Encyclopedic Dictionary Research Articles

The Information Potential of the “Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary” 1990–2002

The subject of the description is the information potential of the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. The substantial textual differences between the first edition (1990) and the second (2002) are described. The information potential of a book is the sum of the substantial information differences between a possible (future) republication of a book and the information contained in already published editions of this book. The logical and semantic structure of the information potential of this book is described.

Reflection of Scottish national identity in explanatory and encyclopaedic dictionaries (with reference to the “Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland”)

Reflection of Scottish national identity in explanatory and encyclopaedic dictionaries (with reference to the “Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland”)

Use of Countertransference to Advance Therapeutic Efficacy.

Countertransference is a basic tenet of psychodynamic theory. Although it was initially considered an unwelcome phenomenon in psychiatry, attitudes have shifted, and many mental health professionals now consider it to be a useful therapeutic tool. In this article, the author discusses countertransference as defined by the International Psychoanalytical Association's Inter-Regional Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (IRED) and examines its clinical impact by using constructed vignettes of psychodynamic psychotherapies to illustrate theoretical points. As IRED delineates, countertransferences may exist at the conscious or unconscious level. In addition, the author suggests that countertransference may also exist at the preconscious level. Clinicians' examination of all levels of countertransference has the potential to be revelatory and facilitate therapeutic action, whereas unexamined countertransference can interfere with effective treatment. For this reason, self-reflection on the part of psychiatrists is essential.

Восприятие Блеза Паскаля и его наследия советской официальной культурой 1920–1930-х гг.

The perception of Blaise Pascal by the official Soviet culture of the 1920–1930s has not yet become the subject of a special study. At a new historical turn, the scientific and spiritual legacy of the French thinker was inevitably subject to revision. The authors set themselves the task of revealing the peculiarities of constructing the image of Pascal and interpreting his ideas in the society of mass intellectual culture. The main material for the article was information about Pascal, which a Soviet citizen could obtain from encyclopedic dictionaries, textbooks, popular science articles and periodicals. It is concluded that the personality and works of the French genius of the 17th century were important in arranging a dialogue between the new Soviet culture and traditional European culture in general, and the French culture in particular. In the 1920–1930s the “Soviet traditionalism” was emerging, i. e. the practice of the Soviet state to create boundaries of loyalty for traditionalism, which, first of all, affects intellectual culture. The European bourgeois culture and the specific case of Pascal were inscribed into the new coordinates. The “boundaries of loyalty” set for the legacy of the French genius brought to the fore Pascal the scientist and Pascal the philosophizing writer. The emphasis on the Descartes/Pascal opposition, which reflects the spiritual, philosophical, cultural and ideological conflicts of the new Soviet state, is meaningful. In this conflict, Pascal became a kind of “hidden man”, whose spiritual experience is disguised under the proclaimed atheistic mundanity. However, the essence of the internal structure of Pascal’s personality turns out to be close to the asceticism and anti-bourgeois nature of the Soviet culture. Pascal becomes a role model for the Soviet people in terms of shaping themselves on the path to a bright and just society.

Lacunas in the Study of Islam in Russia (based on the dictionary “Islam in the Russian Federation”)

This article is devoted to the intermediate results of the project of the series of encyclopedic dictionaries “Islam in the Russian Federation” (at the stage of publication of all regional volumes, but before the release of the consolidated edition). This project, for the first time in the history of Russian Islamic studies, set the goal of covering the entire territory of the country with the research grid. A number of difficulties and problems arose in achieving this goal. One of them was the lack of works on this subject in a number of regions of the country, and even the absence of researchers who would deal with this issue. Since the previous research and encyclopedic projects did not even aim at universal coverage, they could not describe the “white spots” (spatial and temporal lacunas). In addition, one of the reasons for this project was the involvement of about 600 specialists of different profiles, including historians, archaeologists, sociologists, source specialists, ethnologists, numismatists, local historians and others. This multidisciplinarity and the large number of specialists with different points of view created certain difficulties in the work on the project, but they also made it possible to achieve the goal of creating a holistic picture of the history of Islam in Russia. It is only now that it is possible to define and outline these very “white spots” that have been identified and “mapped” in the course of this project.

