End Flange Research Articles

Effect of Bolts Overloading in Flange-Type Joints

Abstract The joints of bars composed of flanges and high-strength bolts are currently used in steel structures as simple and economical construction solutions. This paper presents some theoretical aspects regarding the behavior and calculation of joints with flanges and partially pre-tensioned bolts. The overloading of the pretensioned high-strength bolts produced by the tensile effort resulting from the external actions is usually neglected in the technical materials and in the design norms for constructions, as long this tensioning effort does not exceed the pretensioning force of the high-strength bolts. The overloading effort of the bolts can be evaluated theoretically by estimating the relative stiffness of the flanges and bolts and confirmed through experimental tests and computer simulations. This paper also theoretically and computationally analyzes a joint for a tensioned bar made up of pre-stressed high-strength bolts and end flanges.

Hand-eye calibration of line structured-light sensor based on double-sphere constraints

Aiming at the complex problem of solving the positional relationship between the line laser sensor at the end of the robot wrist and the coordinate system of the end flange, a line laser hand-eye calibration method based on a double ball fixed target is proposed. Firstly, a double standard ball with known radius and center distance is used as a reference tool, and the point cloud data of a single contour line is collected several times, and the coordinates of the two ball centers under the camera coordinate system can be obtained according to the center coordinates of the circle obtained from the fitted circle combined with the Pythagoras theorem. Then, according to the principle that the two spherical centers are fixed under the robot base coordinate system, the rigid transformation matrix between the line laser sensor and the robot is successively solved. When solving the rotation matrix, the constraint of the distance between the spherical centers of the two balls is introduced to obtain a solution with better accuracy. Experimental results show that the method has better overall performance compared with the traditional single-ball hand-eye calibration method.

Tool Frame Calibration for Robot-Assisted Ultrasonic Testing.

Tool frame calibration has been widely used in robot-assisted printing, welding, and grinding, but it is not suitable for ultrasonic testing because the robot is submerged in water. The purpose of this paper is to present a tool frame calibration method, which is suitable for improving the precision of ultrasonic testing. In uniform mediums, sound travels along a straight line like ray. A reflector is fixed in water to reflect ultrasound, which makes it possible to measure distances between incidence points on a reflector and tool center point (TCP) on an ultrasound transducer. In addition, the positions and poses of the end flange are recorded through a robot controller. Finally, an optimization method is applied to calculate the position and pose errors of the tool frame relative to the end flange according to such records. The presented method was implemented in an ultrasonic testing system. We selected 100 incidence points on the reflector to calculate the assembly errors of the transducer. The pulse amplitude rose obviously after calibration, which verifies that this is an effective method. Considering that ultrasonic transducers can be used as a measuring tool, this paper proposes a tool frame calibration method for ultrasonic testing robots without introducing other measuring devices, which draws the conclusion that tool frame can be calibrated through ultrasound.

Analogs of columnar sprites initiated in low-pressure air and nitrogen

Results of experimental studies of red-colored plasma diffuse jets are presented. Such jets are initiated by a capacitive discharge in air or nitrogen at pressures of 0.2–3 Torr fed by voltage pulses with an amplitude of 5–7 kV following with a frequency of 21 kHz. They can be considered as a lab analog of a columnar sprite. The jet is formed by successive ionization waves (streamers). A significant effect of the reduced electric field strength E/N on the color (emission spectrum) of a plasma diffuse jet has been established. It is shown that the transition from red to blue as the jet approaches the additional electrodes and the end flange of the discharge tube is due to an increase in E/N in these regions. This, in turn, explains the change in color of sprites as they approach the top of the storm clouds. An assumption about the influence of noctilucent clouds on the formation of the beaded structure of sprites is made. The plasma parameters (electron Te, vibrational Tv, rotational Tr, and translational Ttr temperatures, as well as E/N) in the region of the capacitive discharge and along the plasma diffuse jet were measured by optical emission spectroscopy. The measurements have shown that with the increase in distance from the electrode assembly, E/N decreases from ∼3500 to ∼200 Td, while Te changes from ∼50 to 3 eV. The gas temperature varies slightly from 400 to 360 K. The measurement results are compared with those of natural red sprites.

