Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales Research Articles

The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that leads to neurological impairment and disability, mostly in young-aged people. Depression and anxiety are important associated mental disorders for people with MS (PwMS), which influence their life quality. During the COVID-19 pandemic, fear and stress levels enhanced dramatically for the general population, but mostly in progressive chronic pathologies such as MS. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic of psychological aspects in PwMS pre-pandemic and during pandemic, their connection with clinical outcomes, and with the coronavirus disease. We included 95 PwMS with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS), who were first evaluated 4 years before the pandemic outbreak and the second time 2 years after. They completed a series of psychological tests for depression, anxiety, negative automatic thoughts, and stress: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS), Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ). A neurologist evaluated the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and a COVID-19 survey was completed by 78 patients. During the pandemic, depression was encountered in 9.47% of PwMS, only 1.05% with a severe form, and 6.3% with suicidal thoughts, while anxiety was more frequent (39% of cases). Compared to the pre-pandemic period, depression levels remained stable over time (p=0.55), anxiety was reduced (p<0.001), and stress levels significantly increased (p=0.001). Some social aspects, such as having sufficient income, reduced the risk for psychological comorbidities. There was a mild correlation between emotional well-being and neurological disability. Of all patients who responded to the survey, 53.84% had previous COVID-19 infections, no patient was hospitalized and 69.23% were vaccinated. There was no relationship between the COVID-19 infection and psychological test results. During the pandemic, in the MS population depression remained stable, anxiety decreased, and stress levels were enhanced compared to the pre-pandemic period. Psychiatric comorbidities were not influenced by the coronavirus infection.

A-trait and risk-taking behavior in predicting injury severity among martial arts athletes.

Trait anxiety (A-trait) can be seen as a multiplicative function of the person-situation interaction. Considering risk-taking behavior (R-TB), literature highlights instrumental and stimulating risk. The aim of the research is to investigate the level of A-trait (in physically dangerous conditions and in new, unusual situations) and the level of R-TB (instrumental and stimulating risk) in athletes, and to verify to what extent A-trait and risk-taking behavior predict injury severity. One hundred and fifty-four senior martial arts athletes from grappling combat sports, striking combat sports and mixed martial artists (MMA) participated in the study. For assessing trait anxiety and risk-taking behavior, the Romanian adaptation of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS), respectively the Romanian adaptation of the Makarowski's Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire were used. Using multivariate analysis of variance, significant differences between athletes (according to the sports disciplines practiced), in terms of A-trait and R-TB, were examined. Next, we checked the existing correlations between injury severity, A-trait and R-TB scores in athletes practicing striking combat sports, grappling combat sports and MMA. To verify whether there are significant differences in terms of trait anxiety, stimulating and instrumental risk between athletes who have suffered mild, moderate and/or severe injuries and athletes who have suffered only minor/mild injuries, t-Test for Independent Samples was used. Binomial logistic regression procedures were, also, performed, predicting athletes' likelihood of injury, based on R-TB and A-trait. A moderate or slightly below average level of anxiety in new, unusual situations and a higher level of instrumental risk are linked with a decreased likelihood of severe injuries in athletes. Martial arts athletes (in entire sample) who have suffered more severe injuries are more adrenaline-seeking in competition and use less rational thinking, taking more pleasure in just performing technical executions, regardless of the outcome.

