we utilized photopolymerization to induce solidification. Different methods of light delivery for photopolymerization were assessed in silicone models of aneurysms and in four acute animal trials with venous anastomosis aneurysms in pigs. Then, balloon-assisted embolization with PHP and photopolymerization was performed in three aneurysms in pigs with a one-month follow-up. Filling volume, recurrence rates, and complications were recorded. Results: The PHP was found to be suitable for the intravascular delivery and treatment of cerebral aneurysms. It was found that light delivery through the balloon catheter, as opposed to light delivery through the injection microcatheter, led to higher rates of filling in the 3D model and acute animal model for cerebral aneurysms. Using the balloon-assisted embolization and light delivery strategy, three wide-necked aneurysms were treated without complication. One-month follow-up showed no recurrence or neck remnants. Conclusions: We demonstrated a novel method of balloon-assisted photosensitive hydrogel polymer embolization and photopolymerization, leading to complete aneurysm filling with no recurrence at 1 month in three wide-necked aneurysms in pigs. This promising methodology will be investigated further with longer-term comparative animal trials.

Treatment of cerebral aneurysms with flow diversion or stent assisted coiling in patients on concurrent oral anticoagulation.

Flow diversion and stent assisted coiling are increasingly utilized strategies in the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Ischemic and hemorrhagic complications play an important role in the outcome following such embolizations. Little is published regarding patients on concurrent oral anticoagulation and undergoing such embolizations and the rates of complications and patient outcomes. Retrospective data for consecutive patients on concurrent oral anticoagulation undergoing flow diversion or stent assisted coiling for cerebral aneurysms was accessed from databases at the participating sites. Patient demographics, comorbidities, antiplatelet regimens, aneurysm characteristics, complications, and radiographic results were recorded and descriptive statistics reported. Eleven patients were identified undergoing embolization in the setting of preoperative anticoagulant use and included seven patients undergoing flow diversion and four patients undergoing stent assisted coiling. There was a wide range of antiplatelet and anticoagulant management strategies. There were four major complications in three patients (27.2%) to include two serious bleeding events in addition to ischemic strokes. Both serious bleeding events occurred in patients continued on oral anticoagulation with the addition of antiplatelets. At a mean follow-up of 9.6months, three aneurysms had continued filling for a good radiographic outcome of 72.7%. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet use in the setting of flow diversion or stent assisted coiling may carry increased risks as compared to historical norms and, for flow diversion, offer decreased efficacy.

Management of WEB device migration and mal-position in endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms.

With increasing advances in technology, the breadth of aneurysms that are treatable via an endovascular approach has increased. Wide necked aneurysms remain difficult to treat but the emergence of dedicated intrasaccular flow disruption devices such as the Woven EndoBridge (WEB, Micorvention) has increasingly seen previously ruptured and unruptured wide necked aneurysms successfully embolised and secured from the circulation using a single device.We are reporting two cases of WEB device treatment from the earliest experience with this device at our institution. These were complicated by partial extrusion in one case and remote migration of the WEB device in another case. Our initial cases highlight the importance of case selection and the need for accurate WEB sizing which are paramount to ensure complete occlusion of the aneurysm without complications of dislocation or extrusion into the parent vessel. Since then, we have performed over 170 cases with the WEB device. We also present a comprehensive review of the limited literature available on the management of mal-positioned and dislocated WEB devices. This allows us to reflect on how to avoid these complications and the different management options at the disposal of the neuro-interventionalist once such a complication has already occured. Rescue devices and manoeuvres that we reflect on include microcatheter manipulation, alligator retrieval device, stent retrievers, microsnares, aspiration, and stenting. Ultimately, each case needs to be individually evaluated and the best strategy selected depends on the context and specific circumstances.

