Endogenous Latent Variables Research Articles

Analysis of The EwacsPro Auto Dispatch System in XYZ Company Using Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM2) Adoption

Fleet Management System (FMS) is a system that quite good to manage the haul cycle and can be useful for reducing the idle time of the conveyance. The development of an FMS with an Auto Dispatch System (ADS) that utilizes digital information technology can make management easier. ADS is the system which has assignment logic systems for transport equipment, either directly suggesting to the operator through computerized systems or through dispatchers. XYZ Company developed its own ADS, called Early Warning & Control System Pro (EwacsPro), which has been tested on 1 of 4 total pits they have in ABC jobsite, using the LTE Communication network, which is the first in Indonesia. The problem behind this research is that the system has never been tested for readiness. This research aims to analyze, evaluate and explore the level of readiness of the EwacsPro system using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) method and also analyze the level of operator acceptance of the use of the EwacsPro system adopting Technology Accetance Model 2 (TAM2) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The research will provide recommendations to the XYZ management for improvements related to EwacsPro at ABC Jobsite so that it can provide benefits according to the technological design which has been made, using Business Model Canvas (BMC) tool. The EwacsPro system reached level 9 TRL with a fulfillment rate of 80%. There are 7 variables that significantly influence EwacsPro's Usage Behavior directly and 1 variable that significantly influences using 2 influencing moderator variables of the TAM2 analysis. The R-square test also shows that all values are above 0.75, which means that there is a strong influence from the measurement of the exogenous latent variable on the endogenous latent variable.

Factors Influencing the Participation in Defined Contribution Pension Scheme by Urban women in the informal Sector in Ghana

The study set out to investigate reasons for the low interest in participating in Defined Contribution Pension Schemes (DCPS) by urban women in the informal sector in Ghana (UWISG) in order to unravel the causes of the phenomenon of non-participation so that solutions can be identified. Most studies conducted on voluntary participation in pension schemes have not explored the such variables; perceived net pension wealth, permanent income, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. The main research questions among others are; what are the effects of demographic characteristics of urban women in the informal sector in Ghana (UWISG) on their intention to participate in Defined Contribution Pension Schemes (DCPS)? What is the impact of perceived net pension wealth (perceived benefits) on the intention of UWISG to participate in DCPS? The Methodology of the study is quantitative research design. The study has two research models a logistic regression model of demographic variables and model is a framework consisting of exogenous and endogenous latent variables. Some significant findings of the study are (i) an inverse relationship between disposition to save and intention to participate in DCPS. The inverse relationship implied that most of the respondents would prefer to probably put money in their savings or investment accounts rather than contributing to DCPS. The study also found the age variable to be an insignificant influencer of DCPS adoption intention.

Factors influencing company performance and global value chains participation: the case of textiles and apparel industries in Ethiopia in Eastern Industrial Zone (EIZ)

This paper aims to identify the factors influencing companies’ performance of Textiles and Apparel Industries in Ethiopia, particularly, in the Eastern Industrial Zone. The researchers employed Maximum Likelihood with Robust (MLR) in Confirmatory Factor Analysis Model (CFA) for survey data gathered from the employees of the Textiles and Apparel industries operating in the Eastern Industrial Zone in Ethiopia which took place from 2020-2021. Main findings of this study indicate that (i) one-unit enhancement in Companies’ Performance yields a favorable impact on raw materials & financial situation; (ii) human capital experiences a rise in the expected units followed, (iii) competitive environment displaying an increase of the units as well, (iv) policies environment demonstrates an improvement, finally (v) organizational development exhibits growth of the expected units as well. This study has identified that these five endogenous latent variables are positively influenced by exogenous latent variable, Companies’ Performance because all have shown the results above the expectation. This study brings insight to investors how they boost their companies’ performance and develops the best strategies for the success of their companies.