Investigations on Integrated Funnel, Fan and Diffuser Augmented Unique Wind Turbine to Enhance the Wind Speed

Wind energy is an alternative future energy to fossil fuels since it is abundant and green energy. As a result, high performance unique design is proposed that has a diffuser augmented wind turbine including intake funnel with guide vanes, natural fan, straight flow section, exit splitter with air openings and end flange. This proposed design is called as Integrated omni-directional Intake funnel, Natural fan, Straight diffuser, Splitter and Flange (I2NS2F) Design. To construct this I2NS2F configuration, four distinct wind turbines were developed: a) bare wind turbine, b) wind turbine diffuser design with single rotor turbine, c) bend diffuser, intake funnel, natural fan, splitter and flange and d) I2NS2F design. The proposed designs are numerically studied using MATLAB Simulink and Ansys Fluent. These designs are optimized by Random Search Optimization with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition technique to evaluate the wind velocity and the performance is comparatively estimated. From this analysis, I2NS2F design achieves 53m/s of wind velocity at turbine region for 5.5m/s inlet wind and it could be considered as highest wind velocity than other three designs. It is evidently proved and concluded that proposed I2NS2F design augments natural wind, resulting in greater green power generation.

СОЗДАНИЕ ЦИФРОВОГО ДВОЙНИКА ПРОЦЕССА СБОРКИ РАБОЧЕГО КОЛЕСА КОМПРЕССОРА

A digital dual compressor wheel assembly process has been developed to predict the angular rotations of the blade assembly rotating as it rotates. The calculated angles characterize the tension in the joints of the end flanges of the blades. At the input of a digital double sequence of data on geometry deviations with control of operations on parts. During the implementation, the random forest method was used, the study of which was carried out on a set of calculated experiments performed in the ANSYS environment using the element model of the assembled impeller. The experimental results show that the calculation error does not exceed 15 minutes of arc.

Effect of shock wave impact on natural chitosan biopolymer

In the present study, the influence of shockwave impact on chitosan (CS) material samples is investigated. The shock tube is used to create the shock wave and the experiments are conducted for a shock Mach number of 1.6. CS material sample is exposed to the shock wave by fixing at the driven tube end flange and impacted to 30, 60 and 90 shock impulses. CS material after the impact was characterized for its structural changes by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and viscometer results. The FT-IR results of the treated sample indicate that the bond length is reduced as the functionality of amide increases by lowering the mass of the samples. Significant changes are observed for the CS samples exposed to 90 shock pulses. The degree of deacetylation is increased from 75% to 89%. XRD results indicate that the crystallite size is enhanced by 109% in the treated samples and significant morphological changes are noticed in the SEM images. The viscosity is decreased to 88% and the reduction in molecular weight by 92% indicates the shock-treated CS samples contain high water solubility. Results emphasized that the shock tube technique yields quick findings with favorable changes in the CS depolymerization reaction and demonstrated that it is an efficient, cost-effective and less time-consuming approach.

A novel combined process of flaring-upsetting for forming end flanges on thin-walled tubes

Tube components with end flanges are widely used in piping systems of industrial fields. Generally, folding defects are prone to generate in the upsetting of the end flange tubes, for which the size of the end flanges is limited. In this paper, a novel process combining the flaring and upsetting deformation is proposed for forming the end flanges on thin-walled tubes. First, the flaring-upsetting combined process of thin-walled rings was studied to clarify the influence of the flaring pre-deformation on the subsequent upsetting deformation behavior. It is concluded that the position and size of defects depend on the flaring angle, the ratio of height to thickness and the upsetting reduction. Furthermore, the novel process is applied for forming the tube end flanges. Under proper parameters, the folds with little increase in size were transferred to the upper surface, which can be removed by machining without any harm to the flange quality. Therefore, the process is conducive to fabricating thin-walled tubes with wider flanges.