Risk Factors for Cerebral Vasospasm in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Tertiary Care Center Experience

Objectives Cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of consensus on the risk factors leading to cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). In this retrospective study, our objective was to determine the association of risk factors for cerebral vasospasm aSAH. Methods A total of 259 charts of aSAH patients consecutively admitted to the surgical intensive care unit of Hamad General Hospital from January 2007 to December 2016 were reviewed and included. The patient's demographic data, including comorbidities like hypertension (HTN), was recorded. Variables of interest included measurements of the neurological deficit on admission, the severity of SAH, treatment modality, and the initial computerized tomography scan of the head for intraventricular hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, or hydrocephalus. Multivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analyzed the relationship to identify the association of independent variables. Results Out of the 259 patients, 34% ( n = 87) suffered from cerebral vasospasm. The severity of SAH was associated with the development of cerebral vasospasm ( p < 0.05). The presence of HTN and neurological deficits on admission were associated with an increased risk of cerebral vasospasm ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Hydrocephalus requiring treatment using external ventricular drains decreased the risk of cerebral vasospasm ( p < 0.05). Intraventricular and intracerebral hemorrhage were not associated with cerebral vasospasm ( p = 0.25, p = 0.16). The endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms was associated with an increased risk of cerebral vasospasm ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Cerebral vasospasm is common among patients admitted with aSAH. It is significantly associated with the history of HTN, the neurological deficit on admission that corelates more strongly to the motor deficit on admission, the severity of hemorrhage (modified Fischer score), and endovascular treatment. External ventricular drainage was associated with a decrease in cerebral vasospasm. The present study's findings shed light on cerebral vasospasm's risk factors in the country and the region.

Use of Surpass Streamline Flow Diverter for the Endovascular Treatment of Craniocervical Aneurysms: A Single-Institution Experience

Flow diversion has revolutionized endovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms. The Surpass Streamline flow diverter (SSFD) has shown promise for expanding flow diversion device options for aneurysm treatment. SSFD differs from earlier stents by maintaining high porosity with increased pore density to ensure appropriate flow disruption. Given the delivery system's increased dimension options and potential greater flow-diverting properties, SSFD is poised to extend the anatomic and pathologic reaches of flow diversion therapy. Data pertaining to SSFD-treated aneurysms were gathered retrospectively between 2019 and 2020, including aneurysm location, size, symptoms, complications, and occlusions rates at follow-up. Size was categorized as small (<10 mm), large (10-25 mm), and giant (>25 mm) according to SCENT (Surpass Intracranial Aneurysm Embolization System Pivotal Trial to Treat Large or Giant Wide Neck Aneurysms) criteria. Aneurysm occlusion on follow-up imaging was characterized by Simple Measurement of Aneurysm Residual after Treatment (SMART) grading with adequate occlusion defined as grades 3 and 4. Imaging was performed at time of treatment and 6-month and 1-year follow-up. There were 42 aneurysms treated with SSFD throughout the cerebrovascular system: 3 cervical, 4posterior, and 35 intracranial anterior circulation. Complete occlusion rates at 6 months and 1 year were 48% and 57% with adequate occlusion achieved in 89.6% and 85.7%, respectively. Rates of complete occlusion were higher for small (69%) compared with large (38%) aneurysms. Our data suggest comparable complete occlusion rates compared with SCENT (66.1% vs. 57% in our center) and adequate occlusion rates. Similar occlusion rates to prior studies despite broadened inclusion criteria and diversity of treated aneurysms demonstrate favorable generalizability of flow-diverting technology to a wide array of aneurysmal pathology.

Use of Distal Intracranial Catheters for Better Working View of Cerebral Aneurysms Hidden by Parent Artery or Its Branches: A Technical Note.