Capturing Millennials' Attention: Investigating Influential Factors on Purchase Intention at Halal Restaurants in Bogor, Indonesia

This research aims to explore the factors influencing consumers' purchasing intentions at halal-labeled restaurants, especially among Millennials in Bogor. By adopting the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a conceptual framework, this study is limited to a sample scope involving 222 respondents aged 20-39 who practice Islam, including both students and private sector individuals residing in Bogor City. This study used the SEM-PLS method in analyzing the data. It is conducted in two stages, the evaluation of the measurement model (outer model) and the evaluation of the structural model (inner model). The Path Coefficients method has been employed to assess the direct effects of an exogenous latent construct or variable on an endogenous latent variable. The research results show that attitude variables and halal labels have a significant influence on consumer buying interest in halal restaurants, while knowledge and price variables do not have a significant influence on buying interest. The implications of this research are highly relevant for halal restaurant industry owners and practitioners. Strategic recommendations include enhancing information about the halalness of products and services and strengthening halal certification and labels. Restaurant owners are encouraged to seek a balance between competitive pricing and high-quality service. Focus on improving consumer knowledge about the halal status of products, enhancing brand image, and emphasizing the halal label as a positive differentiator.

Non-parametric Regression Among Factor Scores: Motivation and Diagnostics for Nonlinear Structural Equation Models

We provide a framework for motivating and diagnosing the functional form in the structural part of nonlinear or linear structural equation models when the measurement model is a correctly specified linear confirmatory factor model. A mathematical population-based analysis provides asymptotic identification results for conditional expectations of a coordinate of an endogenous latent variable given exogenous and possibly other endogenous latent variables, and theoretically well-founded estimates of this conditional expectation are suggested. Simulation studies show that these estimators behave well compared to presently available alternatives. Practically, we recommend the estimator using Bartlett factor scores as input to classical non-parametric regression methods.

Application of Structural Equations Modeling Partial Least Square at the Comparation of the Niveau of Responsibility From Cs and Digics

Banking is an institution that plays a role in increasing economic development and also increasing equitable development. People who are serving users will be more selective in choosing banks so that many banks strive to be superior and more satisfying than other banks. Customer satisfaction can be seen from the role of CS and DigiCS. Customer Service ( CS ) is all actions intended to meet needs and activities by providing services so that each customer's needs are met. Digital Customer Service (DigiCS) is BNI digital banking automation that provides customers with immediate experience when carrying out digital transactions at BNI . The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence the level of CS and DigiCS customer satisfaction with several variables, namely product quality ( ), service quality ( ), time ( ), convenience/efficiency ( ), and customer satisfaction (Y). The method used in this research is structural equation modeling partial least squares with the help of Microsoft Excel and SmartPLS software with the application of SEM - PLS to analyze the relationship between endogenous latent variables and exogenous latent variables. The results of this research are that for CS customer satisfaction it is found that only the exogenous variable product quality ( ) with its influences indicators customer satisfaction (Y) while for DigiCS customer satisfaction the results are that only the exogenous variable product quality ( ) and the exogenous variable convenience/efficiency ( ) with indicators that influence customer satisfaction (Y).

Public Perception of the Effectiveness of Vaccination against the Level of Anxiety Exposed to Covid-19

This research aims to find out how people's perceptions about effectiveness of vaccination on the level of anxiety exposed to Covid-19 which is influenced by knowledge. The sampling technique used accidental sampling. Nine districts and cities in Bali were included in the samples and 190 respondents in all. Questionnaires as research instruments and primary data are the types of data used. The Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis approach was used in this study. The variables in this research consist of exogenous latent variables (knowledge), mediating latent variables (effectiveness), and endogenous latent variables (anxiety). By considering the results of hypothesis testing carried out through the bootstrapping process, the study revealed that better knowledge about Covid-19 can increase the effectiveness of vaccination by 78.9%, better knowledge about Covid-19 can reduce anxiety levels by 23.2%, increased vaccination effectiveness results in a decrease in anxiety levels by 29.4%, and better knowledge about Covid-19 can indirectly reduce anxiety levels through vaccination effectiveness by 59.3%. As a result, H0 gets dismissed in the hypothesis test, which indicates that knowledge significantly affects anxiety, both directly and indirectly through the mediation of vaccination effectiveness.

