End Of West Research Articles

Commemorating the abolition of slavery in Tunisia. The rights of black citizens and the history of slaves of European origin

This article contrasts a policy of commemoration of slavery in post-revolutionary Tunisia with the gradual and very slow history of the demise of slavery in this country since the beginning of the 19th century. It explores the choice of the Tunisian state to commemorate the abolition of slavery in Tunisia with reference to the promulgation of a decree enacted in 1846, and the way in which the end of West and East African slavery became central to civic memory in Tunisia.The first part of the article is based on recent, innovative and stimulating scholarly research by Inès Mrad Dali, Séphanie Pouessel, Maha Abdelhamid and Marta Scaglioni on black communities in Tunisia. The second part relies on works on European captives and the Mamluks or Muslim slaves and servants of often Caucasian origin in the Maghreb.The first section places the issue of the commemoration of slavery in the context of the emergence of civic claims from black activists in Tunisia since the 2011 Revolution. The profound transformations that black communities have undergone since decolonization in the 1950s have shaped these claims. Indeed, the categories of national belonging to a Tunisian civic community, and therefore the debates on collective memory and the historical representations of the nation, have become more decisive for these anti-racist activists than the narratives of local origins which aimed to explain or even legitimize the subordinate positions of these communities, especially in the south of the country.The second section broadens the discussion to include Christian male and female captives and especially the cases of male and female slaves of Caucasian origin converted to Islam (Mamluks and Odalisques) in 19th-century Tunisia. This section shows that the descendants of European captives are less concerned with the commemoration of the abolition of slavery. Their role in the country's history is greater because of their contribution to the founding of the Tunisian nation and its state. The uneven integration of the descendants of slaves into Tunisian society, in addition to the separate relationship with the memory of slavery of these groups explain over a long period of time the presence today of the differential treatment of Tunisians on the basis of skin colour.The article concludes with two observations: Tunisian anti-racist activists wanted to fight against racist discourses and categories. From this point of view, they succeeded in advancing their cause by giving official status to the commemoration of the abolition of 1846. Henceforth, the fundamental and difficult question of the unequal distribution of resources in post-revolutionary Tunisia remains to be asked.

Thermo-tectonic development of the Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland

The Carboniferous–Palaeogene Wandel Sea Basin of eastern North Greenland (north of 80°N, east of 40°W) is an important piece in the puzzle of Arctic geology. It is particularly important for understanding how the Paleocene–Eocene convergence between Greenland, the Canadian Arctic and Svalbard relates to the compressional tectonics in the High Arctic, collectively known as the Eurekan Orogeny. In this study, we present apatite fission-track analysis (AFTA) data and review published vitrinite reflectance data combined with observations from the stratigraphic record to place firmer constraints on the timing of key tectonic events. This research study reveals a long history of episodic burial and exhumation since the collapse of the Palaeozoic fold belts in Greenland. Our results define pre-Cenozoic exhumation episodes in early Permian, Late Triassic, Late Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous times, each involving the removal of kilometre-scale sedimentary covers. Mid-Paleocene exhumation defines the timing of compression along the major fault zones during the first stage of the Eurekan Orogeny, after the onset of sea-floor spreading west of Greenland. Regional exhumation that began at the end of the Eocene led to the removal of most of a kilometre-thick cover that had accumulated during Eocene subsidence and involved a major reverse movement along the Harder Fjord Fault Zone, northern Peary Land. These events took place after the end of sea-floor spreading west of Greenland, and thus, represent post-Eurekan tectonics. Mid–late Miocene exhumation is most likely a consequence of uplift and incision across most of the Wandel Sea Basin study area. The preserved sedimentary sequences of the Wandel Sea Basin represent remnants of thicker strata that likely extended substantially beyond the present-day outline of the basin. We find that the present-day outline of the basin with scattered sedimentary outliers is primarily the result of fault inversion during Eurekan compression followed by deposition and removal of a kilometre-thick overburden.

