Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation Research Articles

Octreotide versus Terlipressin as Adjuvant to Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation in Bleeding Oesophageal Varices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a critical complication of portal hypertension, contributing significantly to mortality worldwide. Pharmacological interventions, including terlipressin and octreotide, have evolved to manage AVB, yet consensus on their comparative effectiveness remains elusive. This study conducts a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing terlipressin and octreotide in the management of AVB, aiming to provide insights into their relative benefits. Methods: This study included RCTs with head-to-head comparisons of terlipressin and octreotide. The search strategy covered PubMed, Scopus, and Cinahl databases, and the included studies involved adult patients with confirmed AVB undergoing endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVBL). Results: Seven RCTs meeting inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The assessed outcomes were: achieving haemostasis within 24 h, rebleeding rate, and mortality rate. The pooled analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between terlipressin and octreotide in achieving haemostasis (OR: 1.30, p = 0.23), rebleeding rates at 5 days (OR: 0.7, p = 0.23), and mortality at 42 days (OR: 0.9, p > 0.5). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that terlipressin and octreotide exhibit similar efficacy in reducing bleeding, rebleeding rates, and mortality when used as adjuvants to EVBL in AVB. Clinicians are encouraged to consider individual patient characteristics and the broader clinical context when choosing between these agents. Future research should focus on addressing existing evidence gaps and enhancing understanding of variables influencing EVBL outcomes.

Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension – A Case Report on a Sequela of Portal Vein Cavernoma

Introduction: Increased pressures in the portal vein (portal hypertension) which occurs following portal vein thrombosis, results in cavernous transformation of the portal vein. Though portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a frequent complication in cirrhotic patients, it may also exist as a basic vascular condition without any liver damage. Among the predisposing factors for portal vein cavernoma are deficiencies in protein C, S & antithrombin III, antiphospholipid syndrome and mutations in factor V Leiden and JAK2. Determination of the aetiology aids in the management plan to not only relieve symptoms of the patient but also to treat the underlying cause. Gastroesophageal variceal bleeding, splenomegaly, portosystemic collaterals, and ultimately hematologic abnormalities are among the prominent clinical features. Case Presentation: We present a case of a 16-year-old male with portal vein cavernoma complicated by bleeding oesophageal varices presenting with a second episode of hematemesis and melena within a 10-year period. He underwent endoscopic variceal band ligation and was put on oral warfarin and propranolol. The patient was followed up once at the outpatient clinic after discharge without the laboratory investigations we requested due to financial constraints. He has since been lost to follow up. Conclusion: Bleeding oesophageal varices from noncirrhotic causes are common and a high index of suspicion is needed to make a diagnosis. Though investigations tailored towards identifying the underlying cause presents a challenge in a resource constrained setting like ours, management of complications and symptoms to reduce morbidity and mortality cannot be over-emphasized.

Splenic artery aneurysm rupture in a pregnant woman with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: case report and literature review

BackgroundPregnancy is not uncommon in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm remains a rare complication, associated with a very poor maternal–fetal prognosis. Our aim is to report a case of ruptured splenic aneurysm and to show the maternal–fetal over-risks during the association of pregnancy and portal hypertension, even in non-cirrhotic patients.Case presentationWe report a case of a 34-year-old woman, pregnant at 24 weeks gestation, with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension due to hepatic schistosomiasis. She was hospitalized for variceal bleeding. Patient had undergone endoscopic variceal band ligation and no bleeding recurrence. An unexplained hypovolemic shock appeared during the hospitalization with the occurrence of an in utero fetal death. The fetus was delivered by vaginal delivery. Abdominal CT scan angiogram showed a splenic artery aneurysm rupture. The patient underwent an emergency laparotomy with ligation of the splenic artery associated with splenectomy. Postoperative course was simple. Management of portal hypertension was continued at discharge (diuretic, beta-blockers, and esophageal varices ligation).ConclusionThe association of pregnancy and portal hypertension remains a serious situation with a high risk of maternal–fetal complications. Splenic artery aneurysm rupture is one of the rare complications of this association with a very poor maternal–fetal prognosis. Open repair is the surgical treatment of choice with a non-negligible morbi-mortality.

