End Of 19th Century Research Articles

Dust aerosol from the Aralkum Desert influences the radiation budget and atmospheric dynamics of Central Asia

Abstract. The Aralkum is a new desert created by the desiccation of the Aral Sea and is an efficient source of dust aerosol which perturbs the regional Central Asian radiation balance. COSMO–MUSCAT model simulations are used to quantify the direct radiative effects (DREs) of Aralkum dust, and investigate the associated perturbations to the atmospheric environment. Considering scenarios of “Past” (end of 20th century) and “Present” (beginning of 21st century) defined by differences in surface water coverage, it is found that in the Present scenario the simulated yearly mean net surface DRE across the Aralkum is −1.34 W m−2 with a standard deviation (±) of 6.19 W m−2, of which −0.15 ± 1.19 W m−2 comes from dust emitted by the Aralkum. In the atmosphere the yearly mean DRE is −0.62 ± 2.91 W m−2, of which −0.05 ± 0.51 W m−2 is from Aralkum dust: on the yearly timescale, Aralkum dust is cooling both at the surface and in the atmosphere, due to its optically scattering properties. The daytime surface cooling effect (solar zenith angle ≲ 70–80°) outweighs the nighttime heating effect and the atmospheric daytime (solar zenith angle ≲ 60–70°) heating and nighttime cooling effects. Instantaneous Aralkum dust DREs contribute up to −116 W m−2 of surface cooling and +54 W m−2 of atmospheric heating. Aralkum dust perturbs the surface pressure in the vicinity of the Aralkum by up to +0.76 Pa on the monthly timescale, implying a strengthening of the Siberian High in winter and a weakening of the Central Asian heat low in summer. These results highlight the impacts of anthropogenic lakebed dust on regional atmospheric environments.

Analysis of the ruined murals from the Resurrection Church of the Derevyanitsky Monastery (Veliky Novgorod, Russia): Dating and attribution

The Resurrection Church of the Derevyanitsky Monastery, one of the most significant historical and architectural monuments of Veliky Novgorod, was founded in 1335 by Archbishop Moses of Novgorod, painted by the order of Archbishop Vasily Kalika in 1348, and subsequently rebuilt several times, the last one at the end of 17th century. In the course of archeological excavations in 2013–2015, fragments of wall paintings were discovered, presumably dating back to 1348. A total of 63 fragments were examined using following analytical techniques: neutron activation and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized microscopy, and stratigraphic analysis. Set of pigments and wall painting structure were revealed. The indirect dating was implemented based on statistical treatment of experimental data. Additionally, methods of humanities were applied, such as content and comparative analysis of manuscripts, proved by archeological sources. This approach allowed to make an assumption about painting authorship, as well as to trace artistic contacts of Novgorod with the Byzantine world.

ANGLO-RUSSIAN RAPPROCHEMENT (1728-1731)

“Russia was a growing power in 18th century thanks to efforts of Peter the Great. In his time Russia, started to play important role in European politics and started to involve in European affairs. However rise of the Russia, was detrimental to Britain who construct her foreign policy upon five main pillars. In early 1720’s Russia was threatening every pillar of the British foreign policy. Thereby two powers came to brink of war. Conclusions of the Treaties of Vienna and Hannover, served only to increase the polarisation. Yet after the death of George I’s- first Hanoverian king of Great Britain, conjecture started to change. Europe entered a “détente” period and Russia’s enmity towards to Great Britain started to vanish. Tensions were easing and Russia started to abandon her expansionist policies. British government was aware of potential of Russia and therefore sent two representatives to Russia: Claudius Rondeau and Thomas Ward. Main aim of these representatives was to protect the rights of the British merchant and observe the moves of the Russian government. Their arrival represents a new epoch in Anglo-Russian relations: A period of rapprochement. British pair, who found themselves in a hostile environment, without an official character, worked three years under difficult conditions, and finally they managed to restore the old friendship between two powers. Their works would pave way for future close cooperation, which would endure until the end of 18th century. This paper will first explain the reasons of the estrangement between Great Britain and Russia. Then, activities of Claudius Rondeau and Thomas Ward, which would be ended with the completion of rapprochement, will be examined. Finally reasons that why did the British government decided to restore her relations with Russia will be investigated.