A good working view is critical for safe and successful endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. In a few cases, endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms may be challenging due to difficulty in obtaining a proper working view. In this report of 6 cases, we described the advantage of using a distal intracranial catheter (DIC) to achieve better visualization of cerebral aneurysms hidden by a parent artery or its branches. Between September 2017 and January 2021, we treated 390 aneurysms with endovascular techniques. In 6 cases in which it was difficult to obtain a proper working view, the DIC was placed distally close to the aneurysm in order to remove the parent artery projection from the working view and obtain better visualization of the aneurysm. Clinical and procedural outcomes and complications were evaluated. The position of the DIC was above the internal carotid artery siphon in the 6 cases. All aneurysms were successfully embolized. Raymond–Roy class 1 occlusion was achieved in all 4 unruptured aneurysms, while the result was class 2 in the 2 ruptured aneurysms. Placement of the DIC was atraumatic without dissections or significant catheter-induced vasospasm in all patients. Transient dysphasia was seen in 2 cases and transient aphasia in 1. Using this technique, we have found it possible to better visualize the aneurysm sac or neck and thereby treat cases we otherwise would have considered untreatable.

Stent-assisted coiling of acute ruptured cerebral aneurysms

The necessity of quick surgical treatment of acute ruptured cerebral aneurysms was demonstrated in large studies by the ISAT and ISUIA, which also proved the advantage of the endovascular method over the surgical one. Ballonassistence is widely used in treatment of aneurysms with wide neck and unfavorable vascular anatomy, but the radicality of the treatment is insufficient. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of stent-assisted embolization of «acute» cerebral aneurysms. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the treatment of 234 patients with «acute» cerebral aneurysms was carried out. Results. Only coils were used in 40.6 % of cases (n = 95), balloon-assistance, in 40.2 % of cases (n = 94), and stent-assistance, in 19.2 % of cases (n = 45). There were 11.5 % (n = 27) clinically significant complications. Total aneurysm occlusion (Raymond-Roy I) was achieved in 187 cases (79.9 %); the radicality at the control examination was 67.1 % (157 patients). Discussion. The radicality of the treatment with stents was slightly higher then with balloons and coils at the end of operation (84.4 %, n = 38 and 78.8 %, n = 149, p &gt; 0.05), but it was significantly higher at the control examination (80.0 %, n = 36 and 60.8 %, n = 115, respectively, p &lt;0.05). Also, we had no statistically significant difference of the complication rate in the «stent» and «no stent» groups; therefore, the clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms did not depend on the choice of treatment method. Conclusions. Intracranial stents allow achieving good results of the embolization of complex aneurysms in the acute period of intracranial hemorrhage without increasing the risk of surgical treatment.

TREATMENT OF INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS WITH THE PIPELINE EMBOLIZATION DEVICE ONLY

Currently, endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms is widespread. Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility and rate of mid-term occlusion in aneurysms treated solely with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) in a German tertiary care university hospital. Materials and Methods. Forty-nine non-consecutive intracranial aneurysms underwent endovascular treatment using the PED exclusively between March 2011 and May 2017 at our institution. Primary endpoint was a favorable aneurysm occlusion defined as OKM C1-3 and D (O'Kelly Marotta Scale). Secondary endpoints were retreatment rate and delayed complications. Median follow-up was 200 days. Results. The mean aneurysm size was 7.1±5.3 mm. Forty-four aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation (90%). Ten aneurysms were ruptured (20%). Branching vessels from the sac were observed in 11 aneurysms (22%). Favorable obliteration immediately after PED placement was seen in 13/49 aneurysms (27%), of those nine aneurysms were completely occluded (18%). Angiographic and clinical follow-up was available for 45 cases (92%); 36/45 aneurysms (80%) were occluded completely and 40/45 aneurysms (89%) showed a favorable occlusion result. A branching vessel arising from the aneurysm sac was associated with incomplete occlusion (P&lt;0.05). All electively treated patients had good outcome (mRS 0). Three aneurysms (6%) required additional treatment due to aneurysm recurrence. Conclusion. In our series, treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the PED was associated with favorable occlusion rates and low complication rates at mid-term follow-up. The presence of branching vessels arising from the aneurysms sac was predictive for an incomplete occlusion.

Treatment of experimental aneurysms with a GPX embolic agent prototype: preliminary angiographic and histological results

BackgroundRecently, liquid embolic agents have emerged for the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Here we describe the in vivo performance of a novel liquid embolization agent (GPX Embolic Device).MethodsElastase-induced aneurysms...