Caroli’s Disease vs Caroli Syndrome: Clinical and Radiological Spectrum, with disease Outcome at a Teaching Hospital in Lahore

Background: Caroli disease and Caroli syndrome are part of the clinical spectrum of ductal plate (DP) malformations, also referred to, as the fibrocystic liver diseases. This article aimed to study both these conditions, in terms of clinical features and disease outcome at a teaching hospital. Objective: To describe the clinical spectrum, laboratory and imaging findings, management course and outcome of fibrocystic liver diseases in children, at the University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional Study. Settings: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore Pakistan. Duration: January 2014 to July 2017. Methods: The study included patients with Caroli disease and Caroli Syndrome, confirmed on the basis of characteristic findings on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. SPSS v.20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of 15 patients included in the study was 6.54 ± 4.18 years. Among them, 7/15 (46.7%) had Caroli’s disease (CD), whereas 8/15 (53.3%) had Caroli’s syndrome (CS). Male to female ratio was 4:1. CS pre-dominantly affected male children (8:0), while CD affected both genders almost equally (4:3). CD commonly presented with recurrent cholangitis (6/7, 85%), while CS as portal hypertension (7/8, 87.5%). Renal involvement was found in 5/15(33.33%) patients; mostly in CS (4/5,80%) and one (6.66%) patient progressed to end stage renal disease. One patient of CD underwent lobectomy and one died of end stage liver disease. Two patients of CS were treated with shunt surgery with partial splenectomy. Six patients are doing well after endoscopic variceal band ligation and propranolol prophylaxis. Conclusion: Caroli disease and Caroli syndrome are two sides of the same coin; it is important to differentiate the two disorders, especially from management point of view. CS is more common in our set up, leading to portal hypertension, which can be treated with sclerotherapy, endoscopic band ligation or shunt surgery. CD leads to cholangitis, which is managed with antibiotics.

Endoscopic Therapy of Gastric Varices: Safety and Efficacy of N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate Injection.

Background Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common medical emergency that results in significant morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden. Both types of cardio-fundal varices, gastro-esophageal varix 2 (GOV2) and isolated gastric varices type 1 (IGV1), can cause massive bleeding and often are difficult to treat compared to the other types of gastric varices. Endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVBL) is a less effective treatment modality for gastric varices than esophageal varices and is associated with high re-bleeding rates. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) injection is an effective and potential treatment option for fundal varices. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection therapy in cardio-fundal varices. Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection therapy for fundal varices. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at the Department of Gastroenterology, Allied Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, over one year. All patients, irrespective of age and gender, presenting with UGIB and in whom fundal varices were diagnosed on gastroscopy followed by n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate injection therapy were included in this study. The efficacy and safety of Histoacryl therapy were assessed by analyzing successful hemostasis, frequency of re-bleeding, obliteration, and regression of fundal varices on repeat endoscopy. Adverse events such as re-bleeding and mortality related to fundal variceal treatment were documented. Results A total of 60 patients were included in the study. Of these, 70% had IGV1, while the remaining 30% had GOV2. Hemostasis was achieved in 100% of patients following n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection. Successful obliteration with regression of varices was observed in 91.3% of patients. Various adverse events were observed, with abdominal pain being the most common observed complication in 18.3% of participants. However, only 8.3% of participants developed re-bleeding due to ulcer formation at the injection site, and no death occurred directly due to fundal variceal treatment. Conclusion N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection therapy is a lifesaving, effective, and safe intervention for controlling bleeding from cardio-fundal varices, leading to improved health status and a consequent decrease in episodes of recurrent bleeding. Its side effects are few and infrequent. However, larger-scale studies are needed to further evaluate the safety and effectiveness of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection therapy. These studies will be crucial in establishing comprehensive guidelines for the management of fundal varices.

Compare Between Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation and Injection Sclerotherapy Treatment Among Acute Variceal Bleeding Patients MSI Bleeding Center, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2018

This study was carried out in MSI bleeding center, Ibn Sina teaching hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan, with in the period from June to October 2018. The Objectives: Of this study to compare between endoscopic variceal band ligation and injection sclerotherapy treatment among acute variceal bleeding patients. The study also aimed to assess the outcome of the treatment in term of the occurrence of post treatment re-bleeding within the first and sixth weeks after the treatment, and to assess if the type of the treatment used is associated with a difference in the outcome (occurrence of re-bleeding). The study covered all patients diagnosed with acute variceal bleeding attend the study area with in the study time period. 100 cases have been selected. A questionnaire used to collect data, which was computed and statistically analyzed by using SPSS version 25.0. The result of study found that participants were 83% male and 17 females, age of 40 – 60 years old (51%) followed by age group 20 to 40 years (25%) and 24% for the age group of more than 60 years old. 44% of the study group were from Aljazeera state, followed by Khartoum state which was 32% of the study group, and 23% from other states. 32% of participants were diagnosed by liver cirrhosis, while 67% of the study group diagnosed by schistosomiasis. 51% had EVL, and 49% had EIS. 4% of patients who had EVL, experienced rebleeding within six weeks, while 8% of the of patients who had EIS experienced rebleeding (4% within one week and 4% within six weeks). Mortality was not associated with type of treatment of acute variceal bleeding.The study Conclude that the recurrent bleeding was more associated with EIS than EVL, treatment by EVL is more effective than EIS in the matter of timing of rebleeding.