Urban Election System in Russia at End of 19th Century: Criticism in Provincial Periodicals

The article provides a first-time examination of the evaluations of the urban election system in the Russian Empire during the period of 1890-1892, when the preparation and implementation of the new City Regulations were taking place. The study is based on materials from private provincial periodicals. The author highlights the essence and content of the criticism of the provincial press towards the institution of urban elections. The article presents the attitudes towards the issue of social composition of urban self-government bodies as revealed in the periodical press. Positions on the issue of suffrage and proposals for its expansion through tax and educational qualifications are identified. The analysis includes assessments of the national composition of city councils and urban administrations on the outskirts and within Jewish settlements. It demonstrates how the formation of parties based on national identity in urban self-government bodies was covered in the periodicals. Discussions on the merger of powers between the heads of administrative and executive bodies of urban self-government are examined. Satirical poems, which characterize the recorded attitude towards council members and provincial assemblies in pre-revolutionary Russia, who dishonestly perform their duties and disrupt city council meetings, are introduced into scholarly circulation. Satire targeting corrupt intentions of council members is also discussed.

Weak central government, strong legal rights: the origins of divergent legal institutions in 18th-century Chinese and Japanese rice markets

This paper examines the formation of legal institutions in Qing China and Tokugawa Japan with a focus on the rice market. In both countries in the 18th century, rice was the most important commodity. By the end of 18th century, Japan offered strong legal rights to rice market participants, while China managed the rice market with weak legal institutions. We develop a subversive regime game model to explain some of the social and political reasons behind this divergence. Supported by historical evidence from Qing China and Tokugawa Japan, we find that with lower suppression capacity and high risks of domestic threats to power, Edo Japan’s central government (Bakufu) was more likely to enforce legal rights than Qing China’s central government (Imperial Court). Japan’s institutional configuration facilitated the growth of rice markets such as the Doujima market in Osaka, because participants did not need to invest as much in informal protections for their own rights. Moreover, our analysis suggests that a state’s relative strength matters the most in determining its attitude toward legal rights, which further influences the state’s stability and longevity.

From Rio de la Plata to the Extreme West: Feminist Historiographies of Art and Artistic Activism in Argentina and Chile

The purpose of this article is to employ a comparative approach that allows us to understand the approaches towards art historiography articulated in two countries of South America. Although women artists had organised themselves early on in societies, in women’s exhibitions, and were one of the driving forces in art, when we look at how the art canon has been configured in these countries, we must move to the end of 20th century and the beginning of 21st to find consistent work that dissociates itself from dominant patriarchal perspectives. In this article, I propose to approach this process comparatively, looking at two periods: first, the eighties-nineties and the introduction of gender studies; and second, the exhibitions, research and books produced, above all, since 2000. In both periods, I shall also consider the artistic activism that generated historiography. In the two cases studied, Argentina and Chile, the tension between democracy and dictatorship will also be considered as a relevant factor that has interrupted a process that had begun in the 1970s and would be resumed with the return of democracy.

Image of Russian Pan-Slavism in German Official Press at End of 19th Century

The aim of the research is to reconstruct the image of Russian Pan-Slavism in the German official press during the Bismarck era. The study examines the characteristic features of this image and its evolution over time, with particular attention given to the relationship between the image of Russian Pan-Slavism and the development of Russiangerman relations. The key source for this research is official newspapers, which were used by the German government to influence public opinion within the country and to transmit unofficial messages to ruling circles in other European states. The relevance of this research lies in the significant impact that historically established images and perceptions have on international relations in the modern world. The study concludes that the official press referred to the stereotypical image of Russian Pan-Slavism as a dangerous threat to the European world, which existed in German society, and contributed to its further strengthening. This image was widely used in the second half of the 1880s during a serious crisis in Russiangerman relations.

Daily life of peasants of Podillia border regions at end of 19th century (according to letters of Vasyl Kravchenko to Borys Hrinchenko from archival fonds of Institute of Manuscript of V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine)

Daily life of peasants of Podillia border regions at end of 19th century (according to letters of Vasyl Kravchenko to Borys Hrinchenko from archival fonds of Institute of Manuscript of V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine)

Origins and Popularization of Traditional Chinese Therapies in Argentina at the End of 20th Century: the Case of Daniel Alegre

Various resources of the so-called traditional Chinese medicine, such as taijiquan, massage, diets, or acupuncture, have become widely available in the everyday therapeutic culture of contemporary Argentina. While these resources can be found in the first half of the 20th century, it is evident that from the 1960s onward their presence is more evident, with a strong emphasis from the 1980s on. This article aims to describe the reception and popularization of body and therapeutic techniques of traditional Chinese medicine in Argentina in the 1980s through the case of Daniel Alegre, a key figure in the dissemination of Chinese therapeutic techniques. To do so, it focuses on certain key mediators in the popularization of techniques such as taijiquan and Chinese massage: teachers, promoters, and specialized magazines. All these mediators are key artifacts in the processes of massification and dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine in a broader emerging horizon associated with two simultaneous processes, the Chinese cultural transnationalization and the boom of new forms of holistic management of personal well-being.