Seismic Performance of I-shaped Beam-column Joint with Cubical and Triangular Slit Dampers Based on Finite Element Analysis

From the layout of a metallic structure`s beam-column connection w, while the seismic design is inside the dissipative method, precise contributors and zones ought to admit the growth of plastic deformation, and many metallic second resisting frames fail on the beam-column joints. This examines designed a unique structural machine with diverse slit dampers to triumph over this challenge, which can be easier to deliver overall seismic performance in the structural device that has been proposed. Plastic deformation is confined to the slit dampers at the end flange, which is the machine's key characteristic. The recommended connection's seismic overall performance changed into confirmed the use of the Abaqus software program utility to software systems with diverse slit damper forms. The proposed hyperlink exhibited first-rate hysteretic conduct in accordance to check results. Furthermore, on this machine, strength dissipation and plastic deformation focus on the diverse shapes of slit dampers, while the inelastic behaviour of the beams and columns is prevented via a suitable ability layout. The conduct of triangular and cubical shapes of slit dampers withinside the connection among a metallic beam and a container column is defined in this paper.

Experimental study on seismic behavior of dense-steel-column sandwich wall

This paper describes an experimental study on the seismic behavior of the dense-steel-column sandwich walls. Six full-scale specimens which are |-shaped, L-shaped, and T-shaped with or without diagonal braces were tested under low-frequency cyclic load. With the same axial compression ratio, the failure pattern of specimens without diagonal braces is as follows. There was no obvious failure phenomenon at the beginning of the test. As the increase of the horizontal displacement, the steel columns buckled in succession, and the buckling was local in the lower part. As the further increase of the horizontal displacement, the local buckling range of the columns extended till the specimen finally failed. With the same axial compression ratio, the failure pattern of specimens with diagonal braces is as follows. The braces locally buckled under the cyclic load at the beginning of the test. As the increase of the horizontal displacement, the buckling range of braces extended. As the horizontal displacement increases, the braces were fractured and the columns buckled in succession in the bottom until the specimen finally failed. The experimental results show that the diagonal braces can increase the specimens' shear stiffness and shear strength, while the braces can also improve the specimens' ductility and energy dissipation performance. The shear strength of the L-shaped wall is increased by 62.02% with the braces. The ductility coefficient of the T-shaped wall is increased by 110.58% with the braces. Additionally, it is also noted that the seismic performance of the L-shaped and T-shaped walls with end flanges is better than that of the |-shaped wall.

Tensile strength of Nitinol flanges produced by laser rod end melting and immediate flange processing in a not fully solidified state

Nitinol as shape memory alloy has been widely applied in actuator industries. However, when joining to mechanical systems is necessary, the joint strength, chemical resistance and temperature resistance of the joint can be the limiting factors in conventional joining processes such as crimping, screwing or bonding. Thus, it is aimed to develop a new process based on laser rod end melting and flange processing in a not fully solidified state to fabricate flanges. Laser melts a wire end into an accumulated preform, which is immediately reshaped into a flange in a die cavity with different die temperatures and speeds. Tensile strength was investigated and compared to original wire. Despite of die temperature and speed, fracture point located at the connection between flange and wire, and the tensile strength was about half of the initial wire, which could be improved by appropriate heat treatment. This created the basis for a process to produce mechanically, chemically, and thermally resistant flanges on nitinol.

Design and simulations of the HEBT spiral buncher cavities for the high current injector at IUAC

The high energy beam transport (HEBT) section of the high current injector (HCI) accelerator requires two spiral buncher (SB) cavities to match the input Twiss parameters at the entrance of the superconducting super buncher (SSB) cavity by providing the longitudinal phase matching between drift tube linac (DTL) and SSB. The spiral type open-ended quarter-wave (λ/4) resonators were chosen for their high shunt impedance, mechanical, and vibrational stability. The 48.5 MHz frequency of cavities was chosen for its broad acceptance of time width. TRACE 3D codes were simulated to determine the bunching voltage for the spiral buncher cavities. The locations of HEBT spiral bunchers have been fixed in such a way that the ion beam can be transported from DTL to SSB with negligible growth in longitudinal beam emittance within the framework of first-order linear beam optics. The cavity parameters were optimized to get the significantly high shunt impedance and quality factor to achieve the desired electric field level at the minimum input power. The inner and outer radii of the drift tubes were honed to get the uniform electric field profile along the beam direction while βλ/2 was kept constant during the refinement. The HEBT SB cavities require ~2 kW of input power to produce ~160 kV across two RF gaps. The simulated quality factor and shunt impedance for two identical HEBT SB cavities are ~8300 and ~13.5 MΩ, respectively. The cylindrical type chamber will be fabricated of copper-plated mild-steel (MS) while other components including end plates, spiral, stem, and flanges were fabricated of pure OFHC copper due to excellent electrical as well as thermal conductivity. The cavity frequency can be easily coarse tuned by varying the length of the spiral. The distinguishing feature of the design is to tailor the cavity frequency by ±250 kHz by varying the diameter of the drift tubes and stem, even after fabrication. A cylindrical type frequency tuner of diameter 90 mm and thickness 10 mm has been designed which is capable of providing the additional frequency correction of ± 250 kHz in the travel distance of ~200 mm. The details of longitudinal beam optics, ion-optical and electrical design, simulations, and mechanical design are discussed in this article.