Expression of a person’s emotional state using phraseological units with a color component in Russian and Persian languages

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of phraseological units with a color component in Russian and Persian linguistic cultures, expressing the emotional state of a person. Color is an integral part of the perception of the reality around us; with its help, we can consciously or unconsciously convey our mood, inner state, and attitude towards everything around us. Phraseologisms, being a stable combination, give speech an emotional coloring and figuratively characterize a particular state. The object of the study is phraseological units of the Russian and Persian languages containing a colorative component, selected by a continuous sampling method from explanatory, phraseological, etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries and other literary sources of the Russian and Persian languages. The main research method used in this work is the comparative method and axiological analysis of phraseological units containing a color component in the Russian and Persian languages. Let us note that work on the comparative analysis of various lexical units is currently being carried out quite actively, but research in the field of comparing phraseological units with the color component of the Russian and Persian languages is not numerous. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study and understanding of information about the emotional state of a person, which is conveyed by phraseological units of the Russian and Persian languages, containing a color component. Based on the results of the study, the symbolism and associative perception characteristic of representatives of Russian and Persian culture were determined, and the colors included in the phraseological units characterizing the emotional state of a person were identified, and the subjective evaluative attitude of a person to existing or possible situations and the objective world was indicated, transmitted by them.

Subjective Modality and Means of its Expression in a Journalistic Style

This article is dedicated to the study of one of the categories of the sentence — modality. Many domestic linguists define this category as the attitude of the speaker to reality. Representing a complex phenomenon,it does not have a clear definition and according to many linguists requires clarification. The article presents the main provisions from the works of V. V. Vinogradov, who compiled a voluminous list of means denoting modal meanings, and G. A. Zolotova. The definition of the concepts of objective and subjective modality is given according to the «Russian grammar» (of 1980) and the «Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary». The means of expressing subjective modality are analyzed in journalistic style texts by means of an example of online newspaper «Culture». Cases of expression are identified and considered at the level of simple and complex sentences. It is noted that the subjective modality is associated with the use of lexical repetition, phrases, introductory words, separate, interjections, words that cause desire, possibility, intention or non-union complex sentences, complex sentences, unions and allied words. It was found in the article that the subjective modality is mostly expressed by using units of lexical and syntactic levels.

Этнокультурная история и современное измерение Ордена знак почета института истории, языка и литературы УФИЦ РАН: от башкирского академцентра к федеральному институту

The Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a federal academic institution with a humanitarian profile, the key research area of which is comprehensive Bashkir studies. The Institute, which celebrated its centenary in 2022, has gone a long way from the Society for the Study of Bashkiria at the Academic Center of the People’s Commissariat of Education of Bashkiria, which united ascetic researchers, to the authoritative scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The institution has made and continues to make an invaluable contribution to the study of the archaeology, ancient and modern history, and material and spiritual culture of the multinational region. The Bashkir people, one of the many ethnic groups in the Russian Federation, are the focus of this work. The team’s contributions, which have been recognized in the scientific community of Russia and beyond, not only have a scientific value but also have applied and practical significance. These contributions demonstrate the researchers’ ability to solve problems that face modern humanitarian science, in a qualitative manner. His century-old scientific biography and ethnocultural history include significant archaeological discoveries, fundamental monographic and collective research, scientific collections, multi-volume collections of the Bashkir folk art, anthologies of the Bashkir literature, numerous linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries that incorporated creative ideas, thoughts, achievements of several generations of scientists (M.A. Burangulov, T.H. Akhmadiev, N.V. Bikbulatov, I.M. Gvozdikova, R.G. Kuzeev, H.F. Usmanov, M.V. Murzabulatov, S.N. Shitova, N.A. Mazhitov, A.H. Pshenichnyuk, N.H. Maksyutova, S.F. Mirzhanova, Z.G. Uraksin, F.G. Khisamitdinova, A.I. Kharisov, G.B. Khusainov, N.T. Zaripov, A.M. Suleymanov, F.A. Nadrshina, etc.). From the study of archaeology in the Southern Urals region and its ancient history and culture, to understanding modern socio-cultural processes and modern history in Bashkiria, anthropology, ethnography, and the Bashkir language research, computational linguistics, dialectology, folk art, literary studies, archeography, and the study of written and printed materials – these are the main research areas of the Institute’s scientists.