Predictors Of Re-Bleeding After Oesophageal Variceal Banding In Cirrhotic Patients At 4 Weeks.

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a serious complication in cirrhotic patients. Without recommended management, recurrent bleeding happensin 30-40% within the next 2-3 days, and up to 60% within 1 week. Aim was to determine predictors of re-bleeding after oesophageal variceal banding in cirrhotic patients for 4 weeks. It was a descriptive study, conducted at the Department of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Six months from June 21 to December 21, 2021. A total of 93patients with active oesophageal variceal bleeding were included in this study. Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy was performed to look for bendable varices (grades 1-4) and band ligation was applied. Patients were followed for 4 weeks for the history of hematemesis or Malena, fall in haemoglobin of 2 grams per decilitre or more and endoscopic rebleeding findings. Out of 93 patients, 67(72.0%) were males, while 26(28.0%) were females. The Mean age of the patients was 45.66±16.61 years. According to Child Pugh Classification, the majority of the patients 45(48.4%) had Child-Pugh Class-A, while 33 (35.5%) were Child B and 15 (16.1%) patients belonged to Child-Pugh Class C. Red wale sign was noted in 22 patients (23.7%). Among 93 cirrhotic patients who presented with variceal bleeding, 9 (9.7%) had re-bleeding within 4 weeks. Amongst 9 patients, 8 patients (88.9%) had red wale sign, grade II or above oesophageal varices and belonged to severe liver disease with child class B or C. Endoscopic variceal band Ligation is an effective treatment modality for the control of oesophageal variceal bleeding. Re-bleeding after band ligation was 9.7%. The major contributing factors to re-bleeding were the severity of cirrhosis, grades and columns of oesophageal varices, number of bands ligation and findings of red wale sign. Increasing age and duration of cirrhosis were contributing predictors of increased re-bleeding risk.

Effectiveness of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy in the Prevention of Bleeding After Prophylactic Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation.

Background Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is a surgical intervention that can work well to curb variceal bleeding in people with liver cirrhosis. However, it could make ulcer bleeding worse and be fatal in some cases. The widespread use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in cirrhotic individuals with variceal bleeding is empirical rather than based on scientific data. According to many studies, PPIs reduce the size of post-EVL ulcers. This study aimed to see if PPI use could reduce rebleeding after endoscopy therapy in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Methodology A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from August 2019 to September 2021. Cirrhotic patients with bleeding gastroesophageal varices(GEVs) who had undergone EVL at the same hospital were enrolled in the study. Medical records were organized, and the sample was divided into two groups based on whether or not PPI was given. Both PPI and non-PPI patients had their endoscopic findings, initial hemostasis outcomes, rebleeding rates, bleeding-related mortality rates, and treatment-related comorbidities compared. Results A total of 46 patients were selected for the study and divided into two groups (PPI group n=28 and non-PPI group n=18). The majority of the patients were males. The PPI group had a mean age of 58.6 ±7.8 years, whereas the non-PPI group had a mean age of 53.6 ±4.4 years. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was the most prevalent cause of cirrhosis in both groups. After endoscopic treatment, three patients (16%) in the non-PPI group suffered a variceal hemorrhage. Bleeding-related fatalities and the time it took for the bleeding to stop varied significantly between the two groups. History of variceal bleeding (relative risk (RR)=1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.60-7.67; p=0.02), presence of gastric varices (RR=2.23; 95% CI, 2.56-9.832; p=0.035), and not administering PPIs (RR =7.542; 95% CI, 3.98-29.13; p=0.008) were linked with rebleeding. The presence of red concurrent esophageal varices (RR=6.37; 95% CI, 0.562-15.342; p=0.002) and failure to provide PPIs (RR=2.3; 95% CI, 1.621-25.64; p=0.04) were linked with post-EVL bleeding in a multivariate analysis. Conclusions Proton pump inhibitors reducethe occurrence of early bleeding and adverse events after EVL in cirrhotic patients. Not prescribing PPIs and the presence of GEVs were substantially related to a higher risk of bleeding during preventative EVL. Not initiating PPI medication immediately was the sole predictor of bleeding complications in patients who had undergone EVL without gastric varix treatment. To lower the risk of post-EVL ulcer bleeding, we recommend PPI use in patients undergoing EVL.