Design and Test of an 8T Focusing Superconducting Solenoid of FRIB Driver Linac

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, which is the world’s most powerful isotope beam device. We have developed an 8T superconducting solenoid magnet which is used to focus and steer the heavy ion beams for FRIB Driver Linac. The solenoid consists of a main focusing coil, two shielding coils and two pairs of corrector dipoles, fabricated by NbTi wire only. A helium vessel was designed and fabricated to accommodate the coils with an entire length of 652 mm with end flange. The magnet in an operating current of 89.6 A achieved the maximum magnetic field of 8T in 40-mm cold bore without quench. In this paper, the overall design of the whole magnet was introduced, including the magnetic design, mechanical design, quench simulation and the protection circuit. Moreover, the winding process and the test results were showed.

Development of a Procedure for Detailed Calculation of Strength Characteristics of Flange of a Flat-Chamber Type of Electrobaromembrane Apparatus Weakened by a Pothole for Feeding Solution to be Separated

A procedure has been developed for calculating end flanges of a flat-chamber type of electrobaromembrane apparatus weakened by a porthole for feeding solution to be separated in accordance with permissible stresses, taking account of the loading time.

HI-Light: A Glass-Waveguide-Based "Shell-and-Tube" Photothermal Reactor Platform for Converting CO2 to Fuels.

SummaryIn this work, we introduce HI-Light, a surface-engineered glass-waveguide-based “shell-and-tube” type photothermal reactor which is both scalable in diameter and length. We examine the effect of temperature, light irradiation, and residence time on its photo-thermocatalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation to form CO, with a cubic phase defect-laden indium oxide, In2O3-x(OH)y, catalyst. We demonstrate the light enhancement effect under a variety of reaction conditions. Notably, the light-on performance for the cubic nanocrystal photocatalyst exhibits a CO evolution rate at 15.40 mmol gcat−1 hr−1 at 300°C and atmospheric pressure. This is 20 times higher conversion rate per unit catalyst mass per unit time beyond previously reported In2O3-x(OH)y catalyst in the cubic form under comparable operation conditions and more than 5 times higher than that of its rhombohedral polymorph. This result underscores that improvement in photo-thermocatalytic reactor design enables uniform light distribution and better reactant/catalyst mixing, thus significantly improving catalyst utilization.

Experimental study on deformation capacity of field welding beam-to-column joint with different beam end details consideration of fracture toughness and non-welded part in submerged arc weld of pre-assembled H-shaped beam

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of fracture toughness and non-welded part in submerged arc weld (SAW) on deformation capacity of pre-assembled H-shaped beam-to-column joint. For this purpose, higher toughness (about 60 J) and lower toughness (about 20 J) SAW joints were prepared. In addition, improved beam end scallop details, BS_P (billet insertion), BM (mini scallop), and BF_5 (height of fillet: 5 mm), were proposed. The rate of increase of strength and the deformation capacity of these four type details were examined by experiment. From the results of experiments, it is revealed that brittle fracture at beam end flange is likely to occur at small deformation when the field welding beam-to-column joint has BS (composite scallop) detail and non-welded part of low toughness SAW. On the other hand, using higher toughness SAW and shortening non-welded SAW parts delayed brittle fracture and raised deformation capacity. Moreover, using proposed improved beam end scallop details buffered stress at the bottom of scallop and improved deformation capacity. Therefore, the authors showed following the method for improving deformation capacity of field welding beam-to-column joints. Improving toughness of SAW Using proposed improved beam end scallop details Shortening the length of non-welded of SAW

Technique for using an implant driver and tether system

An implant driver and tether system is described as a metal driver body and handle, a shaft for accepting a tether, and a distal end flange. The tether can be made of a soft material, such as silicone, and includes a retaining aperture, an elongated body, and a finger-securing aperture. During use, the tether is attached to the driver body by slipping the distal end flange of the driver body through the retaining aperture of the tether. The torque wrench is then attached to the handle of the driver.

