Endogenous Phenolics Research Articles

Preharvest methyl jasmonate application delays cell wall degradation and upregulates phenolic metabolism and antioxidant activities in cold stored raspberries

The effects of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) spray application on the physicochemical quality, metabolism of phenolics, and cell wall components in raspberries were investigated during a 10-day cold storage period. MeJA spray reduced firmness loss, decay incidence, and weight loss, while maintained higher levels of soluble solids content, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and flavonoids in raspberries. Furthermore, MeJA application resulted in increased total pectin and protopectin levels, as well as lowered water-soluble pectin, and activities of pectin methyl esterase, polygalacturonase and cellulase enzymes. Additionally, MeJA treatment upregulated the phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to higher endogenous phenolics and activities of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase and shikimate dehydrogenase. In conclusion, preharvest MeJA spray application could be adopted to enhance the storage potential of cold-stored raspberries for 10 days by maintaining higher firmness, assuring better physicochemical quality, and increasing phenolic metabolism, while reducing cell wall hydrolysis.

In vivo detection of endogenous toxic phenolic compounds of intestine

Phenol and p-cresol are two common toxic small molecules related to various diseases. Existing reports confirmed that high L-tyrosine in the daily diet can increase the concentration of phenolic compounds in blood and urine. L-tyrosine is a common component of protein-rich foods. Some anaerobic bacteria in the gut can convert non-toxic l-tyrosine into these two toxic phenolic compounds, phenol and p-cresol. Existing methods have been constructed for measuring the concentration of phenolic compound in feces. However, there is still a lack of direct visual evidence to measure the phenolic compounds in the intestine. In this study, we aimed to construct a whole-cell biosensor for phenolic compounds detection based on the dmpR, the regulator from the phenol metabolism cluster. The commensal bacterium Citrobacter amalonaticus PS01 was selected and used as the chassis. Compared with the biosensor based on ECN1917, the biosensor PS01[dmpR] could better implant into the mouse gut through gavage and showed a higher sensitive to phenolic compound. And the concentration of phenolic compounds in the intestines could be observed with the help of in vivo imaging system using PS01[dmpR]. This paper demonstrated endogenous phenol synthesis in the gut and the strategy of using commensal bacteria to construct whole-cell biosensors for detecting small molecule compounds in the intestines.

The synergistic effects of rice bran rancidity and dephenolization on digestive properties of rice bran protein

Both rice bran (RB) rancidity and dephenolization could affect the structural characteristics and phenolics composition of rice bran protein (RBP), thereby affecting RBP digestibility. The synergistic effects of RB rancidity and dephenolization on RBP digestibility were investigated. Excessive RB rancidity (RB stored for 10 d) and non-dephenolization reduced RBP digestibility, while moderate RB rancidity (RB stored for 1 d) combined with dephenolization improved RBP digestibility to a maximum of 74.19%. Dephenolization reduced the antioxidant capacities of RBP digestive products. The digestibility of non-dephenolized RBP (NDRBP) was significantly (P < 0.05) related with its carbonyl content, surface hydrophobicity, and ζ-potential. The digestibility of dephenolized RBP (DRBP) was significantly related with its β-sheet structure content, surface hydrophobicity, ζ-potential, and average particle size. Overall, moderate RB rancidity combined with dephenolization enhanced RBP digestibility by reducing the non-competitive inhibition of endogenous phenolics on protease and regulating the spatial structural characteristics of RBP.

Effects of rice bran rancidity on the release of phenolics and antioxidative properties of rice bran dietary fiber in vitro gastrointestinal digestion products

Rice bran (RB) as the raw material for rice bran dietary fiber (RBDF) extraction, is rapidly rancidified prior to stabilization. To enhance the RBDF utilization in food industry, effects of RB rancidity (RB was stored for 0, 1, 5, 7, and 10 d) on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of RBDF-bound phenolics were investigated. With the increase in RB storage time, the RB rancidity degree significantly increased (the acid value of rice bran oil from 5.08 mg KOH/g to 60.59 mg KOH/g), and the endogenous phenolics content in RBDF also increased. Simultaneously, RB rancidity reduced the antioxidant activity of RBDF digestion products during the gastric digestion phase, while RB rancidity increased the antioxidant activity of RBDF digestion products during the intestinal digestion phase. In addition, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion stimulated the release of RBDF-bound phenolics. The released monomeric phenolics (especially ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid) were the major contributors to the increased antioxidant properties of RBDF digestion products. RBDF digestion products could inhibit H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of HUVECs. In conclusion, the study found that RB rancidity could improve the antioxidant capacity of RBDF in the small intestine by promoting RB endogenous phenolics bound to RBDF release.