Historical overview and challenges in the development of bioarchaeology in Japan

Archaeological human skeletons provide direct evidence of the physical features, lifestyle, diseases, mortality, and health of our ancestors. Bioarchaeology explores population-based trends that vary according to subsistence, social stratification, urbanization, and industrial development. The first systematic bioarchaeological studies in Japan were those on medieval human skeletons in Kamakura City, Japan, in 2003. However, most anthropological studies have focused on the origin and population history of the Japanese since the end of 19th century. Moreover, the number of bioarchaeological studies in Japan is far lower than that in North America, Europe, and Latin America. This paper reviews the history of bioarchaeological research in Japan and discusses the problems associated with its development.

From welfare state to savage capitalism: human rights and neoliberalism at the end of 20th century

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the world experienced a process of profound material, economic, social and technological transformations. Trade liberalisation, labour deregulation and mass impoverishment were the hallmarks of this period. In neo-liberalism, human and social rights are foreshadowed, but, from the outset, they are made to be ineffective. That said, from a dialectical-historical-materialist perspective, the present study revolves around the question of whether the political, economic and social phenomenon called neoliberalism is politically compatible with the practice of human rights. The hypothesis is that human rights would not be inured by the neo-liberal world project, insofar as savage capitalism relegates these rights to the place of ideals that are positively stated on the abstract level, but never put into effect in the world of facts. In conclusion, it is observed that Joaquín Herrera Flores’ theory of human rights, the theoretical framework adopted, is not in harmony with the neoliberal world-system, because it is that one, in ideology and in practice, a call for constant struggle against exactly everything that this system represents, there being no room for rights as objects given by a mercadological-transcendental nature.

STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF STONE-ARCH BRIDGES THROUGH PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Abstract. The present study examines the structural assessment of Pashas bridge, located at the Western Makedonia, in Greece. This stone arched bridge, which is declared cultural heritage monument, was built during the end of 17th century and it was destructed during the 2nd civil war, in 1941 by British and New Zealander soldiers aiming to end the German invasion to the South of Greece. It was considered the largest bridge in Macedonia, with a length of more than 100 meters, 6 arches, the biggest one of which was almost 15 meters high. In its current form it is partially collapsed.

About the Reading Circle of the Siberian Old Believers on the Example of the Collection B-777

The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the reading and writing practices of the Siberian Old Believers of the 18th century and determine the place of Old Russian texts in their reading repertoire. Methods of textology and codicology are used. The article considers one of collections copied in the Siberian Old Believer environment at the end of 18th century – Old Believer collection B–777 from the Tomsk State University Research Library. On the basis of scriber’s records the conclusion is made about the place where collection was created: it is Altay and the south of Western Siberia. The composition of the collection is analyzed, the main groups of texts included in it are listed. It is proved that the collection belongs to the well–known “library in one binding” model, which allows reconstructing the reading circle of its scriber, as well as the owner. It is shown that along with later texts, texts of Old Russian tradition are also presented. It is concluded that the texts of Old Russian tradition were not always reproduced in the later Old Believers communities as a result of a continuous handwritten tradition, and were sometimes copied from books of the Cyrillic print. The creative nature of the reader’s practices of the collection owner, who significantly revised the text of Cyril of Turov, is substantiated.