Design and fabrication of a high-speed linear piezoelectric actuator with nanometer resolution using a cantilever transducer

A high-speed linear piezoelectric actuator with nanometer resolution using a cantilever transducer is designed, fabricated and tested. This actuator includes end cap, flange, fixed part, longitudinal and bending PZT ceramics. They are clamped to make up a cantilever transducer. The first longitudinal vibration and second bending vibration of the transducer are excited by two alternating current signals with a phase difference of 90°. Then, elliptical vibrations are formed on the driving foot and a high-speed linear motion of the slider is obtained under friction coupling effect. The actuator generates bending deformation when a direct current (DC) signal is applied to the bending PZT ceramics and a micro step with nanometer scale is achieved. The principles are illustrated in detail. Finite element method is used to confirm the desired vibration modes and analyze the motion characteristics of the actuator. A prototype is fabricated and it acquires the no-load speed of 593 mm s−1 under voltage of 300 Vp–p. The maximum output force of the actuator is tested as 30 N. The proposed actuator obtains a displacement resolution of 35 nm under DC voltage of 3 V. The tested results show that the proposed actuator has the abilities of fast and precise motions simultaneously.

Radio frequency measurement and tuning of a 13 MeV Alvarez-type drift tube linac for a compact pulsed hadron source.

This paper describes the radio frequency (RF) measurement and tuning result of a 13 MeV Alvarez-type drift tube linac (DTL) for a compact pulsed hadron source (CPHS) at Tsinghua University. The design, machining, assembly, and alignment of the DTL are presented for integrity. The CPHS project consists of a high-current proton linac (13 MeV, 16 kW, peak current of 50 mA, 0.5 ms pulse width at 50 Hz), a neutron target station, a small-angle neutron scattering instrument, and a neutron imaging/radiology station. The linac contains an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, a low energy beam transport line, a four-vane radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, an Alvarez-type DTL, a high energy beam transport line, and a RF power supply and distributor. Construction on the CPHS started in June 2009, and the CPHS has provided 2000 h since 2013 to users with the neutrons produced by the 3 MeV proton beam from the radio frequency quadrupole bombarding on the beryllium target as an achievement of its mid-term objective. Presently, the tuning of the assembled DTL cavity has been completed successfully. The 4.3-m-long DTL consists of 40 accelerating cells, among which 39 full-length drift tubes (DTs) are suspended inside the cavity, and two half-length DTs are mounted inside the two end flanges of the cavity. Each DT contains a permanent magnet quadrupole. Thirteen post couplers and nine tuners are available for the tuning of the field. The relative error of the field after tuning is within ±1.6%, with a tilt sensitivity within ±33%/MHz in all cells. The beam energy will reach its designed value of 13 MeV after the DTL is installed in the beam line downstream the 3 MeV RFQ accelerator.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ФОРМЫ И ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КОНСТРУКТИВНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ РОТАЦИОННОГО РЫХЛИТЕЛЯ ПОЧВЫ

At the present stage of development of the country’s agro-industrial complex, the technological process of surface tillage by combined soil-cultivating machines, simultaneously combining a number of operations in one pass through the field, causes the presence in their designs of the necessary set of various promising working organs. In view of the foregoing, a rotary soil ripper with a spiral-plate working member equipped with radially directed teeth and connected by means of rods with end flanges has been developed. Also, the researched ripper has the limits of penetration of the working element in the form of flat discs equipped with flanges and the radial stop have the ability to rotate around their axes independently of the ripper shaft. An analytical study of the working units of this ripper was carried out from the point of view of the influence of their size and teeth on the process of interaction with the soil, on the basis of which some of their parameters were determined. In conclusion, it was concluded that the analytical equations obtained allow us to justify the choice of the most important design parameters of the proposed new design and design a toothed rotary working device that reduces to constructive implementation after calculating their basic dimensions.