Effect of dephenolization degree of rice bran on the structure of rice bran protein

The structure of rice bran protein obtained from defatted rice bran at various dephenolization times (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6) was examined to determine the impact of the degree of rice bran dephenolization upon rice bran protein structure. The total phenolics content in defatted rice bran and rice bran protein gradually decreased as dephenolization times increased, ranging from 390.12 to 131.16 mg GAE/100 g DW and from 30.80 to 17.85 mg/g, respectively, and the free sulfhydryl content of rice bran protein increased from 16.45 to 28.24 nmol/mg, accompanied by a decrease in surface hydrophobicity and the content of high molecular weight subunits. Furthermore, the maximum intrinsic fluorescence intensity and the flexibility of the secondary and spatial structure of rice bran protein initially increased and subsequently declined, reaching the highest level after two dephenolization cycles, while the absolute value of Zeta potential and particle size initially reduced and subsequently increased, reaching the lowest value after two dephenolization cycles. This study showed that the degree of removal of endogenous phenolics from defatted rice bran had an important effect on the structure of rice bran protein, which provided a more theoretical reference for regulating the structural characteristics of rice bran protein.

The effect of endogenous phenol and gallic acid on structure and functionalities of mung bean protein in aerated emulsion system

The objective of this study was to develop functional sodium caseinate substitutes in whipped cream using mung bean protein isolates (MPI). MPI, with endogenous phenol removal (dephenol, DP) or gallic acid (GA) addition, was subjected to pH-shifting process (pH12). The influences of the above modifications on the structure (free sulfhydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, and protein subunits) and foaming properties of MPI were elucidated. Results showed that the pH12-DP treatment of MPI even increased the foaming capacity up to 41.7%, compared to 19.9% for the native one, mainly due to more hydrophobic residues of the protein exposure. With the addition of 240 μmol/g protein of GA, the foaming stability of pH12-MPI was 2.4-fold greater than that without GA. Rheology, microscopy and shape retention of aerated emulsions revealed that pH12-DP-GA treatment of MPI resulted in partial coalescence of fat droplets, leading to a more stable three-dimensional structures of the whipped cream and higher elasticity. The cream with MPI treated by pH12-DP-GA exhibited the γmax and γ∞ values that were closer to the commercial one, demonstrating superior deformation resistance and short-term shape retention.

Influence of bisphenol A on growth and metabolism of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedlings depending on lighting conditions

The effect of one of anthropogenic pollutants, i.e., 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol, called 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (BPA), at 30 and 120 mg L−1 concentrations in the darkness (DK) or dark/light (DK/LT) on growth and selected elements of metabolism of seedlings and leaf discs of Vicia faba ssp. minor was studied. Treatment with 120 mg L−1 BPA had greater effects which were reflected by increase in the number of necrotic changes in roots and stems as well as in leaf discs and reduction of the length of roots DK and DK/LT, and volume of roots in the DK group. However, minimal and no influence on the fresh and dry weight of roots and stems in plants growing under both types of lighting conditions were observed. In both DK and DK/LT groups these effects were correlated with reduced amounts of storage and cell wall-bound sugars as well as of proteins while in the DK/LT additionally with reduced soluble sugar levels in the roots and increased amounts of hydrogen peroxide and phenols in roots and stems as well as in treatment solutions, where these compounds were released. We suggest that endogenous phenols and BPA can be metabolised in roots and stems to quinones. It seems that TB-1,4-BQ, is the one of that of the five studied quinones. We expect that the results of this paper will help to answer the following question: does the phytomeliorative and phytosanitative V. faba ssp. minor plant is enough to be resistant on negative effects, and to be useful to reduce increasing amount of BPA in the environment?