Predictors of superior performance in coaches – the role of A-trait

Abstract. Anxiety represents a multifaceted response that can hinder or help performance. Anxiety experienced at high intensity and in the long term is a noxious phenomenon. However, moderate anxiety can lead to improved performance, stimulating on-task effort. The aims of our study are to determine the pattern of anxious reactions in coaches with superior results in competition and to identify which facet of anxiety is a better predictor of sports performance. A total of 57 coaches (19 women and 38 men) participated in the research. We assessed four facets of trait anxiety using the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. The results highlight significantly lower scores in successful coaches compared to novice coaches for anxiety in new situations and in separation conditions. When talking about anxiety in physically dangerous and sociallyevaluative circumstances, no significant differences were found between the two groups of coaches (successful and beginner ones). After performing two separate binomial logistic regressions, we can argue that the scores for anxiety in separation conditions are a better predictor of sports performance than anxiety in new situations, the model explaining 30% of the variance in international or national performance and correctly classifying 75.4% of cases. The conclusions of our study represent valuable resources for sports psychologists, future (and current) coaches and researchers who are eager to better understand the impact of A-trait on sports performance, in the case of coaches.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health-Related Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Training Among Young Gastroenterologists in Romania.

The novel COVID-19 infection has spread all over the world and is still generating a lot of issues at different levels. There is a lack of control in disease early diagnosis and rapid evolution, which impacts both the medical and the economic system. Young gastroenterologists should adapt to overcome current difficulties and continue their life and general training. This is a multi-center national study, which aims to assess the general perspective of young gastroenterologists (residents and young specialists) from six university centers in Romania regarding their current training and the psychological effect the pandemic has on their life and job. An online survey with 58 items was distributed using Google Forms, and quality of life and anxiety were assessed. The validated instruments 15D (for assessing the health-related quality of life) and endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS—for assessing anxiety) were used. All analyses were performed using SPSS 25. Of the 174 gastroenterologists approached, 96 (response rate of 55%) responded. A majority of the respondents were residents in gastroenterology (64%), and 40.6% were male. The pandemic influenced the number of examined patients as well as young gastroenterologists’ endoscopy training. Health-related quality of life was negatively associated with the level of anxiety generated by the cognitive component of anxiety as a state, the new and ambiguity of the state, and how threatened the respondent felt. The level of anxiety was moderate (median = 51), and no difference was found between the physicians working in a designated hospital or not. General caution should be considered for young gastroenterologists’ training, and continuous observation should be done to ensure better mental health on the current evolution. These findings would need to be verified in larger-sample studies and in different types of specialties.

Razine anksioznosti kod prognanika i povratnika

This study aimed to examine the impact of war stress on some aspects of anxiety in refugees and returnees.The subjects were refugees from Eastern Slavonia (N=80) and returnees from the Dalmatian hinterland (N=80), whereas the citizens of the city of Split (N=81), who have been indirectly exposed to the war events, served as the control group.The subjects were given Endler's Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS-S and EMAS-T) that are designed to measure the state anxiety and the trait anxiety in usual, everyday situations and in situations of social evaluation. In addition, two scales were administered that were constructed for assessment of the perception of threatening aspects of war and of the exposure to war related stress (Gregov et al., 1995).The results showed that the anxiety level was higher in the returnees than the refugees, while the control group had the lowest degree of both state and the trait anxiety. This finding is in accordance with the hypothesis that the stress experienced during the refugee period and in the new situation of the return would have cumulative effects which could be manifested in short-term consequences (increased level of state anxiety and perceived threat of some war aspects) and in longterm consequences (increased level of trait anxiety).

Self-Efficacy and Anxiety among EFL Learners with Different Kinds of Multiple Intelligences

The present study was an attempt to investigate the relationship between the self-efficacy and anxiety of EFL learners with different kinds of multiple intelligences. Accordingly, three questionnaires were used: the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS), and the Multiple Intelligence Development Assessment Scales (MIDAS). A total of 246 undergraduate and graduate students aged 19 to 27 participated in this study. The researchers carried out a series of both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses and the results indicated that there is a positive correlation between anxiety and self-efficacy. The results also showed a significant relationship between linguistically intelligent EFL learners’ self-efficacy and anxiety and that anxiety cannot be a predictor for EFL learners’ self-efficacy.