A systematic self-study and analysis in prevalence of malaria across the world

Malaria is a febrile mosquito borne infectious disease which is caused by plasmodium. Malaria is one of the most deadliest and serious tropical disease ever witnessed by humanity. There are five species of plasmodium which are reported to infect humans. Out of the five species plasmodium falciparum has been reported to be the most deadliest form of plasmodium.A systemic self-study was planned to analyze and study the current prevalence of malaria globally. With the application of electronic databases we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, WHO website, Medline Plus, Health line & Cleveland Clinic web which were published in English language. This systemic self-study have reviewed the facts which were published earlier to determine the current scenario by vast study of statistics and derivation of facts. Vast analysis and along with proper examination of data were made to evaluate with final conclusion.We observed and analyzed various surveys and studies conducted by World Health Organization which has stated that malaria have affected 90 countries and also territories in tropical and subtropical regions. In 2019 World Malaria Report documented over 96% of malarial death has occurred in African region. According to World Malarial Report, India also accounts for 3% of global burden of malaria. We also have observed in over 50% of estimated cases of malaria in India Plasmodium vivax have been the most infectious type of plasmodium. Irrespective of any country in the world India has by far the greatest plasmodium vivax incidences.We hereby conclude our systematic self-study and vast analysis by stating these following facts that malaria is a mosquito borne infectious disease which is highly infectious and is caused by a unicellular microorganism known as plasmodium. Malaria is one of the most serious and fatal tropical disease ever witnessed by humanity. We analysed several studies and found that World Health Organization have estimated globally about 241 million clinical cases of malaria followed by 6,27,000 deaths of people. We also derive the fact that most of this death related malaria occurred in the African region. In 2019 World Malarial Report also confirmed that 96% of global death has occurred from the African continent. We further studied that India have also accounted 3% of total global burden of malaria. We further inferred based on our observational analysis that over 50% of urban malaria in India is caused by plasmodium vivax. We studied that there are five types of malaria along with the prevalence and inferred that plasmodium falciparum is the most fatal form of malaria and have accounted over 95% of death caused due to malaria in African region at 100% in sub-Saharan African region. We hereby positively conclude our self-study on prevalence of malaria across the world by drawing a report given by World Health Organization stating that global mortality rate has significantly reduced by 90% in the end of 20th century.

Preservation of The Old City of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, and its development as a cultural tourism asset

This article contains the discussion of the history and the preservation of The Old City of Semarang. The Old City was founded at the end of 17th century after an agreement was approved by the Mataram Kingdom and the Vereeniging van Oost-Indische Compagnië (VOC) in 1678. Later on, the colony of VOC developed into a little city surrounded by a fortress in which VOC leaders, its officers, VOC soldiers, European traders resided. Here, some town facilities were built such as municipality house (stadshuis), shops, roads, soldier barracks, warehouses, schools, hospital, church, court, prison, and municipality park. Around the third decade of the 19th century, the fortress of VOC colony was demolished since this city was massively developed. Today, this little city built by VOC is called “Semarang Old City” or “De Oude Stad” (in Dutch), and the municipal government of Semarang is eager to protect and develop this cultural heritage site as a tourism cultural asset due to its unique values and typical cultural attractions. The purpose of this study is to support the Semarang City Government’s plan to propose The Old City of Semarang to UNESCO in order to get recognition as a World Heritage.

North Flinders Reef (Coral Sea, Australia) Porites sp. corals as a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series

Corals are unique in the suite of proposed Anthropocene Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) archives, as living organisms that produce aragonite exoskeletons preserved in the geological record that contain highly accurate and precise (<±1 year) internal chronologies. The GSSP candidate site North Flinders Reef in the Coral Sea (Australia) is an offshore oceanic reef, and therefore less vulnerable to local human influences than those closer to the coast. Here, we present geochemical records from two Porites sp. corals sampled at an annual to pluri-annual (i.e. 3–5 years) resolution that shows clear global and regional human impacts. Atmospheric nuclear bomb testing by-products (14C,239+240Pu) show a clear increase in the Flinders Reef corals coincident with well-dated nuclear testing operations. By contrast, the radionuclides 241Am and 137Cs are present at low or undetectable levels, as are spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles. Coral δ13C shows centennial variability likely influenced by growth effects in the 18th century and with a progression to lower values starting in 1880 CE and accelerating post-1970 CE. The latter may be related to the Suess effect resulting from 13C-depleted fossil fuel burning. Coral δ15N decreased between 1710 and 1954 CE with a reversal post-1954 CE. Coral temperature proxies indicate prominent centennial variability with equally warm conditions in the 18th and end of 20th century. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the mid-20th century changes in these parameters need to be scrutinised in further detail. Plain Language summary: This work proposes a candidate natural archive for the official marker of the Anthropocene that geologists will use to mark this important interval in time. Our candidate is a live coral from North Flinders Reef in the Coral Sea (Australia), located 150 km east of the Great Barrier Reef, a location that is remote from direct local human influences. Corals are a unique archive of tropical ocean change because they incorporate the geochemical signature from seawater into their limestone skeleton during their long life-spans. Here we investigated a number of geochemical markers in yearly growth layers of the corals to define several markers for the Anthropocene based on changes in temperature, water chemistry, chemicals from pollution and fertilisers, radioactive products from nuclear bomb testing, and by-products from burning fossil fuels. We have detected clear human influences in several of these markers.