PREDICTORS OF RE-BLEEDING AFTER OESOPHAGEAL VARICEAL BANDING IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS AT 4 WEEKS

Background: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a serious complication in cirrhotic patients. Without recommended management, recurrent bleeding happens in 30–40% within the next 2–3 days, and up to 60% within 1 week. Aim was to determine predictors of re-bleeding after oesophageal variceal banding in cirrhotic patients for 4 weeks. It was a descriptive study, conducted at the Department of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Six months from June 21 to December 21, 2021. Methods: A total of 93 patients with active oesophageal variceal bleeding were included in this study. Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy was performed to look for bendable varices (grades 1–4) and band ligation was applied. Patients were followed for 4 weeks for the history of hematemesis or Malena, fall in haemoglobin of 2 grams per decilitre or more and endoscopic rebleeding findings. Results: Out of 93 patients, 67(72.0%) were males, while 26(28.0%) were females. The Mean age of the patients was 45.66±16.61 years. According to Child-Pugh Classification, the majority of the patients 45(48.4%) had Child-Pugh Class-A, while 33 (35.5%) were Child B and 15 (16.1%) patients belonged to Child-Pugh Class C. Red wale sign was noted in 22 patients (23.7%). Among 93 cirrhotic patients who presented with variceal bleeding, 9 (9.7%) had re-bleeding within 4 weeks. Amongst 9 patients, 8 patients (88.9%) had red wale sign, grade II or above oesophageal varices and belonged to severe liver disease with child class B or C. Conclusion: Endoscopic variceal band Ligation is an effective treatment modality for the control of oesophageal variceal bleeding. Re-bleeding after band ligation was 9.7%. The major contributing factors to re-bleeding were the severity of cirrhosis, grades and columns of oesophageal varices, number of bands ligation and findings of red wale sign. Increasing age and duration of cirrhosis were contributing predictors of increased re-bleeding risk

Computed tomography virtual oesophagography for the grading of oesophageal varices in cirrhotic liver disease patients with upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination as the gold standard: a diagnostic validation study.

Virtual endoscopy is a postprocessing method using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), which produces views of the inner surfaces of the human body like those produced by fibreoptic endoscopy. To evaluate and categorise patients who require medical or endoscopic band ligation to prevent oesophageal variceal bleed, a less invasive, less expensive, better tolerated, and more sensitive modality is required, as well as to reduce the use of invasive procedures in the follow-up of patients who do not require endoscopic variceal band ligation. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis in association with the Department of Gastroenterology. The study was conducted over a period of 18 months from July 2020 to January 2022. The sample size was calculated as 62 patients. Patients were recruited on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria after giving informed consent. CT virtual endoscopy was performed through a dedicated protocol. Classification of variceal grading was done independently by a radiologist and endoscopist who were blinded to each other's findings. The diagnostic performance of oesophageal varices detection by CT virtual oesophagography was good, with sensitivity: 86%, specificity: 90%, PPV: 98%, NPV: 56%, and diagnostic accuracy: 87%. There was substantial agreement between the 2 methods, and this agreement was statistically significant (Cohen's k = 0.616, p ≤ 0.001). Based on our findings, we conclude that the current study has the potential to change the way chronic liver disease is managed, as well as generate similar medical research endeavours. A multicentric study with a large number of patients is needed to improve the experience with this modality.