Study Regarding the Impact of Trait Anxiety on Intersegmental Coordination and Topographical Memory in Junior Football Players

The purpose of our study consists of analyzing the existing impact of trait anxiety on limbs coordination and upon topographical memory of junior football players. The Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales allows greater precision in assessing anxiety across situations. The RCMV and MT tests are included into the PSISELTEVA battery, developed by RQ Plus. The subjects who took part in this study are 21 junior football players, from Dinamo Bucharest Sports Club. Using the Spearman correlation there have been important relations highlighted between trait anxiety in socially-evaluative and physically dangerous situations and the resistance to time pressure coefficient, the complex reaction time and the topographical memory.

A-state, A-trait and the Performance of 14-15 Years Old Football Players

The purpose of this study consists of analyzing the existing correlations between the state anxiety, trait anxiety and sport performance. The Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS) belonging to the Cognitrom Assessment System, designed by Cognitrom, allow greater precision in assessing anxiety across situations. The subjects who took part in this study are 26 junior football players, from Dinamo Bucharest Sports Club. Using the Spearman correlation there have been important relations highlighted between the physiological responses of the athletes, the trait anxiety in physically dangerous situations and the marks obtained by the football players depending on their evolution on the field.

Manifestations of Some Personality Traits in Karate Do

The present paper represents an observational study about various personality traits and their manifestation in performance karate do athletes. Our study aims at revealing the karate do athletes’ personality profile, an aspect that is less approached in the practice of this domain in Romania. In order to develop our research, we used the case study method. We applied the following test: analytical reasoning, Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) and the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS-T and SAS-T). We concluded that the investigation of the athletes’ personality traits represents valuable source of documentation for both their training process and for improving their preparation.

Predictors of distress in cancer patients and their partners: The role of optimism in the sense of coherence construct

Aim: The aim of this study was to clarify the associations between sense of coherence (SOC), dispositional optimism and distress (i.e. anxiety and depression) in cancer patients and their partners. Methods: The associations between SOC, dispositional optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised, LOT-R), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-14, BDI-14) and anxiety (Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales, EMAS-State) were studied in 147 cancer couples. The data were collected with self-report questionnaires at the time of diagnosis (2 months) and after 6 months. Path analysis was used to analyse the predictors of follow-up distress and crossover effects in the longitudinal data. Results: Optimistic patients and patients with strong SOC as well as their partners reported fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety than less optimistic subjects and subjects with weaker SOC. Optimism partially explained the effect of SOC on distress and SOC seemed to be an independent factor in predicting distress. Patient and partner distress at baseline and at 8-month follow-up correlated positively. In addition, high partner optimism at baseline seemed to predict low patient anxiety at follow-up. Conclusions: The beneficial effects of SOC seem to include also other elements beyond optimism. In clinical practice, enhancing optimistic expectations of the future and promoting SOC could be expected to reduce distress in cancer patients and their partners.

The Differential Assessment of State–Trait Anxiety and Depression in a Clinically Anxious Sample

Empirical investigation into anxiety and depression has led some researchers to question the conceptual distinctness of these constructs. N. S. Endler, B. J. Cox, J. D. A. Parker, and R. M. Bagby (1992) provided empirical evidence that state and trait anxiety (using the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales; N. S. Endler, J. M. Edwards, and R. Vitelli, 1991) may be differentiated from depression (using the Beck Depression Inventory; A. T. Beck, 1978) in a student sample. The present study extended this research by employing a different sample, a clinical sample of panic disorder patients (N = 189). Further support for the conceptual distinctness of anxiety and depression is presented herein. The concept of a general distress factor that encompasses both constructs is also discussed.