Effects of rice bran phenolics on the structure of rice bran protein under different degrees of rancidity

To explore the effects of rice bran endogenous phenolics on rice bran protein under rice bran rancidity-induced oxidation, the structure of non-dephenolized and dephenolized rice bran protein with different degrees of rice bran rancidity (rice bran was stored for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 d) were investigated. During rice bran storage, dephenolization increased the carbonyl (from 5.32-24.59 to 6.11–26.52 μmol/g) and free sulfhydryl (from 24.41-32.33 to 32.64–45.04 μmol/g) contents of rice bran protein, and decreased disulfide bonds content (from 24.26-26.61 to 21.78–25.42 μmol/g). Meanwhile, endogenous phenolics improved rice bran protein secondary structural flexibility. Moderate oxidation (rice bran was stored for 0 and 1 d) induced by rice bran rancidity unfolded rice bran protein. The increase of maximum fluorescence emission wavelength red shift and the improvement of surface hydrophobicity induced by endogenous phenolics under moderate oxidation indicated rice bran endogenous phenolics further promoted the unfolding of rice bran protein. Excessive oxidation (rice bran was stored for 3, 5, and 10 d) caused protein aggregation. This work demonstrated that endogenous phenolics significantly affected rice bran protein structure under oxidation, especially the synergistic effect of endogenous phenolics and moderate oxidation on protein unfolding state.

Antioxidant capacity and interaction of endogenous phenolic compounds from tea seed oil

Endogenous phenols play a significant role in delaying oil rancidity. In this study, the profile of 22 endogenous phenols was determined from tea seed oil by UPLC-MS/MS, of which 15 phenols were identified for the first time. Then seven phenols with high content and strong antioxidant capacity were selected to investigate interaction using the DPPH· and Rancimat. It was found that the interaction of combinations was inconsistent in different media. Combined quercetin + esculetin, caffeoyl tartaric acid + esculetin, caffeoyl tartaric acid + gentisic acid and esculetin + gentisic acid showed synergistic antioxidant effects in oil and ethanol systems. Moreover, through the evaluation of the lipid oxidation process, combined esculetin + gentisic acid exhibited the greatest synergistic antioxidant effect. Notably, combined quercetin + esculetin had an inhibitory effect on the formation of volatile compounds. These findings may provide a basis for explaining the oxidation stability of tea seed oil.

Effect of Processing on Phenolic Composition of Olive Oil Products and Olive Mill By-Products and Possibilities for Enhancement of Sustainable Processes

The bio-functional properties of olive oil products and by-products rely greatly on the proportions and types of the endogenous phenolics that may favorably/unfavorably change during various processing conditions. The olive oil industrial activities typically produce (i) olive oils, the main/marketable products, and (ii) olive mill by-products. The mechanical processing of olive oil extraction is making progress in some areas. However, the challenges inherent in the existing system, taking into consideration, the susceptibilities of phenolics and their biosynthetic variations during processing, hamper efforts to ascertain an ideal approach. The proposed innovative means, such as inclusion of emerging technologies in extraction system, show potential for sustainable development of olive oil processing. Another crucial factor, together with the technological advancements of olive oil extraction, is the valorization of olive mill by-products that are presently underused while having great potential for extended/high-value applications. A sustainable re-utilization of these valuable by-products helps contribute to (i) food and nutrition security and (ii) economic and environmental sustainability. This review discusses typical processing factors responsible for the fate of endogenous phenolics in olive oil products/by-products and provides an overview of the possibilities for the sustainable processing to (i) produce phenolic-rich olive oil and (ii) optimally valorize the by-products.