The yellow color in the phraseological picture of the world of the Russian and Persian languages: an axiological aspect

This article is devoted to a comparative axiological analysis of phraseological units (PUs) with yellow color in Russian and Persian linguistic cultures. The perception of colors among different peoples may differ and directly depend on the historical, cultural, social, religious and natural conditions of development of a given people. The object of the study are phraseological units of the Russian and Persian languages containing the yellow color (38 units in total), selected regardless of the degree of semantic unity of the components of phraseological units and the method of phraseologization, temporal characteristics, speech or linguistic affiliation, included in proverbs, sayings of famous personalities, quotes from fiction and the method of phraseologization, temporal characteristics, speech or linguistic affiliation, selected by a continuous sampling method from explanatory, phraseological, etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries of the Russian and Persian languages, literary texts, as well as the media. The main research methods used in this work are the comparative method and axiological analysis of phraseological units containing the color term “yellow” in the Russian and Persian languages. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of phraseological units containing “yellow” in two languages from the point of view of axiology. Based on the results of the analysis of the estimated values of phraseological units with “yellow” component, a conclusion is drawn about the attitude towards this color in the axiological picture of the world of the speakers of the languages under study and we have clarified the meaning of the yellow color in the phraseological picture of the world of the Russian and Persian languages and confirm the absence of a binary axiological opposition.

The Image of the Second Spanish Republic on the Pages of the Franco Encyclopedic Dictionary: Cancel Culture or the Beginning of Reconciliation

The Abridged Encyclopedic Dictionary of Espasa-Calpe (Diccionario enciclopédico abreviado Espasa-Calpe) is one of the most popular and widespread encyclopedic publications in the Ibero-American world. In the 1950s it went through several editions, but retained all the official ideological guidelines of the Francoist regime. The purpose of this work is to identify, using the material presented in the entries of the Espasa-Calpe dictionary of the 1957 edition, the specifics of the perception of the Second Spanish Republic and its cultural heritage by the Francoist official ideology during the transition from the «first» to the «second Francoism», to assess the influence of the «cancel culture» politics towards the republican past and reflect the initial attempts to «reconcile» with it. The work uses a systematic approach, implemented through the use of traditional historical and interdisciplinary methods, as well as the textual method and content analysis. This study allows us to conclude that in the mid-1950s some of the Francoist ideological concepts formed during the civil war and in the early 1940s were preserved. They reflected in «cancelling» the republican culture and erasure of names and biographical facts of its representatives. At the same time, a number of entries in the dictionary, as well as some facts and names mentioned there, make it possible to discern certain changes, aimed at the partial return and rehabilitation of the republican heritage as a significant part of the integral Spanish culture.

