End Of World War II Research Articles

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND STRATEGIC STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN

Since the establishment of International Relations as an academic discipline in 1918, it has undergone great transformations. The end of World War-II with devastated nuclear technology brought forth national security perspectives impacting the study of IR and giving birth to strategic and security studies as specialized sub-disciplines. Presently the discipline of IR has very distinct and specialized sub-disciplines such as Strategic Studies, Security Studies, Peace and Conflict Resolution and Area Studies. In Pakistan, the first institute dealing with international affairs was established in 1947 and the first teaching department at Karachi University was formed in 1958. However, it suffered due to general apathy by the governments and public alike. In 1970s, Pakistan’s security matrix compelled to create Area Study Centers and Strategic Studies departments. Later, in early 2000s, electronic media played an important role in popularizing these disciplines. Lately, the HEC has established a Consortium of Social Sciences Universities in Pakistan to elevate the status of Social Sciences and launched various scholarship schemes to meet the challenge of qualified human resource. However, there is a need to establish an Academy of Social Sciences and a National Society of International Relations to promote these disciplines on strong financial and institutional footings.

The influence of migrations on the ethnic/national and religious identities: The case of the united Methodist Church in Banat

This research focuses on the correlation between migrations and ethnic and religious identities on the example of the United Methodist Church (UMC)2 in Banat. This paper observes a complex network of social, political and cultural factors which induced the changing of the number of members of the UMC local congregations, and their ethnic structure. Ever since the founding of the first UMC congregations on the territory of Serbia (mostly in Vojvodina) at the beginning of the 20th century until the end of World War II, the greatest number of their members were German. After they had immigrated, there was a sharp membership decline and many UMC congregations were extinguished. Today there are four UMC congregations in Banat, the largest one being the Macedonian Roma congregation in Jabuka, which is called the ’’Roma church’’ by the local people. Protestant congregations in Serbia are minority denominations and the UMC in Banat does not have many members. In the UMC in Jabuka the pastor is a woman, which is also very rare. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177027: Multiethnicity, Multiculturalism, migrations: Contemporary process]

Forward Surgery and Combat Hospitals: The Origins of the MASH

The U.S. Army adopted forward surgical hospitals (SHs) during World War I on the advice of the British and French armies. The purposes were not just to save lives, but to benefit the military by returning more patients to duty and reducing the size of the hospital system through fewer infections and shorter hospital stays. The Army examined the utility of the units at the end of the war and retained them for any future conflicts, but opposition also survived. The question was the utility for the Army: was it worth making a substantial investment, and reducing care for other wounded soldiers, for the most grievously wounded, perhaps 1 percent of the total? Devising an effective way to organize forward SHs was a problem in the interwar years and early in World War II (WWII). But from the late 1930s, the Army never reexamined whether it should provide forward surgery, only how to do so, including pushing surgeons even further forward on the battlefield. At the end of WWII, the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) was created to perform the mission, although the MASH was only the latest format.

The Metabolic Transition in Japan

Summary The notion of a (socio-) metabolic transition has been used todescribe fundamental changes in socioeconomic energy andmaterial use during industrialization. During the last century,Japandevelopedfromalargelyagrarianeconomytooneoftheworld’s leading industrial nations. It is one of the few industrialcountries that has experienced prolonged dematerializationand recently has adopted a rigorous resource policy. This arti-cle investigates changes in Japan’s metabolism during industri-alization on the basis of a material flow account for the periodfrom 1878 to 2005. It presents annual data for material ex-traction, trade, and domestic consumption by major materialgroup and explores the relations among population growth,economic development, and material (and energy) use. Dur-ing the observed period, the size of Japan’s metabolism grewby a factor of 40, and the share of mineral and fossil materialsin domestic material consumption (DMC) grew to more than90%. Much of the growth in the Japanese metabolism wasbased on imported materials and occurred in only 20 yearsafter World War II (WWII), when Japan rapidly built up largestocks of built infrastructure, developed heavy industry, andadopted patterns of mass production and consumption. Thesurge in material use came to an abrupt halt with the firstoil crisis, however. Material use stabilized, and the economyeventually began to dematerialize. Although gross domesticproduct (GDP) grew much faster than material use, improve-mentsinmaterialintensityarearelativelyrecentphenomenon.Japanemergesasarolemodelforthemetabolictransitionbutis also exceptional in many ways.www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jie