Cadmium Phytoextraction Potential of Ricinus communis Significantly Increased with Exogenous Application of Growth Regulators and Macronutrients

ABSTRACT Phytoremediation has emerged as promising technology for reclamation of metal-polluted sites. The present study was conducted with an aim to assess the hyperaccumulation potential of Ricinus communis for cadmium, with the application of exogenous substances, [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)] and phytohormones [Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Indole acetic acid (IAA)]. These were applied to increase plant biomass, improve phytoextraction of Cd and its accumulation in aerial parts, with generation of endogenous proline and phenols in R. communis, grown in soil contaminated with 100 mg Cd/Kg. Plant hormones were used only as foliar spray while growth regulators were applied to soil and also used as foliar spray. T4 (Cd+NPK AS) significantly increased root length, T12 (GA3+ NPK FS) highly increased stem length and leaf length as compared to control C1 (plant only Cd). FBM was highly increased by N alone or in combination with P, K, and GA3 foliar sprayed in R. communis. Conclusively, it was found that NPK (foliar) in combination with GA3 followed by N and IAA, significantly increased biomass, Cd concentration and accumulation in all the treated plants of R. communis. Cadmium bio-concentration values for R. communis were higher than unity (1) i.e. ± 2.54. Highest significant concentration of phenolic and proline in R. communis were recorded in combination treatments of GA3 and NPK foliar spray while in other plants in NPK addition into soil treatment. Thus, R. communis has the natural potential as hyperaccumulator and further study is required for its industrial implementation in polluted soil.

Tree Nuts and Peanuts as a Source of Natural Antioxidants in our Daily Diet.

Tree nuts and peanuts are healthy foods with a proven track record of helping to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. At the point of consumption, all nuts contain low moisture and ≥ 50% lipid contents, but this is where similarities end. The levels of key nutrients and bioactives including vitamin C, vitamin E, L-arginine, minerals (such as selenium and zinc), and phenolics can differ markedly. Distinctions in the types and quantities of phenolic constituents for tree nut species, as well as the impact of digestion, will affect the nuts' antioxidant potential in vivo. This work provides some insight into the different types of phenolics found in tree nuts and peanuts, the antioxidant potential of their phenolic extracts using in vitro chemical assays, the effect of thermal processing on the stability of the nuts' endogenous phenolics, and the impact on biomarkers of human health arising from randomized clinical trials. Key biomarkers include measures in the reduction of LDL oxidation as well as increases in the levels of vitamin E and selected phenolic compounds in blood plasma postprandially from those of baseline.

Growth stage and molybdenum treatment affect cadmium accumulation, antioxidant defence and chlorophyll contents in Cannabis sativa plant

Cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation in plant tissues is affected by physiological stage of a plant and presence of mineral nutrients in soil. We investigate the effect of micronutrient Mo (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ppm) on biomass, Cd accumulation, photosynthetic pigments and endogenous phenolics and soluble proline in Cannabis sativa plant grown in 25 and 50 ppm Cd polluted soil. Molybdenum was applied as seed soaking and soil addition treatments. The plants were harvested in two stages i.e. vegetative (6 weeks) and reproductive stages (12 weeks). It was found that seed soaking treatment of 1.0 ppm Mo most significantly increased biomass, Cd accumulation (1.76 ± 0.19 mg Cd/DBM) and phenolics (104.5 ± 4.46 ppm) concentration in the plant tissues. Molybdenum treatments highly increased Cd bio-concentration at reproductive stage as compared to vegetative stage in plants grown in 50 ppm Cd polluted soil. Translocation of Cd from roots into leaves was significantly increased by Mo treatments at reproductive stage as compared to vegetative stage. Strong inter-correlations existed between total phenolics, Cd accumulation, dry biomass and chlorophyll contents of the plant.

Phytoremediation of Lead and Chromium Contaminated Soil Improves with the Endogenous Phenolics and Proline Production in Parthenium, Cannabis, Euphorbia, and Rumex Species

Phytoremediation is the most promising and emerging technology for remediation of metal-contaminated sites. The aim of the current research was to investigate the metals accumulation potential of four weed species i.e., Parthenium, Cannabis, Euphorbia, and Rumex species. The endogenous free proline, total phenolic, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents were assessed under metals stress and correlated with metals accumulation in plants. Plants of each species were allowed to grow in reference (uncontaminated) soil and other group on industrial effluent-contaminated soil under natural environment. Phytoextraction potentials of these plants were evaluated for removal of lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). The heavy metal concentration in plant parts was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Varied accumulation of metals was found among different weed species. Moreover, metal accumulation was different within plant tissues i.e., roots, leaves, and stem. Cannabis and Parthenium showed bio-concentration BCF > 1 for Pb, reflecting their high metal accumulation potential and both plants were found superior than Rumex and Euphorbia for Cr accumulation. The endogenous free proline and phenolic contents showed significantly positive correlation with Pb accumulation in four plants i.e., Parthenium (R2 = 0.977, R2 = 0.9996), Cannabis (R2 = 0.9924, R2 = 0.9999), Euporbia (R2 = 0.9992, R2 = 0.9832), Rumex (R2 = 0.6033, R2 = 0.8272) respectively. Similarly, Cr accumulation in plants showed significantly positive correlation with proline and phenolic but the BCF ˂ 1.The chlorophyll and carotenoids contents in all plants negatively correlated with Pb and Cr concentration.