S2585 Does Size Matter? A Case Series on Management of Duodenal Varices

Introduction: Duodenal varices (DVs) are a rare cause of life-threatening bleeding in cirrhotic patients. No standardized guidelines for their management exist. We present two cases of DV hemorrhage who were successfully managed by endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVL) and coil embolization respectively. Case Description/Methods: Case 1: A 63-year-old male with cirrhosis was admitted for upper GI bleeding and Hemoglobin (hgb) of 7.1. Endoscopy showed small to medium-sized DVs with stigmata of recent bleeding with a platelet plug in the second portion of duodenum. EVL was done with adequate decompression and no immediate bleeding. One week later, he developed recurrent hematochezia. Full GI work up including upper endoscopy, small bowel capsule and colonoscopy showed previously noted non-bleeding ulcers in the duodenum with no new active bleeding sites. Case 2: A 68-year-old male with cryptogenic cirrhosis complicated by large hepatocellular carcinoma causing portal vein obstruction was admitted for GI bleeding and hgb of 4.3. Endoscopy showed multiple large DVs with active bleeding. Successful hemostasis was achieved using three hemostatic clips but without adequate decompression. However, given the size of the varix, the patient then underwent successful percutaneous transsplenic porto-venous variceal coil embolization by interventional radiology (IR). Discussion: Variceal bleeding occurs in 25-30% of cirrhotic patients with ectopic varices accounting for 1-5% of these bleeds. DVs are uncommon but can cause massive hemorrhage with a high mortality up to 40%, due to challenges with treatment. Management options include EVL, sclerotherapy, clipping or IR guided Trans Jugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS), Balloon-Occluded or Coil Assisted Retrograde Transvenous obliteration. One concern with EVL is the size of the DV and risk of re-bleeding. Among case reports using EVL, re-bleeding was seen only in 3/19 cases with hemostasis achieved with repeat banding in 2 out of the three cases. However, for successful band ligation, accessibility, and size of the varices to fit into the banding cap are important factors to consider. Small – medium duodenal varices (case 1) were adequately managed by EVL, however endoscopic decompression could not be completely achieved in large varices (case 2) and eventually required IR guided coil embolization. Therefore, the size and location of the duodenal varices are important factors to be considered in choosing the appropriate management modality for DVs (Figure 1).Figure 1.: A, Percutaneous transsplenic splenic venogram demonstrating large duodenal varix(white arrows) with linear endoscopically placed clip corresponding with site of hemorrhage in the vertical segment of the duodenum (black arrow). The splenic vein (white arrowhead) drains via the large varix as the main portal vein is occluded secondary to hepatic tumor; B, Percutaneous transsplenic splenic venogram demonstrating successful coil embolization of the varix (black arrowheads); C, Endoscopic view of large varices in second portion of duodenum, post hemostatic clip placement.

S357 Presidential Poster Award Mushroom Sign: Complete Esophageal Obstruction Following Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation

Introduction: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to esophageal varices is frequently encountered by gastroenterologists. Endoscopic variceal band ligation is a procedure that has potential for complications. However complete esophageal obstruction due to band ligation is very uncommon. Case Description/Methods: An 80-year-old female patient transferred to our hospital with complaints of inability to tolerate oral secretions and chest discomfort. 24 hours prior to transfer, she underwent endoscopic variceal band ligation and three bands placed for primary prophylaxis. CT chest showed esophagus was dilated with fluid retention. and there was 1cm mass-like lesion in distal esophagus. Upper endoscopy was performed and revealed a mushroom-like appearance of mucosa in mid-esophagus, with a full circumferential banding of the esophagus lumen causing complete esophageal obstruction. Underlying band was seen. Following initial endoscopic exam, we discussed risk and benefits of band removal. Hepatology and interventional radiology were consulted and patient was consented for a possible need for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement as a rescue therapy in case of an acute variceal bleeding following endoscopic intervention. Repeat endoscopy was performed using the distal attachment cap, and band was grabbed with loop cutter, and gentle pulling pressure applied resulting removal of the band uneventfully (d). Subsequent endoscopic examination showed esophageal mucosa had circumferential mushroom-like edematous mucosa with ulcerated base in 10 mm length at 30 cm from incisors (e). Due to ongoing obstruction, we performed balloon dilation (8-10mm) to prevent further stricture formation and open the esophagus lumen (f). There was no post-procedure bleeding and scope was easily traversed the stenosis. Patient recovered well post-procedure and discharged home next day. A week later, patient had ongoing dysphagia and repeat endoscopy was scheduled for dilation. Discussion: Complete esophageal obstruction from variceal band ligation is very rare. Cases with partial obstruction or patients who can handle secretions can be managed with supportive care. In this case, we removed the band with loop cutter as this was a complete obstruction and patient was at risk for aspiration and airway compromise. This case should illustrate the importance of spiral banding technique and aiming towards one column of varices at a time. Practicing gastroenterologists and trainees should be aware of this rare complication. Watch the video at https://tinyurl.com/ACGAbstractS357

S2303 Endoscopic Balloon Dilation of Recurrent Peptic Stricture in a Patient With Portal Hypertension