Exploring Generative AI Tools Frequency: Impacts on Attitude, Satisfaction, and Competency in Achieving Higher Education Learning Goals

The urgency of using AI in the educational environment as a medium for optimizing student learning personalization in synchronous and asynchronous learning needs to be done to ensure that students experience improved attitudes, motivation, and learning satisfaction, which is reflected in student competencies. This study aimed to investigate the impact of ChatGPT use frequency on students' attitudes, satisfaction levels, and competence in higher education learning goals. The type of research employed was non-experimental quantitative research, specifically ex-post facto research. The sample size was 257 people, which was determined using the criteria of Issac and Michael (1971) and sampling distribution with a proportional random sampling technique. Data collection techniques that utilize questionnaires are effective in obtaining quantitative data. The PLS SEM analysis was used to determine the effect of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variables. The study revealed that reliability and satisfaction with ChatGPT positively impact learning outcomes, while the perceived impact on competence does not significantly enhance learning objectives. Increased usage frequency moderates these effects, diminishing the positive influence of perceptions, reliability, and satisfaction and shifting the impact on competence to negative and insignificant. These findings highlight the complexity of integrating ChatGPT into education, suggesting that initial positive perceptions may not be sustained with frequent use.

Emotional Intelligence, Teamwork and Knowledge Management: A Causal Model on Public Service Motivation among Healthcare Workers in Region XI


 Purpose: Public service motivation, a pivotal factor in driving healthcare professionals to contribute to societal welfare, faces significant threats (Perry & Vandenabeele, 2015; Perry & Ritz, 2022). Globally, healthcare workers grapple with issues like staff shortages, excessive work hours, and escalating stress levels, culminating in burnout and a potential decline in service quality (Buchan, 2020; Agence France-Presse, 2021; Mendoza, 2021; Irandoost et al., 2022; Vejdani, 2021). It is for this reason that this study is conducted to establish a structural equation model of public service motivation by developing a theoretical framework explaining the relationships between various factors contributing to public service motivation, such as emotional intelligence, teamwork, and knowledge management.
 Materials and Methods: Four hundred forty three healthcare workers were selected through proportional stratified sampling. A validated and approved adapted survey questionnaire was disseminated through google form. This study was a quantitative, descriptive research project using structural equation modeling approach. Understandably, the data analysis used mean and standard deviation, Pearson r, multiple regression analysis, and structural equation modeling techniques to test the proposed theoretical framework and identify the relationships between the different constructs. IBM SPSS was utilized to analyze the data.
 Findings: The healthcare workers have a high level of emotional intelligence, teamwork, knowledge management, and public service motivation. There is a significant correlation between the exogenous and endogenous latent variables. In the context of this study on Public Service Motivation, Model 5 has been designated as the best-fit model based on rigorous statistical validation and theoretical consistency. Under emotional intelligence, Appraisal and Expression in the Self and Regulation of Emotion remained. In Teamwork, Mutual Support and Team Structure remained. In Knowledge Management, Training and Mentoring, Knowledge Capture, Incentives, Leadership, and Policies remained, and under Public Service Motivation, Self-sacrifice, and Commitment to Public Interest remained in the model. Therefore, the findings of the study would be not only for the government health care workers but for the private as well. 
 Recommendations: Healthcare workers must be provided with training programs focused on improving emotional intelligence which can equip them with the skills to understand better and manage their emotions, improving job satisfaction and motivation; regular team-building activities to enhance collaboration, improve communication, and foster a supportive work environment; and create a knowledge-sharing system, promoting continuous learning, and providing regular training updates. In addition, they must be a system to Recognize and reward healthcare professionals for their efforts and promoting a healthy work-life balance, providing mental health resources, and ensuring manageable workloads to help maintain their high motivation levels. In Portugal, it is valuable for healthcare workers to attend to training programs to capacitate them as professionals (Amaral et al., 2022). Finally, policy makers must revisit existing systems and practices on public service motivation to be able to assess what needs to be developed for policy improvement.