Caporetto: Das Hemingway-Komplott by Horst Kleinert

Reviewed by: Caporetto: Das Hemingway-Komplott by Horst Kleinert Lesley Pleasant Caporetto: Das Hemingway-Komplott. By Horst Kleinert. Thurm Verlag, 2020, 208 pp. Paperback €12,80. Horst Kleinert’s curious German novel Caporetto: Das Hemingway-Komplott [Caporetto: The Hemingway Conspiracy] has two imperatives for its protagonist, Frank, and for the reader: “Lies es.”/“Read it” (the “it” being A Farewell to Arms) and “Seien Sie nicht zu mutig”/“Don’t be too courageous”; that is, extremism will kill you. One might be tempted to add a third: Avoid Death in the Afternoon. In Kleinert’s text, Hemingway’s reading of passages from his bullfighting disquisition alienates guests at the Ocean Inn in Miami Beach. Later, the book is unexpectedly wielded as a deadly weapon by Paula, Frank’s wife, ultimately resulting in her own death. Caporetto’s appendix contains for the Hemingway scholar a fourth suggestion: Go to the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston and research whether Hemingway appeared at the 1 September 1931 Berlin premiere of the Carl [End Page 117] Zuckmayer stage adaptation of A Farewell to Arms. Kleinert explains that the different sources1 he has consulted do not agree on whether or not Hemingway attended. For those who believe he did, there is disagreement about when and on how (badly) he behaved. It is Hemingway’s planned appearance at the premiere in Berlin that forms the basis of the Caporetto conspiracy of the book. Part mystery, part thriller, part romantic melodrama, the novel is a timely reminder of how political extremism on the right and the left thrive in unsettled times. Reminiscent of a cop show serial and of cartoon fights, it is a condemnation of contemporary America in the guise of an historical novel with “recurring guest” appearances by a caricatured Ernest Hemingway, the “good” American who fought against the Fascists, appreciated Europe, and bemoaned the loss of natural habitats. It also marks the end of the (West) Berliner belief in a Hemingway-type American savior, the loud, uncouth, gun-toting, raisin-bombing dependable friend. Fired and humiliated because he can’t back up his first front-page story that claims that a run-of-the-mill drug-related murder is actually politically driven, Frank is determined to prove it. By uncovering the ultra-right secret organization Thor, Frank will rehabilitate his credibility as a journalist; in following the story to Thor, he happens to uncover the Caporetto plot. Saving Hemingway is a lucky byproduct. A caricatured Papa Hemingway serves to tie the novel together, which spans from August 1931–June 1934 and involves stints in Berlin, Paris, Florida, and former “German” East Africa. After warning Hemingway in Paris about a plot to kill him at the Berlin premiere of the stage play of A Farewell to Arms, Frank accompanies him reluctantly to Berlin (regaled throughout the drive with grand statements about big game hunting, deep sea fishing, bullfighting, and war tales). Frank saves Hemingway from an assassination attempt by insisting that he sit out the second act at the theatre bar. A grateful Hemingway pens a three-page letter, that Frank believes reads like one of Hemingway’s stories. In portraying Frank as the hero who risked all to save American values as embodied by and given voice by Hemingway, the letter convinces the ambassador to grant Frank and his wife, the good Germans, if you will, permission to become American citizens. The plot is high on convolution and rich with cameos of famous Germans, including Max Schmeling against whom Hemingway shows “good form” in a fictional boxing match; Fritz Kortner who recites the Ring Parable from Lessing’s Nathan the Wise; Marlene Dietrich who claims that The Sun Also Rises [End Page 118] was “nicht schlecht”/“not bad,” and Richard Tauber who sings an aria from Turandot at the Six-Day Race in the Sportpalast. The narrative also has Frank encounter two apparent femme fatales, who are actually nothing of the sort, embroiled, respectively, in an extreme leftwing and rightwing group (both equally “menschenverachtend”/“inhumane”), and both of whom support and help Frank uncover and fight the group Thor, to tragic ends. Although Paula is upset when she reads a New York Times...