Introduction: Variceal hemorrhage is a devastating complication and a major cause of mortality in patients with portal hypertension. Unfortunately, one third of patients with varices develop bleeding in their lifetime. This case depicts a rarely reported intervention that physicians may be hesitant to pursue. Case Description/Methods: A 61-year-old male with history significant for atrial fibrillation (afib), alcoholic cirrhosis complicated by gastric and esophageal varices, and GERD presented with dysphagia. He previously underwent endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVL) in 2009 for primary prevention of esophageal varices and placed on daily nadolol. His GERD was controlled with twice daily PPI and as-needed H2 antagonist. Despite this, he developed strictures secondary to severe erosive esophagitis. He was then started on apixaban for afib and transitioned from nadolol to carvedilol. His MELD-Na is 8 and had a reported distant history of hepatic encephalopathy. He presented to the esophageal motility clinic with progressive dysphagia to both solids and liquids. An EGD was scheduled which revealed a partially obstructive ulcerative stricture spanning 29 - 34 cm from incisors. The stricture was injected with 4 ml of triamcinolone acetonide distributed in 1 cm increments across 4 quadrants. Then the stricture was dilated with a 10-12 mm cre balloon under fluoroscopic guidance. Dilation caused shallow mucosal tears with scant blood but otherwise no significant bleeding or complication. The scope was traversed into the stomach with retroflexion revealing moderate gastric varices in the cardia. After the procedure was completed, the patient had complete resolvent of symptoms and tolerated oral nutrition (Figure). Discussion: This case describes a cirrhotic patient with portal hypertension requiring frequent endoscopic balloon dilations for severe dysphagia secondary to recurrent peptic strictures. Extensive literature review did not reveal any documented cases describing this scenario. The presence of gastric varices in this patient is indicative of active portal hypertension. This in combination with the patient’s anticoagulation places a theoretical high risk of bleeding during the procedure. Although this case demonstrates that it is safe to perform serial dilations in patients with portal hypertension if they have undergone EVL and do not have active esophageal varices.Figure 1.: A) EGD showed ulcerative peptic stricture located in the mid-esophagus. (B) There was scant bleeding after dilation, otherwise no significant bleeding or complication. (C) Retroflexion was performed in the stomach and revealed moderate gastric varies in the cardia.

S2579 Colonic Varices: What Are the Therapeutic Options?

Introduction: Colonic varices are a rare case of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) with an incidence of 0.07%. The most common sites of colonic varices are the rectum and cecum. Colonic varices are diagnosed on colonoscopy, mesenteric angiography, or computed tomography (CT) scans. Currently, there are no standardized treatments for treatment of colonic varices due to the heterogeneity in localization and vascular anatomy. We present a case of LGIB due to an ascending colon varix. Case Description/Methods: A 38 year-old-man with a history of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis complicated by esophageal and gastric variceal bleed requiring balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration one month ago was transferred from an outside hospital (OSH) for liver transplant evaluation and hematochezia. He underwent a colonoscopy at the OSH which showed an ascending colon varix with white nipple sign. His vital signs were normal. His physical exam was benign except for scleral icterus with spider angiomas on his chest. His labs were pertinent for a hemoglobin of 8.0, hematocrit 24, platelet 50,000, alanine aminotransferase 50, total bilirubin 3.0, and international normalized ratio 2.0. The patient was treated with octreotide infusion and antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis prophylaxis. A CT three phase abdominal imaging was revealed significant perisplenic and ascending colon varices with smaller varices supplying the descending colon. The case was reviewed with interventional radiology and hepatology and the patient underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement with coil and plug embolization of the splenic varix and gonadal varix feeding into the ascending colon varix. The patient did not have any further episodes of hematochezia and his hemoglobin stabilized. A few days later, the patient underwent an orthotic liver transplant. His post-operative clinical course was uncomplicated. Discussion: This is a rare case of a colonic varix resulting in a clinically significant LGIB. There is no standardization of therapy for ectopic varices due to the heterogeneity in vascular anatomy. Therapeutic options include endoscopic variceal band ligation, cyanoacrylate injections, surgery, TIPS and coil embolization. This case highlights the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach with gastroenterologists, hepatologist, interventional radiologists, and surgeons for the treatment of colonic varices.