Separation, self‐disclosure, and social evaluation anxiety as facets of trait social anxiety

In the current article, we propose an expansion of the trait anxiety concept to include interpersonal or social facets of trait anxiety involving separation from significant others and disclosing aspects of the self to others, as a supplement to the existing focus on social evaluation anxiety. Participants in three studies completed a modified version of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales that included a measure of trait social evaluation anxiety, as well as new measures of trait separation anxiety and trait self‐disclosure anxiety (i.e., three measures of trait social anxiety). Results showed that the social evaluation, separation, and self‐disclosure trait anxiety scales have strong psychometric properties and that they represent distinct but related components of trait anxiety. With respect to validity, the facets of trait social anxiety were predictive of related variables including self‐concealment, anxiety sensitivity, and trait worry. The theoretical and practical implications of a multifaceted approach to trait social anxiety are discussed in terms of an expanded multidimensional interaction model of anxiety. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Assessing computer anxiety with the interaction model of anxiety: development and validation of the computer anxiety trait subscale

This study was conducted to develop and validate a new computer anxiety scale. The scale is based on an interaction model of anxiety that emphasizes the influential role of specific situations e.g. computer interaction situations. The data supported the reliability and the validity of the scale. During a computer interaction, greater computer anxiety was associated with greater state anxiety. Interest of using the scale with the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety scales are discussed.

Anxiety and Depression: Evidence for the Differentiation of Commonly Cooccurring Constructs

Anxiety and depression frequently cooccur diagnostically. This observation has led researchers to investigate whether anxiety and depression can be meaningfully distinguished as unique theoretical constructs or whether they are better conceptualized as features of a general psychological distress. In the present study, we attempted to differentiate self-reported state and trait anxiety from depression in a university sample (N = 593) using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS). In addition, we examined the relationship among self-reported anxiety, depression, and neuroticism to determine the extent to which the Anxiety and Depression facet scales of the NEO Personality Inventory—Revised represent distinct and mutually exclusive measures of anxiety and depression. Principal-components analyses and a series of multiple regression models were used to conduct this investigation. Results indicate that both state and trait anxiety and depression can be reliably differentiated with the BDI and the EMAS. Results also suggest that invoking a single “general distress” factor to explain the strong interrelationships between anxiety and depression in nonclinical samples is premature.

The Relationship Between Perceived Probability of Personal Harm and Distressful Reactions During the Gulf War

This study investigated the relationship between threat appraisal, distressful reactions, and coping strategies of Israeli civilians under missile attack during the Gulf War. During the war, 66 subjects were asked about their perceived probability of being hurt by the missiles. Additionally, they completed a questionnaire that measured their fears and symptoms during the war, the State Anxiety scale of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales, and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS, Endler & Parker, 1990). The results showed an inverted U-shaped relationship between perceived probability of being hurt and the anxiety measures. A similar curvilinear relationship was found between perceived probability of being hurt and emotion coping strategy. Furthermore, it was found that those who appraised the possibility of being hurt as very high, more often used avoidance coping. The results are discussed within the framework of stress theories and are related to other inverted U-shape relationships found between threat appraisal and stressful reactions.

Perfectionism and components of state and trait anxiety

The association between dimensions of perfectionism and state and trait anxiety was examined in three studies. Study 1 and Study 2 were correlational studies that investigated the link between dimensions of perfectionism (i.e., self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism) and the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS). Taken together, the results indicated that self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionsim are correlated significantly with both the cognitive-worry and autonomic-arousal components of state anxiety. As for the trait anxiety measures, self-oriented perfectionism was associated with the ambiguous and social evaluation facets in Study 1, and socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with the ambiguous and daily routines facets in Study 2. The purpose of Study 3 was to examine perfectionism and state anxiety under conditions of high versus low ego involvement. It was found that socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with higher state anxiety, but only in the high ego involvement condition. Self-oriented perfectionism was unrelated to state anxiety in either experimental condition. Overall, the findings indicate that socially prescribed perfectionism is the dimension linked most closely with components of state and trait anxiety, especially under conditions of ego threat. The results are discussed in terms of the need for an interactional approach to the study of the social aspects of both perfectionism and anxiety.