Genesis of International Criminal Law

This Paper deals with the contribution of Nuremberg Tribunals in the development of International Criminal law. The authors have observed that the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunals have played a vital role for dealing only with the cases relating to genocide, war-crimes, war of aggression and further the prohibitions and penal sanctions imposed by various States through Nuremberg Tribunals have led to the development of International Criminal law as it has evolved today. While coming to such a conclusion, the authors have traced the origin and historic evolution of International Criminal Law, particularly, after the end of World War-II when Nuremberg tribunals were established. The authors have observed that after World War-II, the Nuremberg Trials have contributed to the development of International Criminal Law and there have been key radical developments in the meaning, object, scope and mode of practices while dealing with international Criminal justice delivery system throughout the world. The authors argue that even though the jurisdiction of Nuremberg Tribunals to prosecute is limited to crimes related to genocide, war-crimes, war of aggression, nonetheless it was an important foundation in the development of international law worldwide. This paper also considers practical implications for parties to the Rome Statute as well as other countries which were not parties to it.

Wilhelm Menke (1910–2007): a pioneer in chloroplast structure

Keywords Chloroplast structure Thylakoids Electron microscopy Small angle X-ray scattering Proteomics and lipidomics of the photosynthetic membrane Immunology Spectroscopy Friedl Weber Kurt Noack Wilhelm MenkeWilhelm Menke, former director of the Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rZu¨chtungsforschunginCologne(1967–1978)andformerhead of the Botanical Institute of the University of Cologne(1961–1967), one of the very pioneers in photosynthesisresearch,died onJanuary4,2007 athis home inLeverkusen,Germany, where he had lived in retirement in the vicinity ofhis daughter and her family. He was 96 years old.Menke was born in 1910 in Paderborn and he alsoattended school in this medieval catholic town in West-phalia, Germany. From 1931 to 1938 he studied naturalsciences in Mu¨nster, Graz and Berlin. Encouraged byFriedl Weber in Graz, Austria, he had started to chemicallyanalyse chloroplasts there. However, he had to leaveAustria because of political circumstances in 1933. Hecontinued his work later in Berlin (Menke 1938a, b).During his time in the laboratory of Friedl Weber, who hadintroduced him to myelin figures from chloroplasts (Weber1933), he performed the experiments for two publicationson chloroplasts which appeared in Protoplasma (Menke1934a, b). The supervisor of his doctoral thesis and hisscientific mentor in Berlin was Kurt Noack at the institutefor plant physiology of Berlin University. In January 1938,Menke obtained the title ‘‘doctor of philosophy’’ and inApril 1938, he was appointed as an assistant at this insti-tute. Already in 1939, Menke had made an observationwhich made him tentatively conclude that the carotenoidsin chloroplast preparations might be bound to protein(Menke 1940). In 1943, he obtained the habilitation inbotany, the prerequisite for the position as a lecturer, whichhe obtained in April 1944, again in Berlin. His time in Grazand Berlin is described in detail in an article by Ho¨xter-mann (1991).From July 1940 to September 1944, Wilhelm Menkeserved in Germany’s armed forces. At the end of World WarII,onMay,21st1945hewastakentotheSovietUnionwherehe ‘‘had to work in a number of different scientific institu-tions of camp character on biophysical and biochemicalquestions until 1955’’. He was in the group together withManfredvonArdenneandhissisterRenata(seevonArdenne1997); for further information see Oleynikov (2000).

Jewish and non-Jewish World War II child and adolescent survivors at 60 years after war: Effects of parental loss and age at exposure on well-being.

