Encryption Method Research Articles

OSL-ABE: an optimal secure and lightweight attribute-based encryption method for blockchain-enabled IoT-based healthcare systems

OSL-ABE: an optimal secure and lightweight attribute-based encryption method for blockchain-enabled IoT-based healthcare systems

Feedback projection synchronization of discrete chaotic systems and its application to speech encryption

Abstract Chaotic systems are widely used in secure communication due to their sensitivity to initial values, unpredictability, and complex motion trajectories. In this paper, we study the encryption method of chaotic synchronization and introduce a scaling factor based on traditional feedback control synchronization to achieve more accurate projection synchronization. The effectiveness and robustness of the method in chaotic systems are verified through theoretical proofs and numerical simulations. A chaotic masked speech encryption system utilizing bit similarity is designed; the structural similarity index (SSIM) of the decrypted signal with the original signal is as high as 0.992866, while the SSIM value of the encrypted signal with the original signal is only 0.000030, proving the efficiency and security of the encryption process. Additionally, we analyzed the data transmission process of the encryption system. The fusion of the control signal and the encryption sequence into one transmission sequence in the channel not only saves hardware and software design resources but also reduces inter-channel interference and conflict, improving the reliability and stability of the transmission. Experimental results show that the system performs well in terms of data transmission security and anti-interference capability.

Advances in wearable biotechnology for cardiac monitoring

Wearable biotechnology is enhancing cardiac health monitoring by enabling continuous data collection for early detection and better management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent advancements, such as multi-sensor integration, combine electrocardiography (ECG), heart rate variability, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation monitoring to provide a comprehensive cardiovascular assessment and improve diagnostic precision. Innovations in energy-harvesting technologies, like thermoelectric and piezoelectric materials, extend battery life, reducing the need for frequent recharging and increasing patient adherence. Despite these advances, challenges remain, particularly concerning data security, which requires robust encryption methods and secure data transmission protocols. Regulatory frameworks like the GDPR and HIPAA need to evolve to accommodate technological progress, ensuring new devices are safe and quickly brought to market. Enhancing interoperability with electronic health records (EHRs) is crucial to maximizing the clinical utility of wearable devices. Future research should focus on developing biochemical sensors to detect specific biomarkers in bodily fluids, refining AI algorithms for personalized diagnostics, and establishing standards for data sharing and integration. Collaboration among healthcare providers, regulatory bodies, and technology developers is essential to overcoming current barriers, expanding clinical applications, and ultimately improving patient outcomes and public health.

Review of Physical Layer Security in Integrated Satellite–Terrestrial Networks

With the success and commercialization of 5G, 3GPP has started working toward the sixth generation of communication systems. While 5G explored the concept of non-terrestrial networks like satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles working alongside terrestrial networks, 6G is expected to take this integration a step further, aiming to achieve a more coherent network where satellites and terrestrial infrastructure work together seamlessly. However, the complexity and uniqueness of such networks create numerous attack surfaces that make them vulnerable to cyberattacks. The solution to such cyberattacks can be addressed by encryption and other upper-layer authentication methods. However, with the move to higher-frequency bands, such encryption techniques are difficult to scale for low-latency networks. In addition, the recent progress in quantum computing will make networks more vulnerable. To address such challenges, physical layer security (PLS) is proposed as a secure and quantum-resistant way to implement security by taking advantage of the physics of the channel and transceiver. This article reviews the latest trends and progress in PLS in integrated satellite–terrestrial networks (ISTNs) from a signal processing perspective. This work provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art research conducted, challenges, and future directions in the PLS of ISTNs.

Patterned Lead-Free Double Perovskite/Polymer Fluorescent Piezoelectric Composite Films for Advanced Anti-Counterfeiting.