Mass Balance as Green Economic and Sustainable Management in WEEE Sector

This study investigates the treatment procedures of the Large House Hold Appliance to describe the production of secondary raw material within the Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) sector in step with the Circular Economy model. Drawing on the modern accounting system, the project developed a perspective, which highlights accounting technologies (i.e. Environmental Accounting, sustainable performance indicators, Mass Balance) as new adaptive management tools for sustainable firms. The theoretical arguments shown by a longitudinal case study proposes a conceptual framework of the e-waste manage within treatment plants in the Sicilian context. The results demonstrate a percentage analysis by waste fraction of all materials recovered which can be re-use. Then, the recognition of critical raw materials identifies the end of west in implementing a competitive advantage for business growth.

Volcanic margin formation and Mesozoic rift propagators in the Cuvier Abyssal Plain off Western Australia

The western margin of Australia is characterized by synrift and postrift magmatism which is not well understood. A joint interpretation of magnetic anomaly, satellite gravity anomaly and seismic data from the Cuvier Abyssal Plain and margin shows that the breakup between India and Australia started circa 136 Ma (M14) and was followed by two rift propagation events which transferred portions of the Indian Plate to the Australian Plate. Post breakup magmatism continued with the emplacement of the Wallaby and Zenith plateaus (∼17–18 km thick at their centers) along a transform margin. Two narrow magmatic edifices adjacent to the Wallaby Plateau (Sonne and Sonja ridges) represent an extinct ridge and a pseudofault, respectively. They formed by excess volcanism, probably by lateral migration of buoyant melt along upside‐down crustal drainage channels from the melt source underneath the Wallaby Plateau. In a mantle plume scenario a small plume (∼400 km diameter) located underneath the rift could have locally uplifted the Bernier Platform and Exmouth Sub‐basin in the Early Cretaceous and left a track consistent with the azimuth of the Wallaby and Zenith plateaus. In this case, ridge‐plume interaction would have caused two consecutive ridge propagation events towards the plume while the ridge moved away from the hotspot. The abrupt end of the hotspot track west of the Zenith Plateau would be a consequence of the accelerating south‐eastward motion of the spreading ridge relative to the mantle after 120 Ma, leaving the mantle plume underneath the Indian Plate. An alternative nonmantle‐plume scenario is based on the observation that between breakup and chron M0 (∼120 Ma) the ocean crust in the southern Cuvier Abyssal Plain was formed while the spreading ridge abutted Indian continental crust. Small‐scale convection may have been initiated during rifting in the Early Cretaceous and maintained until the Wallaby‐Zenith ridge‐transform intersection passed by the eastern edge of Indian continental crust at chron M0.

Home Range, Growth, and Population Density of Uta stansburiana in Arizona

A population of Uta stansburiana was studied for two years in the Sonoran Desert. Mean growth rates were highest in juvenile males (5.19 mm/month) and lowest in adult females (0.31 mm/month). Average home range for 15 males was 446 m2 (convex polygon), for 15 females, 121 m2, and for 15 juveniles, 61 m2. On one study area, population density of adults decreased from 50/ha in February to 7/ha in May. Most females did not survive to lay second or third clutches. Numbers of emerging hatchlings paralleled the reduction in number of surviving females. Among 5 sub-areas, utas were most abundant in a disturbed wash and flatland site, becoming less abundant in a low-altitude mountain valley and adjacent slopes. The ecology of Uta stansburiana is well known through the studies of Tinkle and his students in Texas and Colorado (Tinkle, 1967). Other studies in Nevada and Utah have increased the knowledge of geographic variation in this species' life history (Tanner, 1965, 1972; Tanner and Jorgensen, 1963; Turner et al., 1970). There have, however, been no ecological studies of U. stansburiana in the south-central portion of its range (Arizona and New Mexico). Here I report information on U. stansburiana ecology in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. A population of U. stansburiana was studied at Phoenix South Mountain, Maricopa County, Arizona, from October 1964 through August 1966, in the Larrea-Franseria (Lower Colorado Valley) region of the Sonoran Desert (Shreve, 1951). Research was oriented primarily toward obtaining data on home range, population density, and growth for comparison with Tinkle's work. Other data concerning this population are presented comparatively elsewhere (Parker and Pianka, unpubl). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven areas were studied at the east end of South Mountain, west and south of the town of Guadalupe. Climatic characteristics of the location and detailed descriptions of study areas are given elsewhere (Parker, 1972). Study areas were as follows: (1) flatland shrub-1.0 km W Guadalupe, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and bur sage (Franseria deltoidea); (2) disturbed flatland wash-0.5 km N area 1, creosote bush, burro bush (Hymenoclea sp.), cocklebur (Xanthium saccharatum), and wolf berry (Lycium sp.); (3) north-facing slope-2.5 km W Guadalupe, bur sage, brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), paloverde (Cercidium microphyllum), and staghorn cholla (Opuntia versicolor); (4) valley -2.5 km W Guadalupe, variety of shrubs and cacti found in other areas; (5) south-facing slope-2.5 km W Guadalupe, teddybear cholla (Opuntia bigelovii); (6) flatland desert shrub grid area-1.6 km S Guadalupe, creosote bush and white bur sage (Franseria dumosa); (7) flatland desert shrub removal area-adjacent to area 6. Areas 1-5 each had 20 1-gal. can traps operated during the entire study. Traps were arranged in a zig-zag or oval course depending on terrain. Area 6 had 195 traps in a 1.1 ha grid, and area 7 had 118 traps arranged in two U-shaped lines. Areas 6 and 7 were operated from February through August 1966. Lizards were permanently marked by toe-clipping, measured for snout-vent (SVL) and tail lengths to the nearest millimeter with a clear plastic ruler, and released at the capture point. The