Interactional anxiety in an examination situation with French and English high school students: An empirical test of a composite predictor for state anxiety

This study investigated the predictive validity of the trait anxiety—perception (ATP) variable, a composite predictor for state anxiety, in the context of situational stress associated with Ontario Academic Credit examinations for French and English high school students. ATP is constructed from trait anxiety and situation perception data derived from the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. The formula for ATP mathematically combines the individual's trait anxiety and situation perception profiles, and adjusts these with a multiplier which reflects the individual's sensitivity to particular types of situational elements, in terms of state anxiety inducement. Present results indicated that the ATP variable offered a superior prediction of A-State, as compared to social evaluation, physical danger, ambiguous and daily routines trait anxiety, for female adolescents, but not for males. This result was explained on the basis of possible differences between males and females, with respect to responsiveness to the present stressful situation.

State-trait anxiety and the experience of elective surgery in children.

A study involving paediatric surgery patients aged 11-14 years was carried out in order to test the interaction model of anxiety. Thirty-seven orthopaedic paediatric patients (17 girls and 20 boys) and their mothers were administered the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS: Endler, Edwards, & Vitelli, 1991). A comparison group of 31 (15 girls and 16 boys) non-hospitalized children were also studied. Results indicated that for the experimental group, high social evaluation trait-anxiety paediatric surgical patients experienced a greater elevation in state-anxiety from Time 1 (non-stress) to Time 2 (surgical stress) conditions when compared to their low social evaluation trait-anxiety counterparts. Mothers of the surgical patients, however, were found to experience increased state-anxiety as a result of their child's surgery irrespective of their own various trait-anxiety levels. As expected, non-hospitalized comparison-group children experienced no significant changes in their traitand state-anxiety levels across two non-stress conditions.

Interactional anxiety in an athletic competition situation: An empirical test of a composite predictor for state anxiety

This present study investigated the predictive validity of the trait anxiety-perception (ATP) variable, as a composite predictor for state anxiety (A-State), in the context of situational stress associated with athletic competition. ATP is constructed from trait anxiety and situation perception data derived from the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. The formula for ATP mathematically combines the individual's trait anxiety and situation perception profiles, and adjusts these with a multiplier which reflects the individual's sensitivity to particular types of situational elements, in terms of A-state inducement. Present results indicated that the ATP variable did not offer a superior prediction of A-State, as compared to social evaluation, physical danger, ambiguous and daily routines trait anxiety. This result was explained on the basis of difficulties in achieving sufficiently low levels of A-State in this study's low stress condition.

The gulf war: Distressful reactions to scud missiles attacks

Abstract This study investigated the relationships among coping strategies, trait anxiety and distressful reactions (State anxiety and fears and symptoms) of Israeli civilians under missile attack during the 1991 Gulf war. During the war sixty-six subjects (46 females and 20 males) completed a questionnaire that measured their distressful reactions and included fears in various situations (e.g., during the night, in the sealed room) and various symptoms (e.g., sleep disturbances, sensitivity to noise). In addition each subject completed the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS, Endler & Parker, 1990a), a multidimensional self-report measure of coping which measures three major coping strategies: task-oriented, emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented. Subjects also completed the State and Trait anxiety scales of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS, Endler, Edwards, & Vitelli, 1991). The state anxiety scales measure two components of the individual's state anxiety, cognitive worry and autonomic emotional reactions. The trait anxiety scales measure the individual's predisposition to experience anxiety in four different situations: social evaluation, physical danger, ambiguous situations and daily routines. The results showed that individuals who used emotion-oriented coping more frequently, experienced more state anxiety and symptoms and fears, (i.e., experienced greater distress) during the war. Task-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping were not related to the distressful reactions. It was further found that subjects high on physical danger trait anxiety and social evaluation trait anxiety experienced greater fears and more symptoms (i.e., experienced greater distress) during the war. Persons high on social evaluation trait anxiety also experienced great cognitive-worry state anxiety. The results are discussed within the framework of the multidimensional model of stress, anxiety and coping (Endler, 1988; Endler & Parker, 1990a, 1990b) and the special characteristics of the Gulf war situation.