The limitations of single fluorescent anti-counterfeiting technologies necessitate the development of more sophisticated encryption methods to protect information and data. Traditional optical anti-counterfeiting encryption techniques, which rely on light sources with varying wavelengths to identify information, are now insufficient to meet contemporary security demands due to their restricted response to a narrow range of wavelengths. In this study, the fabrication of patterned, lead-free double perovskite (DP)/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) fluorescent piezoelectric composite films (CFs) is reported. These CFs integrate the up-conversion and down-conversion photoluminescent properties of Cs2Na0.8Ag0.2BiCl6:Yb3+/Er3+ DP crystals with the piezoelectric properties of P(VDF-TrFE) film, facilitating multi-modal information protection. The fluorescent signals of different concealed information in CFs are observable under the excitation of 365nm UV light and 980nm infrared (IR) light. Additionally, external pressure applied at various locations on the CFs generates corresponding electrical signals, thereby providing triple-layer encryption for protected information. A multifunctional anti-counterfeiting device has been further developed by integrating patterned optical and electrical responses onto flexible CFs, achieving synergistic protection of information security in cross fields and bringing a significant advancement to the high-level anti-counterfeiting market.

Privacy-Preserving ConvMixer Without Any Accuracy Degradation Using Compressible Encrypted Images

We propose an enhanced privacy-preserving method for image classification using ConvMixer, which is an extremely simple model that is similar in spirit to the Vision Transformer (ViT). Most privacy-preserving methods using encrypted images cause the performance of models to degrade due to the influence of encryption, but a state-of-the-art method was demonstrated to have the same classification accuracy as that of models without any encryption under the use of ViT. However, the method, in which a common secret key is assigned to each patch, is not robust enough against ciphertext-only attacks (COAs) including jigsaw puzzle solver attacks if compressible encrypted images are used. In addition, ConvMixer is less robust than ViT because there is no position embedding. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel block-wise encryption method that allows us to assign an independent key to each patch to enhance robustness against attacks. In experiments, the effectiveness of the method is verified in terms of image classification accuracy and robustness, and it is compared with conventional privacy-preserving methods using image encryption.

Cryptography and DRM: A study of digital copyright protection in the gaming industry

Abstract. This paper explores the role of cryptography and encryption technology in the evolution of digital rights management (DRM) in the gaming industry. A collection of guidelines, procedures, and instruments that control the appropriate use of digital content is collectively referred to as digital rights management (DRM). Cryptography plays a vital role in DRM by ensuring data privacy, authenticity, and integrity. The early stages of DRM in gaming involved physical disc-based methods, such as unique disc features and online activation. However, these methods faced challenges such as compatibility issues and unauthorized copying. Modern DRM techniques incorporate advanced cryptographic techniques and account-based DRM tied to user accounts. Cryptography in DRM secures the distribution and consumption of digital content by converting game data into an unreadable format, which can only be decrypted with a valid key. The paper also discusses the use of third-party DRM technologies like Denuvo, which employ robust encryption and obfuscation methods. However, third-party DRM can have performance impacts, inconvenience users, and lead to compatibility issues. The paper emphasizes the need for continuous refinement of DRM technologies to balance copyright protection and consumer rights in the evolving gaming industry.

Thumbnail-Preserving Encryption Based on Binary–Decimal Hybrid and a Generalized Coupled Logistic Map

Traditional image encryption methods typically make a trade-off between privacy protection and visual usability. To address this issue, a novel thumbnail-preserving encryption scheme is proposed based on a hybrid of decimal and binary pixel values in three pixel groups, utilizing the excellent dynamic characteristics of a generalized coupled logistic map. Theoretically, it is proved that the core algorithm of this scheme is sum-preserving. Experimentally, it is demonstrated that this scheme not only excels in efficiency and resistance to attacks, effectively safeguarding image privacy, but also retains high-quality thumbnails after encryption, achieving both objectives of image privacy protection and visual usability.