Can Positive Emotions Predict Consumer Satisfaction in Adverse Services?

Background Managing emotions during hospital visits is important to enhance patient satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between patients’ happiness and satisfaction through patients’ mood and perceived service quality at a healthcare setup. Methods This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital located in coastal Karnataka during the period from November to December 2021. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 227 respondents. “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 27.0” and “SmartPLS 3.0” software was used for data analysis. Results Hypotheses proposed in this study were examined by comparing the direct effect of patients’ happiness level on perceived service quality and the indirect effect of the level of patients’ happiness on patient satisfaction. The influence of all the exogenous latent variables namely, happiness, mood, perceived service quality, on the endogenous latent variable of patient satisfaction is estimated to be moderate (R2=62.5%). Conclusion This study empowers hospital managers to recognize how patient satisfaction is dependent on patients’ happiness. In order to enhance patient satisfaction, the quality of care provided by health services, human resources, and infrastructure must be improved. As a result, the entire service encounter can be made enjoyable to the customers by reducing the distress caused by adverse services. Managers can utilize the outcomes of the study to develop marketing strategies to influence patients’ emotions in the healthcare setup by modifying the servicescape elements.

Cultural Exchange and Transmission of Values in Tourism: A Study of Opportunities and Challenges in the Context of Globalization

Abstract This paper, drawing from the definitions of globalization, tourism cultural exchange, and tourism value dissemination, formulates a set of 15 observational variables. Using mathematical and statistical methods, the author constructs a structural equation model that includes the concept of globalization as the exogenous latent variable and cultural exchange and value dissemination as the endogenous latent variables. After estimating the model using the partial least squares method, the author combines relevant data to conduct an empirical analysis of the model. The analysis reveals that the modified fitting parameters, based on partial least squares, have values of GFI = 0.933, CFI = 0.931, TLI = 0.927, RMSEA = 0.046, PGFI = 0.667, and PNFI = 0.758, indicating a relatively satisfactory fit for the modified model. There is a strong positive relationship between the three paths: the globalization idea → cultural exchange (0.428, 0.005), the globalization idea → values dissemination (0.579, 0.048), and the cultural exchange → expression of values dissemination (0.587, 0.019). The mediating effect of cultural exchange is responsible for 28.35% of the relationship, while the direct effect of cultural exchange is responsible for 71.65%. This means that cultural exchange plays a significant positive role in the partially mediating role between globalization ideas and values dissemination.

Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Loyalitas Melalui Kepuasan Pelanggan Koperasi di Masa Pandemi Covid 19

Cooperatives need to increase their loyalty and customer satisfaction to be able to exist during the covid 19 pandemic. This study aims to identify and analyze the forming factors in customer satisfaction that affect cooperative customer loyalty during the covid pandemic. This research was conducted in the cities of South Tangerang and Depok. Primary data were collected through questionnaires to 100 cooperative customers using Purposive sampling technique, and data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Marketing mix (7P) as exogenous latent variable. Meanwhile, customer satisfaction and loyalty are endogenous latent variables. The results showed that based on the highest value, the physical evidence marketing mix factor (γ=0.25) was important to improve cooperatives in the cities of South Tangerang and Depok as a marketing strategy in maintaining customer loyalty and satisfaction during the covid 19 pandemic. recommendation for increasing promotion, product and physical evidence in cooperative businesses as a cooperative marketing strategy that is suitable for use during the covid 19 pandemic.

The Relationship between Human Resource Management and Organisational Performance in Universities Combining Multiple Linear Regression

Abstract This paper first explores human resource management and organizational performance and investigates the multiple linear regression model and its hypothesis conditions, parameter estimation, model testing and variable normalization treatment. Then, the evaluation index system of university organizational performance was constructed, and the relationship between human resource management and organizational performance in universities was analyzed in depth through correlation analysis, the relationship between subjects’ basic conditions and organizational performance, analysis of variance explanation of endogenous latent variables, and empirical analysis of the relationship between human resource management practices and organizational performance. The results show that information sharing has a significant positive relationship with research contribution (β=0.293, Sig.=0.084, T=4.67) and based on human resource planning has a significant positive relationship with research input (β=0.55, Sig.=0.023, T=2.362). Therefore, human resource management in universities has a significant impact on organizational performance.