Comparison of betablockers and endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVBL) for secondary prevention of variceal bleed in cirrhotics.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of pharmacological and endoscopic procedures (band ligation) in preventing variceal bleed. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: MU-I of Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: January to June 2020. Material & Methods: 80 patients were enrolled after fulfilling exclusion and inclusion criteria, divided into two groups. Group A, patients treated Carvedilol 6.25-12.5mg pulse rate of 60-70 beats per minute. Group B patients underwent repeated endoscopic procedures (band ligation), repeated every 2 weeks until obliteration of varices was achieved. Surveillance endoscopy was done one month later. Follow up was done by telephonic contact at 3 months. Results: In our study, mean age was 52.88+9.29 and 53.57+8.85 years in Group-A and B, 42.5%(n=17) in Group-A and 50%(n=20) in Group-B were male, 57.5%(n=23) in Group-A and 50%(n=20) female in group B, Recurrence of variceal bleeding and efficacy of drug comparison showed that 7.5%(n=3) in Group-A and 27.5%(n=11) in Group-B had a recurrence of variceal bleed while 92.5%(n=37) in Group-A and 72.5%(n=29) in Group-B had no recurrence of variceal bleed, p-value (0.01) was significant. Conclusion: Beta-blocker (Carvedilol) is more efficacious for preventing recurrence of variceal bleed than Endoscopic Band Ligation.

Survival outcomes and predictors of mortality, re-bleeding and complications for acute severe variceal bleeding requiring balloon tamponade.

BACKGROUNDAcute severe variceal bleeding (AVB) refractory to medical and endoscopic therapy is infrequent but associated with high mortality. Historical cohort studies from 1970-1980s no longer represent the current population as balloon tamponade is no longer first-line therapy for variceal bleeding; treatments including vasoactive therapies, intravenous antibiotics, endoscopic variceal band ligation are routinely used, and there is improved access to definitive treatments including transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. However, only a few studies from the current era exist to describe the practice of balloon tamponade, its outcomes, and predictors with a requirement for further updated information.AIMTo describe current management of AVB requiring balloon tamponade and identify the outcomes and predictors of mortality, re-bleeding and complications.METHODSA retrospective multi-centre cohort study of 80 adult patients across two large tertiary health networks from 2008 to 2019 in Australia who underwent balloon tamponade using a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube (SBT) were included for analysis. Patients were identified using coding for balloon tamponade. The primary outcome of this study was all-cause mortality at 6 wk after the index AVB. Secondary outcomes included re-bleeding during hospitalisation and complications of balloon tamponade. Predictors of these outcomes were determined using univariate and multivariate binomial regression.RESULTSThe all-cause mortality rates during admission and at 6-, 26- and 52 wk were 48.8%, 51.2% and 53.8%, respectively. Primary haemostasis was achieved in 91.3% and re-bleeding during hospitalisation occurred in 34.2%. Independent predictors of 6 wk mortality on multivariate analysis included the Model for Endstage Liver disease (MELD) score (OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.06-1.41, P = 0.006), advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (OR 11.51, 95%CI 1.61-82.20, P = 0.015) and re-bleeding (OR 13.06, 95%CI 3.06-55.71, P < 0.001). There were no relevant predictors of re-bleeding but a large proportion in which this occurred did not survive 6 wk (76.0% vs 24%). Although mucosal trauma was the most common documented complication after SBT insertion (89.5%), serious complications from SBT insertion were uncommon (6.3%) and included 1 patient who died from oesophageal perforation. CONCLUSIONIn refractory AVB, balloon tamponade salvage therapy is associated with high rates of primary haemostasis with low rates of serious complications. Re-bleeding and mortality however, remain high.

Variceal Bleeding: Beyond Banding.

Despite advances in the management of complications of portal hypertension, variceal bleeding continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While endoscopic variceal band ligation remains first line therapy for treating bleeding and high-risk non-bleeding esophageal varices, alternate therapies have been explored, particularly in cases of refractory bleeding. The therapies being explored include stent placement, hemostatic powder use, over-the-scope clips and others. For gastric variceal bleeding, endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapies have recently emerged as promising interventions for hemostasis. The aim of this article is to highlight these alternative therapies and their potential role in the management of gastric and esophageal variceal bleeding.