Quantum Cryptography and Blockchain-Based Social Media Platforms as a Dual Approach to Securing Financial Transactions in CBDCs and Combating Misinformation in U.S. Elections

This paper explores the integration of quantum cryptography and blockchain technology to address two pressing challenges: securing financial transactions in Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and combating the spread of misinformation during U.S. elections through decentralized social media platforms. As quantum computing advances, traditional encryption methods may become obsolete, posing significant risks to digital financial systems. Quantum cryptography, with its quantum-resistant algorithms, offers enhanced protection for CBDC transactions, ensuring long-term security and privacy. Simultaneously, blockchain-based social media platforms provide a decentralized structure that can prevent the dissemination of false information by ensuring transparency and authenticity through cryptographic verification and consensus mechanisms. These platforms also facilitate decentralized identity management, empowering users to verify content without relying on centralized authorities. By combining quantum cryptography’s secure framework with blockchain’s decentralized transparency, this dual approach creates a more secure digital ecosystem that not only safeguards financial transactions but also strengthens democratic processes. The paper further addresses the regulatory and technical challenges associated with implementing these technologies and their potential to shape a more secure, transparent, and accountable future.

Encryption with Complex Variable and its Capabilities

Abstract. Cybersecurity is instrumental to the modern world. The most effective protection of data online is cryptography and encryption. There are two main types: symmetric and asymmetric. They employ important mathematical concepts to encode vital information. Nevertheless, the encryption field remains largely within the world of real numbers. This paper analyzes an encryption method presented by George Stergiopoulos et al. utilizing complex numbers and investigates its possible usage. The process involves investigating the necessary complex variable applications and a comparative scoring system which provides vital outlook on the promise of this new methodology. Subsequently, the investigation of the time complexity, security and encryption speeds provides a vital outlook on the practical uses in society. The results are promising feasibility of this new algorithm and the encouragement of further investigation into complex variable applications that encrypt with a more substantial range than any operation in the real numbers. Thus, the explicit novel insightful comparison of both symmetric and asymmetric encryption systems to the proposed complex encryption shows vital promise and further interest in investigation into this field as it opens the possibilities to an infinite array of novel complex operations that were previously inaccessible due to the restraint of real numbers.

Calcium vacancy enhanced self-reduction of Ce4+ for single-phase full-spectrum lighting and information encryption

Due to the wide and adjustable emission range, Ce3+ is an indispensable luminous center for full spectrum lighting. However, it needs to be sintered at high temperature in a reducing atmosphere, resulting in difficulty to coexisting with other multivalent activated ions (such as Eu3+, Tm3+), which greatly hinders the formation of full spectrum. In this study, a calcium vacancy enhanced self-reduction of Ce4+ is realized in CaNaSb2O6F (CNSOF) host under air atmosphere sintering, through which Ce3+, Tm3+ and Eu3+ coexisting in a single-phase full spectrum phosphor was prepared. Notably, the artificial introduction of a calcium vacancy was designed to verify this self-reduction mechanism. Moreover, the energy transfer kinetics among Tm3+, Ce3+ and Eu3+ were explored. Finally, combined with a 340 nm UV chip, a full spectrum phosphor-converted light-emitting diode (pc-LED) was fabricated, showing a broad emission range from 400 to 750 nm, Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage (CIE) of (0.3485, 0.3673), Ra of 92 and correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4933 K. Utilizing the variation in emission colors of this phosphor under different UV wavelengths, a dual encryption method combining point character code and fluorescent encryption technique is proposed. This work provides an effective path for Ce4+ self-reduction to apply in full spectrum pc-LED and information encryption.

Number theory based modern cryptography: RSA and Diffie-Hellman algorithms

Abstract. In the twenty-first century, the Internet has grown rapidly. Cryptography, with the protection of number theory as an important guarantee for the Internet, is critical to study, and algorithms must be updated to keep up with the evolution of the digital world. With the rapid spread of the Internet, security flaws in certain algorithms have been exposed, generating widespread alarm. This literature review focuses on the introductions of the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Diffie-Hellman algorithms, integrating and summarizing previous research. The content of this literature review includes an introduction to algorithms and number theory, specific applications of these algorithms, and security issues associated with them. Finally, this literature review concludes that RSA and Diffie-Hellman are inefficient and insecure in some sectors of application, necessitating the use of alternative algorithms or the replacement of some unique encryption methods to achieve the desired level of safety.