Exploring Students’ Acceptance Level of Learning Management System (LMS) as E-learning Platform using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) at Manado State University

This study aims to identify elements that can project the use of e-learning among Manado State University students through the application of path analysis. This study utilizes the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework as a theoretical foundation that guides in analysing the relationship between external and internal variables. The series of concepts proposed involves six main variables, as shown in Figure 1. The model presents the concept of supporting condition variables as an integrated external element in the Technology Acceptance Model. According to the analysis, AT, BI, FC, PEU ATU impact the desire to utilize LMS, When the endogenous latent variable's Q-square score is positive, indicating that the endogenous latent variable is predictive. Meanwhile, hypothesis testing revealed that one of the eight submitted hypotheses, H4, was rejected, while the others were approved.

The Construction of Cultivation System of Chinese Youth Football Players in the Perspective of Multimedia Era

Abstract The first step in this paper is to standardize each index based on factor analysis, then extract factors based on eigenvalues, and then use a rotation matrix to rotate and name the factor variables. The soccer player development system was created by determining the principal components based on the eigenvectors of the eigenvalues. The relationship between exogenous and endogenous latent variables was investigated by establishing structural equations to investigate the linear combination of variables. The model was used to conduct correlation and path analysis on the influencing factors of youth soccer player development. The study showed family factors strongly correlated with youth soccer player socialization r=0.656, p<0.01. Coaching factors moderately correlated with youth soccer player socialization r=0.456, p<0.01. The study of this paper provides some reference value for the development of youth soccer players.

Human Resource Management Practices, Knowledge Sharing, and Emotional Intelligence of Unit Heads: A Causal Model on Organizational Resilience in Government Agencies in Davao Region

Purpose: Organizational resilience is a prime concern among organizations, to respond and recover from challenging events. If organizations lack resilience, they may not be able to serve the public. Essentially, this study aimed to review empirical evidence on how organizational resilience is affected by variables in the context of accredited government agencies under the Program to Institutionalize Meritocracy and Excellence in Human Resource Management (PRIME-HRM) of the Civil Service Commission in Davao Region.
 Methodology: Two hundred government employees participated in the survey, selected through stratified sampling. The survey questionnaire used was validated and approved by experts. Data were collected through manual accomplishment by some respondents, while the rest was accomplished through google form. This study utilized a quantitative research design and employed the descriptive-causal method. The data analysis applied were mean, Pearson r, multiple regression, and the structural equation model. It was done using the IBM SPSS.
 Findings: Results revealed that the unit heads have very high levels of human resource management practices, knowledge sharing, emotional intelligence, and organizational resilience. A significant relationship exists between the exogenous latent variables and the endogenous latent variable. When regressed, only human resource management practices (HRMP) and emotional intelligence, including its manifest variables, revealed to be the best predictors of organizational resilience. The structural equation modeling showed that model 5 is best fit for organizational resilience in the context of government agencies. It was found in the model that human resource management practices, knowledge sharing, and emotional intelligence have a positive impact on organizational resilience. Indeed, the findings of this study have implications for human resource management in public and even private organizations.
 Recommendations: The CSC as a learning institution may introduce learning sessions on organizational resilience for leaders which may give them more exposure to resilience strategies. There is a need to continuously and seriously implement PRIME-HRM to strengthen organizational resilience. There is also a need to evaluate to identify potential threats and challenges that may affect the organization by conducting organizational resilience survey.