Effect of rutin and quercetin on the physicochemical properties of Tartary buckwheat starch

Tartary buckwheat is rich in phenolics and is an excellent healthy food source. To evaluate the endogenous phenolics affecting the physicochemical properties of the starch in Tartary buckwheat products during processing, varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) of the predominant phenols, rutin and quercetin, were co‐cooked with Tartary buckwheat starch (TBS). Rutin and quercetin reduced the peak and final temperatures and enthalpy of TBS during gelatinization, lowered the aging enthalpy of retrograded TBS, and increased the trough and final viscosity of TBS paste and reduced its breakdown. The two additives also reduced the hardness and cohesiveness of TBS gels, while improving their water‐binding capacity. The morphologies of gelatinized and retrograded TBS were greatly altered with the presence of rutin and quercetin. The interaction between rutin or quercetin and TBS may be responsible for these changes, and the starch–phenolic binding force was much weaker than that in the iodine–starch complex. Our study provides insight into the physicochemical effects of the phenol–starch interactions in the Tartary buckwheat food matrix in a model system.

Postharvest fruit quality and antioxidants of nectarine fruit as influenced by chlorogenic acid

Our object was to learn how the endogenous phenolics may influence fruit postharvest quality and antioxidants. We presented that chlorogenic acid (CHA) could more prominently reduce ethylene production, softening and soluble solids content decreases of nectarine fruit pulp discs than neo-chlorogenic acid, which is another major phenolic compound of nectarine pulp. Thus, nectarine fruit were infiltrated by CHA, followed by storage for up to eight days at 25 °C. Our results showed that the CHA treatment significantly reduced ethylene production, softening, decay rate and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. The ethylene production in fruit treated with CHA (50 mg L−1) was 41.6% of that in control on the 4th day of storage; decay rate or MDA level of the fruit was reduced by CHA for 73% or 33%, respectively comparing to control on the 8th day of storage. Meanwhile, CHA also retarded peel color turning, increase of soluble solids content and decline of titratable acid in the fruit. Total phenolics content and antioxidant property of the fruit were also influenced by CHA. Antioxidant activity, radical scavenging activity and reducing power in the pulp were remarkably enhanced by CHA. These results suggest that CHA can maintain postharvest quality and antioxidant capacity of fruit.

Molybdenum (Mo) increases endogenous phenolics, proline and photosynthetic pigments and the phytoremediation potential of the industrially important plant Ricinus communis L. for removal of cadmium from contaminated soil.

Cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soil negatively affects crops yield and compromises food safety. Remediation of polluted soil is necessary for the re-establishment of sustainable agriculture and to prevent hazards to human health and environmental pollution. Phytoremediation is a promising technology for decontamination of polluted soil. The present study investigated the effect of molybdenum (Mo) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0ppm) on endogenous production of total phenolics and free proline, plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments in Ricinus communis plants grown in Cd (25, 50 and 100ppm) contaminated soils and the potential for Cd phytoextraction. Mo was applied via seed soaking, soil addition and foliar spray. Foliar sprays significantly increased plant biomass, Cd accumulation and bioconcentration. Phenolic concentrations showed significantly positive correlations with Cd accumulation in roots (R 2=0.793, 0.807 and 0.739) and leaves (R 2=0.707, 721 and 0.866). Similarly, proline was significantly positively correlated with Cd accumulation in roots (R 2=0.668, 0.694 and 0.673) and leaves (R 2=0.831, 0.964 and 0.930). Foliar application was found to be the most effective way to deliver Mo in terms of increase in plant growth, Cd accumulation and production of phenolics and proline.