Unlocking Complexity: D-Wave\'s Role in Quantum Computing Breakthroughs

In this new era of Quantum Computing, a transformative paradigm is emerging for the enhancement of Cyber Security using the special-purpose systems like D-Wave's quantum annealers which helps the encryption system become more resilient. As quantum computing evolves, it provides new paradigms for breaking the traditional encryption methods, as the recent breakthroughs is accomplished by researchers from Shanghai University that uses D-Wave's quantum annealing capabilities in providing the researchers to successfully demonstrated the potential to compromise widely used encryption systems, including RSA and AES. The usage of quantum annealing (QA) that makes the D-Wave’s a specialized quantum system which enables an efficient computation in tackling cryptographic problems, demonstrates the implications for the data security and privacy by applying the quantum-classical hybrid architectures. This research aims to get attention on the urgent need for developing a new security measures in response to the vulnerabilities exposed by the quantum advancements which emphasizes the crucial role of D-Wave's in unlocking the complexities of quantum computing and its implications for the future of cybersecurity.

Improving Data Security in Cloud Computing through the Implementation of a Hybrid Encryption Algorithm

As cloud computing continues to gain popularity, the security of sensitive data stored in the cloud remains a paramount concern for organizations and individuals alike. Traditional encryption methods, while effective, often struggle to balance security, efficiency, and usability. This paper presents a hybrid encryption algorithm that combines the strengths of symmetric and asymmetric encryption to enhance data security in cloud computing environments. The proposed hybrid approach leverages symmetric encryption for fast and efficient data encryption, while asymmetric encryption is utilized for secure key exchange. By implementing this dual-layer encryption strategy, we can significantly improve data confidentiality and integrity during transmission and storage. Additionally, the algorithm incorporates robust key management practices, ensuring that encryption keys are safeguarded against unauthorized access. Through a series of performance evaluations and security assessments, we demonstrate that our hybrid encryption algorithm not only provides superior security but also maintains acceptable levels of performance, making it suitable for real-time applications. The results indicate that this approach effectively mitigates risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access, positioning it as a viable solution for enhancing data security in cloud computing. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on cloud security, offering a practical framework for organizations to protect their sensitive information in increasingly complex digital landscapes.

Image Encryption Using High-Speed Scrambling and ‎Modular Arithmetic

With the enormous growth and advancement of the computer industry, it is critically necessary to transmit a large amount of encrypted multimedia data to prevent third parties from attacking one's privacy or misbehaving. This study proposes a new encryption strategy for preserving original images. It is highly effective and has been shown to be resilient against impulsive noise and loss of data. At first, some random data is entered within the perimeter of the image. Then, three rounds of high-speed scrambling and adaptive diffusion for pixels are carried out to mix the contiguous pixels at random and distribute the newly placed data throughout the image. The suggested encryption method can be used to encrypt original images in any form of representation directly. We offer a particular operation to carry out adaptive diffusion for pixel modulo arithmetic. The results of encryption are evaluated using the histogram, which shows a near-zero correlation with a Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR) of 099.624, a Unified Average Change Intensity (UACI) of 033.577, and an average entropy of 7.9993. The proposed method can accomplish much better speed and adapt better to impulse noise and loss of data interference than several conventional and cutting-edge encryption methods.

The role of APIs in modern software development

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) play a critical role in modern software development, enabling seamless communication between disparate systems and enhancing the scalability, modularity, and security of applications. This research investigates the impact of APIs on software architecture, focusing on their use in facilitating interoperability across distributed environments. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines a literature review, a survey of 50 software developers, and case studies from industry leaders such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google, and Facebook. The findings reveal that REST APIs are the most widely used (75%), while GraphQL is gaining popularity for its ability to optimize data retrieval in complex systems. Security challenges, particularly vulnerabilities in REST APIs, were highlighted by 35% of developers, underscoring the need for stronger authentication and encryption methods like OAuth. This study also explores how APIs foster innovation by enabling third-party integrations, driving ecosystem growth in cloud computing and other sectors. The research concludes that while APIs are vital for the future of software development, addressing security risks and improving API management practices will be essential for maximizing their benefits in emerging technologies such as IoT and AI.