The concept of duty as an element of the legal status of a person

One of the methods of legal regulation of social relations is the establishment by the state of certain duties for its citizens. It is the obligation as an instrument of legal regulation that allows to create a balance between the interests of the individual, society and the state. That is why in Art. 23 of the Constitution of Ukraine states: "Every person has the right to the free development of his personality, if the rights and freedoms of other people are not violated, and he has obligations to the society in which the free and comprehensive development of his personality is ensured.” That is, a person, being in society, constantly interacts with other people. Accordingly, it cannot fail to have obligations towards society, citizens and the state. Therefore, duties are undoubtedly as important elements of legal status as rights and freedoms.
 The relevance of the study of legal status in general and duty as its structural element, in particular, is determined by their importance for the existence of a person in society. Therefore, in a philosophical dimension, the legal status secures the achieved level of personal freedom, acts as an important means of effectively meeting the needs and interests of each person, creating and using conditions for its comprehensive development. In addition, the significance of the phenomenon of legal status is reflected in its ability to increase the level of legal certainty, in particular, thanks to legal status, we can understand who a particular subject of law is in particular social relations; in which social relations and to what extent this subject can participate; in what way, on what grounds, conditions, a certain legal subject participates in social relations and how the corresponding subject will leave these relations or exactly how these relations should be terminated.
 Duty as an element of the legal status of a person, in turn, is one of the central elements in jurisprudence. Moreover, the level of legal awareness and legal culture in society depends on the proper functioning of the system of duties. In addition, according to the philosophical encyclopedic dictionary, duty is one of the main categories of ethics and moral consciousness, a moral obligation of an individual, a group of persons, a class, a nation, etc., which appears to them as a concrete practical task. That is, duty is a multifaceted category that is of exceptional importance in various spheres of social life, which causes special interest in its research. In addition, a separate prerequisite for the study of the duty category is the embodiment of the will and interests of the entire society in it, since the duty reflects the variant of behavior that is the most acceptable and socially useful.
 However, in the course of studies of the legal status of citizens, attention is mostly focused on the category of rights and freedoms, which, of course, form its basis, but they cannot be properly implemented without its other components, namely duties. Moreover, non-fulfillment of the duties specifically assigned to citizens entails a number of negative consequences both for society as a whole and for the state, in particular, the above­mentioned balance of interests is violated and the basis for potential social conflicts is created. Thus, both human rights and freedoms and human responsibilities are integral elements of legal status, however, in this article, attention will be focused on the study of the category of responsibility through the lens of legal status.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ КОЛОРИЗМОВ В МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ

In medical terminology, the designation of color plays an important role. The relevance of the authors' research is determined by their interest in the problems associated with the theoretical and practical study of colorisms and their uses in the language of medicine.
 The purpose of the presented research is to study colorisms in medical terminology in the semantic aspect.
 The material for the study was colorisms in the names of symptoms, organs and their parts included in medical encyclopedic dictionaries and reference books.
 This article reflects the functioning of colorisms in medical terminology: in the categories of various diseases, skin color, names of blood cells, appearance of the patient, body characteristics, names of medicinal plants and substances.

ПЕРЕДУМОВИ СТВОРЕННЯ СЛОВНИКА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ БДЖІЛЬНИЦЬКОЇ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ

The article examines the concept of lexicography, in particular, the scientists’ points of view on the definition of the terms «lexicography», «terminography», «terminological dictionary». The author analyzes the concept of terminological lexicography as the science of designing and compiling dictionaries of special vocabulary, which is closely related to the terminology of the industry. The prerequisites for the creation of the dictionary of the Ukrainian beekeeping terms have been determined, having analyzed the history of their lexicographical reproduction in the most productive periods of the formation of the field’s terminology system. It has been found that the linguistic and historiographical features of the formation of the beekeeping terminology system are to determine the time and preconditions for the formation of the industry’s terms in accordance with the development of the Ukrainian language and the history of the industry itself in Ukraine. The practical output of the dissertation research was the Index of Ukrainian Beekeeping Terms, in which we did not aim to interpret the terms. The prerequisite for its compilation was the study of scientific literature and lexicographical works, the creation of a lexical index, inventory and systematization of Ukrainian beekeeping terms. Therefore, at the present stage of development of beekeeping terminology, an important task in further scientific work is to compile a terminological dictionary of Ukrainian beekeeping terminology of an explanatory type, which will present all the collected factual material. The development of the compilation methodology and the concept of the future dictionary are conditionally presented. Namely, the thematic scope, register, form, purpose, functions, specific methods of compiling this dictionary, as well as the principles of organization, presentation (interpretation, description) of lexical units. The explanatory dictionary of beekeeping terminology is an intermediate type between the common language and encyclopedic dictionaries. Its main task is to reveal the meaning of the term, in particular, the correspondence of the definition to the concept denoted, which should be concise and expressive, reflecting the objective processes of the subject area hidden in this term. The language of description of an explanatory dictionary entry is focused on the systemic relations that exist in the language itself. We have developed instructions for an explanatory dictionary of Ukrainian beekeeping terms as a consolidated collection of uniform rules and guidelines to obtain the final result in our scientific lexicographic work. Our dictionary will not only record a set of certain information, in particular, the beekeeping industry, but will also serve as a reliable tool for scientific understanding of reality.