Devonian Section at Bowmanstown, Pennsylvania

Along the recently constructed north-south Turnpike crossing southeastern Carbon County, Pennsylvania, extensive cuts through ridges exposed Devonian strata. The beds strike about east-west. At the south end of a section west of Bowmanstown, the oldest stand vertical. The dip of later beds, northward, flattens to nearly horizontal. An almost complete sequence was exposed from the Lower Devonian, New Scotland formation, into the Catskill continental redbeds. Not only were the formations completely excavated, but their contacts were cleared. Most thicknesses were measured directly. The section is strategically located, because it showed relationships between others east and west and illustrated facies changes along the strike. Much of the section is no longer available for tudy.

PA-SI-PHEONG

The business of catching guchi along the west coast of Korea has developed peculiar fishing methods because of the habit of guchi and the particular circumstances of the guchi fishing grounds. Along Korea's west coast the sea is shallow to a great distance from the shore so that the tide ebbs far away from the shore, and consequently various kinds of fishing methods making use of the tide have developed. Due to the fact that during the fishing season the fishing ground moves from the south to the north, and that fish consumers live far away from the fishing ground, there have appeared cargo boats exclusively used for carrying fish.Since guchi are caught in plenty, although the business of catching them is temporary and managed individually, during the season all fishing boats of the country gather in the fishing ground while the inevitable cargo boats sppear there to buy fish directly from fishermen.At a base of fishing activities established near the fishing ground of guchi there usually appears shead of the fishing season a big pleasure resort that caters to those fishing and cargo boats. In Korea such a pleasure-providing fishing base is called Pa-si-pheong, and the wave of prosperity there a Pa-si boom. Originally, however, Pa-si-pheong means a market on the sea, i.e., a fishing ground where fish are traded.The Pa-si boom travels with the fishing ground from the south to the north, i.e., about 400km. from the southern end of Korea's west coast up to the Hai-ju Peninsula in the middle part of the coast. The Pa-si boom is brought about by fishermen, forwarding agents, merchants and prostitutes, all of whom have come from various parts of the country, and not by the inhabitants of the Pa-si-pheong village, few of whom engage in fishing or booming trade during the fishing season of guchi. Therefore, with the end of the season, their village becomes again a poor hamlet that it was before the boom.The history of Pa-si-pheong is very old. Taxes on fish along with taxes on salt were a chief source of national revenue. It so happened however that revenue from taxes was robbed by men of power and government offices in successive generations so that the nation's finance was thrown into confusion and fishermen became an object of exploitation. Nevertheless, the business of catching guchi has developed since old times as Korea's big fishery comparable to the fishing of mentai along the east coast, because, apart from the fact that the fish are plentiful, the fishing methods and the handling of fish caught are very rational. Another fact that guchi together with mentai are most liked by Koreans and consequently always in great demand constitutes a factor that has helped the business to grox.