Biochemical investigations during in vitro adventitious shoot regeneration in leaflet explants from nodal segments of a mature Albizia procera tree

The in vitro adventitious shoot differentiation in leaflet explants of an adult tree differed from that of leaflet explants of seedlings of Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. reported previously elsewhere. The leaflet explants from an adult tree passed through an initial callus phase for 30 days on MS medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose, 2.5 µM 2,4-D followed by a subsequent adventitious shoot differentiation phase for another 30 days on half MS medium supplemented with 0.25 µM each of BA and IBA. The regeneration rate of in vitro adventitious shoots in explants from the adult tree, i.e.1.66 shoots/callus, was lower than that from seedlings, i.e. >10 shoots/callus, which was reported elsewhere. Correspondingly, the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxidase, and endogenous phenol content remained very low during in vitro adventitious shoot differentiation in leaflet explants of an adult tree possibly due to lower availability of competent stem (juvenile) cells for the process.

Phytoremediation of cadmium improved with the high production of endogenous phenolics and free proline contents in Parthenium hysterophorus plant treated exogenously with plant growth regulator and chelating agent.

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on growth parameters, cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction, total phenolics, free proline and chlorophyll content of Parthenium hysterophorus plant grown in Cd-contaminated (100mg/kg) soil. GA3 was applied as foliar spray (10(-2), 10(-4) and 10(-6)M) while EDTA (40mg/kg soil) was added to soil as single and in split doses. Results showed decrease in growth parameters due to Cd stress but P. hysterophorus plant demonstrated Cd hyperaccumulator potential based on bioconcentration factor (BCF). Lower concentration of GA3 (10(-6)M) showed highest significant increase in the growth parameters while Cd concentration, accumulation (1.97 ± 0.11mg/DBM) and bioconcentration (9.75 ± 0.34) was significantly higher in the treatment T11 (GA3 10(-2) + split doses of EDTA). Cadmium significantly increased the root free proline while total phenolic concentration was significantly high in all parts of the plant. Chlorophyll contents were significantly reduced by Cd. GA3 showed significant increase in phenolic and chlorophyll contents in plant. Cadmium accumulation in plant tissues showed positive correlation with free proline (R (2) = 0.527, R (2) = 0.630) and total phenolics (R (2) = 0.554, R (2) = 0.723) in roots and leaves, respectively. Cd contents negatively correlated with biomass, chlorophyll and total water contents. Proline and phenolic contents showed positive correlation with dry biomass of plant. These findings suggest further investigation to study the role of endogenous phenolics and proline in heavy metal phytoremediation.

Effect of pretreatments and endo-1,4-β-xylanase hydrolysis of canola meal and mustard bran for production of oligosaccharides.

Alkali/acid-pretreated canola meal and mustard bran were subjected to endo-1,4-β-xylanase (T. longibrachiatum) hydrolysis for oligosaccharide production. Pretreatments significantly (α = 0.05) increased the relative content of pentose sugars, especially in alkali-pretreated canola meal (∼44 %) and mustard bran (∼72 %). The amounts of pentosan (g/100 g) in acid- and alkali-pretreated canola meal were 7.50 and 8.21 and in corresponding mustard bran were 8.67 and 10.39, respectively. These pretreated substrates produced a pentose content (g/100 g) of 2.10 ± 0.14 (18 h) and 2.95 ± 0.10 (24 h), respectively, during hydrolysis. As per UPLC-MS data, the main oligosaccharides in the hydrolyzates of alkali-pretreated substrates are xylo-glucuronic acid and xylobiose. The release of total phenolics of the hydrolyzates increased until 18 h irrespective of the type of substrate or pretreatment. Hydrolyzates of acid-pretreated substrates indicated more total antioxidant activity than alkali-pretreated substrates, attributed to its high phenolic content. The study suggests the potential of canola meal and mustard bran for the production of oligosaccharides, wherein the use of various combinations of cell-wall-degrading enzymes and its optimization may result in a better yield, with simultaneous production of endogenous phenolics.