Contribution of Latvian Technical Intelligentsia to Development of Terminology Until the Establishment of the Republic of Latvia

The article considers the development of technical terminology in the Latvian language until the proclamation of the independent state of Latvia in 1918. The activists of the National Awakening became the first creators of technical terminology, describing current technical innovations as, for example, Juris Alunāns (1832–1864) did in 1860 for the telegraph. The need for technical terms became apparent after the Second Baltic Agricultural Exhibition when difficulties arose in describing the showcased exhibits in Latvian. Significant steps in the development of terminology were made on the initiative of student Mikus Skruzītis (also Skruzīšu Mikus; 1861–1905), who suggested collecting frequently used names of parts of various simple devices, and the initiative of Nikolajs Puriņš (also Puriņu Klāvs; 1858–1935) to publish self-education materials in construction («Būvskola» or Building School) and mechanical engineering («Mašīnu būvskola» or Machine Building School). As the proportion of Latvians employed in the industry and the number of persons who received technical education increased, the need to establish organizations that would take care of both technical education in Latvian and the coinage of the necessary terms became more apparent. The Baltic Technical Society (1906) and the Latvian Educational Society (1908), which established their own terminology committees, deserve special recognition. Encyclopaedic dictionaries were also important for the systematization of terminology, especially the conversational dictionary published by the Knowledge Committee of Riga Latvian Society (1903–1921). The research was carried out within the project «Mūsdienu latviešu valodas lietojums un attīstība» (Research on Modern Latvian Language and Development) of the National Research Program of the Latvian Council of Science (No. VPP-LETONIKA-2022/1-0001).

Update of the word in the interdisciplinary discourse of the theory and philosophy of law

The problem of insufficient language training of applicants and therefore graduates for higher legal education in Ukraine is being updated. They are not offered to study methodologically significant sciences for jurisprudence, in particular semantics, legal linguistics, hermeneutics. Hence, there are gaps in program learning outcomes, errors in law-making, legal evaluations, and explanations of legal phenomena and processes. Inattention to the primary meaning of the word is caused by a shortcoming of the current Standard of the Bachelor’s level of higher legal education of Ukraine: the absence of the need to know and understand the peculiarities of law-making in the list of program learning outcomes. Its linguistic excellence determines the quality of implementation and application of law.
 Analysis the author’s own teaching experience and of the results of studies of individual aspects of the problem by scientists T.I. Dudash, S.I. Maksymov, A.S. Tokarska and others. revealed the urgent need to normalize the contradictory situation in the legal terminology of Ukraine, where Ukrainian and foreign language terms of different meanings are chaotically combined. In particular, it is necessary to take into account the significant differences in legal naming and legal understanding between the continental European and Anglo-American legal systems, with an orientation towards the first as close to the legal traditions of Ukraine. The experience of preserving special national traditions of legal naming and legal understanding in the legal linguistics of the leading EU states – Germany and France – is important. For quality training of Ukrainian lawyers, it is necessary to improve their professional language culture. In particular, supplement the Standard with a separate learning outcome: «the need to know and understand the peculiarities of law- making». The integrated discipline «Theory and philosophy of law» with parallel teaching of the course «Ancillary legal disciplines» should be introduced into the curricula of the specialty «Law» in the first year. Teaching philosophy of law in the fourth year separate from legal theory is illogical. Compile an encyclopedic dictionary of the Ukrainian legal language, give it legal force in the training and practice of law-making and law-enforcing bodies. Focus on continental European law, preserving the uniqueness of the Ukrainian language of law from excessive foreign language borrowings.

Reviews

Gravity and Magnetic Encyclopedic Dictionary, by Serguei Goussev, 2022.

