Endogenous Set-up Research Articles

Role of income distribution and consumption expenditure in agricultural output: case of Nigeria

PurposeThis study quantifies empirically the induced impact of income distribution and consumption expenditure on the structures of agriculture production of Nigerian economy.Design/methodology/approachThe study calibrates an extended input-output model on a social accounting matrix (SAM) for Nigeria for the year 2010. Moreover, the study conducts a dispersion analysis to identify the key agriculture sectors/subsectors both in exogenous and endogenous setup.FindingsThis study presents an empirical analysis of propagation in the structure of production particularly in the structure of agriculture sector. It combines the aggregate and the disaggregated levels of analysis and identifies the key sectors/subsectors both in the exogenous and endogenous setup. The comparison of both findings confirms that the composition of income distribution and consumption expenditure significantly influences the composition and the aggregated and disaggregated order of structure of agriculture production.Originality/valueKnowledge of interindustry connections is vital in policy implications since the policy makers prefer strongly interconnected sectors to the sectors with poor industry linkages. These connections are estimated as forward and backward linkages, which provide indices to set the criteria for key sectors identification. This study presents an empirical analysis of propagation in the structure of production particularly in the structure of agriculture sector. It combines the aggregate and the disaggregated levels of analysis and identifies the key sectors/subsectors both in the exogenous and endogenous setup.

Standardized environmental management systems as an internal management tool

In a principal-agent model we analyze the firm's decision to adopt an informal or a standardized environmental management system (EMS). Our results are consistent with empirical evidence in several respects. A standardized EMS increases the internal control at the cost of introducing some degree of rigidity that entails an endogenous setup cost. Standardized systems are more prone to be adopted by big and well established firms and under tougher environmental policies. Firms with standardized EMS tend to devote more effort to abatement although this effort results in lower pollution only if public incentives are strong enough, suggesting a complementarity relationship between standardized EMS and public policies. Emission charges have both a marginal effect on abatement and a qualitative effect on the adoption decision that may induce a conflict between private and public interests. As a result of the combination of these two effects it can be optimal for the government to distort the tax in a specific way in order to push the firm to choose the socially optimal EMS. The introduction of standardized systems can result in win-win situations where firms, society and the environment get better off.

Standardized Environmental Management Systems as an Internal Management Tool

We build a principal-agent model to analyze the firm's decision to adopt an environmental management system (EMS) and the EMS type, either informal (I) or standardized (S), such as ISO 14001. Our results are consistent with empirical evidence in several respects. A standardized EMS increases the internal control of the firm at the cost of introducing some degree of rigidity that entails an endogenous setup cost. Standardized systems are more prone to be adopted by big and well established firms and under tougher environmental policies. S-adopting firms, on average, devote more effort to abatement although this effort results in lower pollution only if public incentives are strong enough, suggesting a complementarity relationship between standardized EMS and public policies. Emission charges have both a marginal effect on abatement and a qualitative effect on the firm's adoption decision that may induce a conflict between firm's and society's interests. The introduction of standardized systems can result in win-win situations where firms, society and the environment get better off.

Prioritisation of the determinants of customer satisfaction: A simultaneous equation approach in ordinal endogenous set-up

The determination and ordering of the influencers of customer satisfaction are of paramount interest in various service industries. The theory of logistic regression may be exploited to relate customer satisfaction usually measured in an ordinal scale with possible covariates, measured in metrical, ordinal or binary scales. However, some of the confounders are themselves determined by other covariates under study. This necessitates the use of a simultaneous equation with ordinal endogenous variables. We propose one such approach and demonstrate its efficacy with a real life example.

Export-Oriented International Joint Venture: Endogenous Set-Up Costs and Information Gathering

We analyze the formation of an export-oriented international joint venture (IJV) between a multinational corporation (MNC) and a domestic firm under demand uncertainty and in a principal-agent framework. The MNC possesses a superior production technology and is better at predicting foreign market demand. The domestic firm can reduce set-up costs of the IJV with effort levels that is endogenously determined. We examine how the MNC's preference for, and the ownership structure of, a joint venture depend on the efficiency of information gathering and of cost reduction, and on the nature of credit markets. We find, inter alia, that when the credit constraint is severe the MNC does not push the domestic firm to its reservation profit level. A relaxation of the credit constraint facing the domestic firm never makes it better off and in fact makes the domestic firm worse off when the credit constraint is severe.

Efficient organization of information processing

AbstractThe paper examines the application of the concept of economic efficiency to organizational issues of collective information processing in decision making. Information processing is modeled in the framework of the dynamic parallel processing model of associative computation with an endogenous setup cost of the processors. The model is extended to include the specific features of collective information processing in the team of decision makers which may lead to an error in data analysis. In such a model, the conditions for efficient organization of information processing are defined and the architecture of the efficient structures is considered. We show that specific features of collective decision making procedures require a broader framework for judging organizational efficiency than has traditionally been adopted. In particular, and contrary to the results available in economic literature, we show that there is no unique architecture for efficient information processing structures, but a number of various efficient forms. The results indicate that technological progress resulting in faster data processing (ceteris paribus) will lead to more regular information processing structures. However, if the relative cost of the delay in data analysis increases significantly, less regular structures could be efficient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Exogenous and Endogenous Set-up Costs in Markets with Customized Products

In this paper we present a model of spatial competition that highlights firms' customization strategies in an imperfect competitive environment. The nature of competition in markets with products designed according to consumer preferences is discussed both in a framework of exogenous and endogenous set-up costs. Set-up costs are considered endogenous when technology is such that reductions in variable customization costs are feasible at additional set-up costs. It is shown that when set-up costs are exogenous, strategic interaction induces firms to choose the most efficient customization technology, though the latter entails a reduction in prices and profits and a more concentrated market structure. When set-up costs are endogenous, the incentive to choose strategically a more efficient customization technology depends on the possibility to cheaply transfer the customization costs into the set-up costs. This explains why customization is more frequently observed for information goods and in digital markets.

Organizational restructuring in response to changes in information-processing technology

This paper examines the effects of changes in information-processing technology on the efficient organizational forms of data-processing in decision-making systems. Data-processing is modelled in the framework of the dynamic parallel processing model of associative computation with an endogenous set-up costs of the processors. In such a model, the conditions for efficient organization of information-processing are defined and the architecture of the efficient structures is considered. It is shown that decreasing returns to scale of the function describing data- processing technology and the information overload of the system are necessary and sufficient conditions for the hierarchical information- processing, respectively. Moreover, the size of the efficient structures is determined exclusively by their information workload and the current state of information-processing technology.