The study investigated the effects of World War II (WWII) on psychological and social functioning of Jewish and non-Jewish survivors 60 years after the war. The authors hypothesized that the level of posttraumatic symptoms, depression, and social isolation of survivors who were at least 5 years old (but younger than 18) in the last year of WWII would be predicted by the extent of traumatic loss, (i.e., death of parent[s]) and age at the end of WWII. Data were collected from 211 individuals living in Poland, ages 66-80; 30% were Jewish Holocaust survivors. Current posttraumatic stress disorder was almost 2 times higher for Jewish (55.6%) than for non-Jewish survivors (30.9%), whereas no differences were found for depression and social isolation. Parental loss during the war predicted a global decrement of well-being (across measured outcome indices). For certain subgroups (e.g., Jewish survivors who had not lost their parents during WWII), war trauma may have less profound effects if most of the trauma exposure occurred during an earlier age (i.e., <5 years).

わが国戦後復興期におけるスポーツ用品卸業組合の役割とその活動

The purpose of this study was to clarify what kind of roles and activities the association of sporting-goods distributors have conducted in postwar Japan. This study was based largely on articles of the 'Nihon Undogu Shinpo (1948-1956)', which is a sporting-goods trade newspaper. The 'Nihon Undoyogu Oroshi Shougyoukai', the national association of sporting-goods distributors, was established in 1948. This association took over the functions of the 'Nihon Taiikuyohin Haikyu Kabushikigaisha', which was established in 1943 when the material allocation and distributive route was controlled by the government, owing to the war. After the end of World WarII, Japan's government had to operate a controlled economy because of the lack of materials. Many sporting-goods became controlled commodities. The dominant role of the 'Nihon Undoyogu Oroshi Shougyoukai' was to increase the efficiency of the sporting-goods allowance. The 'Nihon Undoyogu Oroshi Shougyoukai' undertook four active roles. (1) They started a movement to remove the controls. They called for decontrol of sporting-goods and reduction and exemption of taxes. As a result, their demand came true by degrees since 1949. (2) They organized commodity fairs and the merchandise fairs for sporting-goods since 1950. These fairs increased in size and were popular every year, and it turned out that industry-wide profits rose on a grand scale. (3) They embarked on enterprise that exported a variety of sporting-goods. In 1956, distributors of sporting-goods set up the organization, the 'Nippon Yushutu Undoyohin Kyoudoukumiai', for new market exploration in foreign countries and the quality control of exported sporting-goods. (4) They attempted to preserve the order which was absolutely necessary for the mutual harmony and benefit of the manufacturers, the retail distributors and the distributors.

Study on the Optimal Level of Military Power after Reunification -Focusing on the Size of Military Strength-

The collapse of the Cold War Era beginning in the late 80s has created a new world order which can be characterized as a multipolarization of world politics and economics. This multipolarization has contributed to the world peace since the end of World WarⅡ on one hand, but also contributed to the spread of racism and nationalism based on each nation's ever-growing national selfishness in such a competitive environment, creating all sorts of conflicts. The importance of Far East for world peace has increased, and there is tremendous effort to find the most effective way to pursue the reunification of Korea in such a fast-changing environment of the region. Moreover, the purpose of this study is, under the hypothesis of reunification of Korea led by South Korea, to identify an optimal level of military power of reunified Korea armed forces in terms of its number of military force to cope with future environments in the region the reunified Korea will face. (This study consists of the auther's personal opinions, and it does not represent the Republic of Korea Army)

ROK/US Security Relations: Past, Present and Future

Presently, we are in midst of a very important transitional period where ideological conflicts that existed in our world since the end of World WarⅡ have come to a conclusion and a new era of world order is being established. However, the present transitional period is moving very rapidly and there exists conflict between the old thinking and new thinking. Difficulty exists in preparing for a new era. 110 years have passed since Korea and U.S. established official relationship. During these period we experienced tragedy dup to ignorance. However, we can generalize that our alliance was solid despite repeating periods of cooperation and difference. Korea was to maintain sovereignty and prosperity due to a strong alliance. Our bilateral security relationship is being forced to react to changes in a new world order.