THE ROLE OF THE PAWANG UTEN IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT (PERSPECTIVES ON ADAT GLE MAINTENANCE IN SERBAJADI SUBDISTRICT, ACEH TIMUR REGENCY)

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the role of pawang uten in disaster management which includes exogenous latent variables, namely the adat gle maintenance while the endogenous latent variable is disaster management. To analyze the relationship between these variables, this study uses an analytical tool namely SmartPLS (Partial Least Square). Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of the research, it can be concluded that the role of pawang uten in adat gle maintenance it is in disaster management is yet to be seen. This is because the adat gle maintenance in Serbajadi Subdistrict only considered symbolic by the community when it will enter or manage the forest and internal responsibility for adat gle maintenance absolutely given to the pawang uten.

Analysis of Influence Factors Labor Supply Class Elderly at Medan City

This research is to analyze the factors that influence the supply of elderly workers in the city of Medan. Latent variables are divided into two, namely endogenous and exogenous latent variables. This study aims to determine the effect of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variables. This study aims to determine the effect of the supply of elderly workers in the city of Medan, such as education, health, income, dependents and employment status. The type of data in this study is primary data obtained directly in the field, namely elderly workers (60 years and over) who are still working in the city of Medan, totaling 271 people. In this study the method used is PLS-SEM with SmartPLS software. Testing in PLS-SEM includes: 1) Testing the outer model (measurement model). 2) Testing the inner model (structural model). The results of the study show that all variable indicators are significant. In the subsequent analysis, this study used significant indicators and showed that all variables had an effect on the supply of the elderly in Medan City. The results of bootstrap estimation for hypothesis testing also conclude that the variables of education, health, income, dependents, employment status have a positive effect on the supply of labor for the elderly in Medan City.

Creating an innovative culture in agribusiness of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises

Purpose. This research aims to assess the motivational factors in creating an innovation culture in agribusiness of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) by examining the organizational perspective, including organizational culture, organizational learning, market orientation, and attitude to innovation culture.
 Methodology / approach. A random cluster sampling method was used to select 100 agribusiness MSMEs in Sukoharjo Regency. This research considered exogenous latent variables, such as organizational culture, organizational learning, market orientation, and attitudes toward intention to innovate. The endogenous latent variables used were innovation intentions and innovation culture. Data were collected through an online survey and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis tools.
 Results. The results showed that organizational culture, market orientation, and attitudes influenced the intention to innovate, while the level of organizational learning did not. The intention to innovate, in turn, had a significant effect on innovative behavior, as shown in the performance of agribusiness companies. This innovative behavior was reflected in the emergence of new ideas to enhance the business, including the development of new product variants, the utilization of e-commerce for sales, and the improvement of production technology to increase cost efficiency. Therefore, there was a relationship between cultural innovation and company performance.
 Originality / scientific novelty. This research model was built based on behavioral theory and organizational culture, taking into account the difficulty and time required to develop an innovative culture within agribusiness MSMEs. These enterprises have organizational features different from medium and large companies. The objective of this research was to change the mindset of agribusiness MSMEs towards innovation, where innovation was no longer viewed as an option but rather a condition for success. Innovation became a value in fostering organizational culture.
 Practical value / implications. The practical implications of the findings were that agribusiness MSMEs should focus on efforts such as adapting to external changes, involving all employees, consistency, and a clear and long-term business vision to promote innovation. This positive attitude towards innovation could create a culture of innovation within the company, enabling MSME agribusiness to compete and develop into a better company.

User Acceptance of Online Examination System Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model

User acceptance is one of the factors that need to be considered in order to improve the quality of the online examination system. Therefore, an evaluation model is needed to measure online examination system user acceptance. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) is one of the evaluation models used in this study. This study aims to determine the user acceptance of the web-based online examination system at Public VHS 4 Malang using the UTAUT factors. The UTAUT factors used are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions as exogenous latent variables, and behavioral intention as an endogenous latent variable. The respondents in this study were students in the 12th grade of 2022/2023 school year. The total number of students was 274. The data obtained were analyzed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method using SmartPLS 3 software. In this study, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions have a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention, while social influence has a positive but insignificant effect on behavioral intention.