Eurocentric Historiography: An Analysis of International Politics in the 21st Century and Its Effect on Changes in Historiography of Countries in Europe

History is a form of the collective memory of societies. The history of any society is not independent of others. Historiography traditionally focused on relations among political authorities, namely, states. Within this context, societies had been equated with states. Geographical discoveries, which began at the end of 15th century, culminated in the emergence of a Eurocentric view of world history. The development of Eurocentric historiography was not an outcome of convention, but rather a reflection of world politics at that time. Historians began to write history by treating states dominant at regional and global scale as basic to their work. In this study, it is explained that international politics has had an important role in the development of Eurocentric historiography. To this end, historiography and the links between society and modern states are examined; the development of the Eurocentric international system is reviewed; the re-construction of non-European society by modern states is assessed; whether or not non-European societies are capable of an alternative historiography is debated; and, finally, it is claimed that modern international practices have determinative influence in the development of Eurocentric historiography.

The Outstanding Value of a Cultural Heritage: The Old City of Semarang as the Center for Global Trade in Java, Indonesia in the 18th – 20th Centuries

Semarang Old City is located in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. This article contains the discussion on the history of Semarang Old City as the center of global trade activities. This Old City was founded at the end of 17th century after an agreement was approved by the Mataram Kingdom and the Vereeniging van Oost-Indische Compagnië (VOC/The Dutch East Indie Company) in 1678, that led VOC to take control over the north coastal region of Java from the Prince of the Mataram Kingdom, Amangkurat II. Based on this agreement, VOC was given the right to choose the areas near the center of Semarang Regency and Semarang River as its residence in order to easily control the Javanese administration and the Java Sea trading activities. Later on, the colony of the VOC developed into a little city surrounded by a fortress in which the VOC leaders, its officers, and soldiers resided, and some city’s facilities were built such as municipality house (stadshuis), trading offices, shops, roads, soldier barracks, warehouses, schools, hospital, church, court, prison, and residential areas. In the Dutch Colonial era (18th – 20th centuries), this old city become the center of international trade activities in Central Java strengthened by the presence of Semarangs Handels Vereeniging (Association of Traders in Semarang) and Nederlandsche Handels Maatshappij (Dutch Trade Company), which managed the import-export trade.

The Artistic Characteristics of Feminism in Edith Wharton's Novels

Edith Wharton, as one of the representative writers in the American realistic literature school at the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, described the life of aristocratic women with delicate psychological descriptions and precise language, and explored the fate and status of upper-class women from a unique perspective. Through the study of the artistic characteristics of feminism in Edith Wharton's novels, it is clear how Wharton reflects real life and expresses ideas by shaping characters, telling stories and describing the environment. Through "The Age of Innocence", the female consciousness is explored from many angles. Through "The Reef", this paper studies the conflict between traditional ideas and personal desires revealed by tragedy. Through "Etan Frome", the strong naturalistic is studied. Through "The Summer", "The Letters" and "The Excuses", this paper studies the narrative method of epiphany.

История изучения и предварительные данные по Chilopoda Приморского края, Дальний Восток России

History of the study and list of the Chilopoda species from the Maritime Province are provided. The first data on the centipede fauna of the Maritime Province were published in the end of 19th century, more active research was started from the second half of 20th century. To date, the fauna under consideration consists of 31 species from 12 genera, 7 families, and 4 orders. Seven species, namely Agnostrup striganovae (Titova, 1975), Arrup mamaevi (Titova, 1975), Escaryus dentatus Titova, 1973, E. krivolutskiji Titova, 1973, E. polygo-natus Titova, 1973, Lithobius fissuratus Attems, 1934, and L. kurchevae (Zalesskaja, 1978), are known from the Maritime Province only. Taxonomic status of the following species requires revision: Arctogeophilus sachalinus Verhoeff, 1934, Geophilus sounkyoensis Takakuwa, 1937, Strigamia hirsutipes (Attems, 1927), S. cf. transsil-vanica (Verhoeff, 1928), Arrup mamaevi, Escaryus dentatus, E. krivolutskiji, E. perelae Titova, 1973, E. polygonatus, E. sibiricus Cook, 1899, Lamyctes pachypes Takakuwa, 1941, Lithobius aberantus (Matic, 1973), L. orientalis (Sseliwanoff, 1878), L. sachalinus Verhoeff, 1937, L. brandtii Sseliwanoff, 1881, L. fissu-ratus, L. kurchevae, and L. nihamensis (Murakami, 1960). It should be recognized, the centipede fauna of the Maritime Province is still insufficiently studied.