Carvedilol versus propranolol in the prevention of variceal rebleeding in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: Efficacy and safety

Background and AimBeta blockers combined with endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVL) is the most effective means for the prevention of variceal rebleeding. No data are available on the efficacy of carvedilol in the secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of carvedilol compared to propranolol as secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized study over a period of 14 months from February 2019 to March 2020. All patients with portal hypertension due to schistosomiasis with at least one episode of variceal bleeding were included and randomized to the propranolol and carvedilol groups. EVL protocol was continued in both groups.ResultsSixty‐one patients were eligible and randomized to propranolol (n = 30) and carvedilol (n = 31) groups. There was no significant difference in hemorrhagic recurrence between the carvedilol (n = 1) and propranolol (n = 3) groups (3.33 vs 10%; P = 0.30). At 4 months, there was a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (−4.13 mm Hg; 95% CI: −6.27 to −1.99; P < 0.05) and heart rate (−12.13 bpm; 95% CI: −13.92 to −10.35; P < 0.05) in the carvedilol group. There was no significant difference between the groups on the mean difference in arterial pressure. One patient in the carvedilol group had breathing difficulty. There were no adverse events in the propranolol group.ConclusionThere was no significant difference in the efficacy between carvedilol and propranolol. Carvedilol may be an alternative to propranolol for secondary prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.

Endoscopic Detection and Management of Esophagogastric Varices.

IntroductionGastrointestinal (GI) varices are abnormally dilated submucosal veins in the digestive tract caused due to portal hypertension. Esophagus and stomach are common locations of varices induced by portal hypertension. Their presence correlates with the severity of the liver disease. Endoscopic variceal band ligation is one of the preferred methods for bleeding and nonbleeding large varices to decrease bleeding risk. Tissue adhesives such as N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate have been used for gastric variceal obturation.MethodsThis descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal, from March 2014 to January 2020. The endoscopic detection of esophageal and gastric varices was observed. Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) was done for esophageal varices and injection of N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate for gastric varices.ResultsEsopahageal varices were detected in 1266 patients (8%) and gastric varices were in 36 patients (0.2%) among 15,657 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy. Nine hundred seven (71.6%) were male. Large esophageal varices were endoscopically detected in 54.8% patients, small varices in 31.4% and both (large and small varices) in 13.4%. EVL was done in 30.7% and EVL with cyanoacrylate glue injection in 35 patients (2.7%).ConclusionEsophageal and gastric varices are seen commonly in patients with chronic liver disease. This study was conducted to describe the different types of GI varices in patients undergoing UGI endoscopy. Variceal band ligation for esophageal varices and glue injection for gastric varices are viable options of management.

Impact of Portal Vein Thrombosis on Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation in Liver Cirrhosis

Background. Portal vein (PV) thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and can refer to thrombosis within the PV that can extend to its left or right branches and in some cases to the superior mesenteric vein or the splenic vein (Chawla and Bodh, 2015). For severe PVT patients, there are possibilities of increasing PV resistance and reduction of the blood flow though PV towards liver, which exacerbate liver function damage meanwhile elevating the gastrointestinal variceal bleeding risk. Endoscopic Variceal band ligation (EVL) is often used to prevent esophageal variceal bleeding; postoperative complications such as severe gastrointestinal bleeding and bleeding-related death, fever, retrosternal pain, and esophageal stenosis may appear. There was absence of the research which evaluated the impact of PVT in liver cirrhosis on the complication of endoscopic Variceal band ligation for now. We herein aimed to compare cirrhosis patients with and without PVT of recent complications after EVL. Method. We established the retrospective investigation on 144 consecutive cirrhosis patients (excluding patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and who received portal vein-systemic circulation devascularization or shunt surgery, splenectomy, hepatectomy, liver transplantation, transjugular intrahepatic portal vein stent shunt (TIPS), endoscopic varices Variceal ligation, or sclerotherapy before) who have received first endoscopic esophageal varices band ligation in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, ZheJiang University, between January 2014 and December 2017. Portal vein Doppler ultrasonography, liver computerized tomography (CT), and angiography or liver-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were applied to evaluate the portal vein thrombosis of each patient before EVL. There were 18 patients confirmed with portal vein thrombosis while the other 126 patients without PVT. The primary end point for this research is the upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and related death occurred from the date of ligation until leaving hospital, and the secondary end point is the appearance of postoperative fever and retrosternal pain. Results. There are no significant differences of gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding-related death, fever, or retrosternal pain after EVL and the length of hospital stays between cirrhotic patients with or without PVT ( P = 0.34 , 0.51 , 0.58 , 0.61 , 0.88 ). Conclusion. Liver cirrhosis with portal vein thrombosis did not increase incidence of recent complications of the endoscopic Variceal band ligation.