Статьи В.С. Соловьева в энциклопедическом словаре А.Ф. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона: история публикации, аутентификация, тематика

For the first time Solovyov's lexicographical heritage, as represented in A.F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron's Encyclopaedic Dictionary (1890–1907), is comprehensively examined. The authentication of the materials from the dictionary itself, epistolary sources and a separate edition of Solovyov's dictionary works (1997) have yielded a list of 183 articles written by the philosopher for the dictionary. The reader is welcomed for the regularity of the ideological component of the articles. Nine thematic groups are distinguished, in particular: “Terms, concepts”, “Personalities (philosophy, religion)”, “Philosophical, social and religious schools/studies”, “Personalities (others)”, “Mythology”. The articles that stand out in particular in Solovyov's system of encyclopedic heritage are identified. These are “Freedom of Will”, “Hegel”, “Plato”, “Comte”, and “Kant”. It is demonstrated that at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. V.S. Solovyov created his own history of philosophy, thus realizing the original strategy of studying the world philosophy by the Russian-speaking readers of the present section of the Dictionary (from VI–V BC up to XIX c.). The author underlines that the choice of names of philosophers, which Solovyov wrote about, illustrates the author's all-embracing and large-scale thinking. The author emphasizes the role of bibliographical sources, which were developed and verified by Solovyov and which help present not only the most important works, in the author's opinion, but the cultural context of the epoch as a whole. The thematic references in the articles are found to reflect the specific organization of the whole corpus of Solovyov's lexicographical works.

Znanstvenoinformatički centar "Bugarska enciklopedija"

The Bulgarian Encyclopedia Scientific Information Centre is a constituent part of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, responsible for the compilation and publication of encyclopedias and encyclopedic reference books. Its work follows the tradition of encyclopedic knowledge in Bulgarian culture dating back to medieval collections from the court of Tsar Simeon I in the 9th to 10th centuries. Encyclopedic content is also contained in the first Bulgarian schoolbook, published in 1824, and in the growing interest in reference publications before and after the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. The first Bulgarian general encyclopedia, the Encyclopedic Dictionary, was published in 1899–1907, followed by the popular Bulgarian Encyclopedia A-Ya in 1936. A specialised unit for the preparation of encyclopedias and encyclopedic reference literature was established at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1955 under the name Bulgarian Encyclopedia, and was renamed the Bulgarian Encyclopaedia Scientific Information Centre in 2003. The Centre’s mission is to disseminate scientific knowledge widely and in an accessible form. The Centre’s main activities include the compilation and preparation of general one-volume and multi-volume encyclopedias, the development of methodological guidelines and technologies for new publications, the preparation of thematic vocabularies of the articles and illustrations of the editions, and editorial and compiling work. The publications of the Bulgarian Encyclopedia Scientific Information Centre are of a high academic level, and the editorial and compilation work is carried out by experienced scientific encyclopedic editors, which guarantees the high professional standards of the publications. Multiple editions of the Bulgarian Encyclopedia have been published, covering a wide range of topics such as history, science, culture, and more. The Centre has also published thematic encyclopedias and electronic versions of its work, and collaborates with various organisations and publishers to continue its responsible activity of national importance

JA PANESE LOANWORDS IN THE CZECH NATIONAL CORPUS

The article discusses some aspects of the functioning of Czech nouns of Japanese origin. Both lexical Japanisms named in the New Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Czech Language (2016) and nouns included in the Neomat electronic database in 2019, 2020 and 2021 are considered. The data of the Czech written and spoken corpora, which are constituents of the Czech National Corpus project, are used. The absolute and relative frequency of use of a particular lexeme, as well as its ARF (= Average Reduced Frequency) was determined with the help of the 4.9 billion-strong corpus of modern written Czech texts SYNv9. The WaG (= Word at a Glance) program developed within the framework of the Czech National Corpus project to determine the regional, gender, age and educational characteristics of Czech speakers using a particular lexeme was used. Russian correspondences to the Czech words of Japanese origin under consideration were given for purely auxiliary purposes, so that the principles of their graphic design were not discussed.

DEVELOPING HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING: POLICIES, LEGAL PROVISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOME SOLUTIONS

DEVELOPING HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING: POLICIES, LEGAL PROVISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOME SOLUTIONS