Innovative approaches in complex data forensics: error rate assessment and its impact on cybersecurity

In the realm of cybersecurity, the integrity of forensic investigations is paramount, especially as the volume and complexity of data continue to escalate. This paper explores innovative approaches to complex data forensics, focusing on the methodologies used to assess error rates in data retrieval and analysis. High error rates in forensic processes can compromise the reliability of findings, leading to erroneous conclusions that may impact security measures and legal proceedings. This research examines various techniques for error rate assessment, including statistical methods and data validation protocols, which serve to quantify the accuracy of forensic analysis. Furthermore, the paper discusses the profound implications that high error rates can have on the integrity of forensic findings, emphasizing the need for meticulous attention to detail in data handling and processing. To counter these challenges, we present strategies aimed at enhancing data reliability, such as implementing rigorous quality assurance processes, leveraging machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection, and utilizing advanced encryption methods to protect data integrity throughout the forensic lifecycle. By addressing the critical role of error rate assessment in data forensics, this research contributes to the broader discourse on cybersecurity and underscores the necessity of adopting robust methodologies to ensure accurate and reliable forensic outcomes in an increasingly complex digital landscape.

Quantum Cryptography for Secure Communications and the Enhancement of U.S. Cybersecurity in the Quantum Age

This paper explores the critical role of quantum cryptography in enhancing U.S. cybersecurity, focusing on its potential to counteract the growing threats posed by quantum computing. As quantum computers advance, classical encryption methods like RSA and AES face unprecedented vulnerabilities. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers a groundbreaking solution by leveraging quantum mechanics to secure data transmission. The paper evaluates current implementations and future challenges of quantum cryptography, emphasizing its importance for government, military, financial, and healthcare sectors in safeguarding sensitive communications in the quantum age.

Enhanced Data Security Using 5x5 Hill Cipher with Modular 53

This research presents an optimized approach to the Hill Cipher encryption and decryption algorithm using a 5x5 matrix and modular 53 arithmetic. The traditional Hill Cipher, a well-known symmetric key algorithm, typically utilizes smaller matrices and modular arithmetic, which may not provide sufficient security for contemporary applications. By expanding the key matrix to a 5x5 structure and adopting a larger modulus of 53, the complexity and security of the cipher are significantly enhanced. The study details the methodology for constructing and implementing the 5x5 key matrix, as well as the processes for encryption and decryption under the modular 53 system. The computational efficiency and security improvements achieved through this optimization are analyzed. Comparative assessments with the conventional Hill Cipher demonstrate that the enhanced approach offers superior resistance against cryptographic attacks while maintaining manageable computational requirements. The results of this research indicate that the proposed optimized Hill Cipher can serve as a robust encryption method suitable for securing sensitive data in various modern applications. This study contributes to the field of cryptography by providing a more secure and efficient variant of the classical Hill Cipher algorithm

A Comprehensive Review of MI-HFE and IPHFE Cryptosystems: Advances in Internal Perturbations for Post-Quantum Security

The RSA cryptosystem has been a cornerstone of modern public key infrastructure; however, recent advancements in quantum computing and theoretical mathematics pose significant risks to its security. The advent of fully operational quantum computers could enable the execution of Shor’s algorithm, which efficiently factors large integers and undermines the security of RSA and other cryptographic systems reliant on discrete logarithms. While Grover’s algorithm presents a comparatively lesser threat to symmetric encryption, it still accelerates key search processes, creating potential vulnerabilities. In light of these challenges, there has been an intensified focus on developing quantum-resistant cryptography. Current research is exploring cryptographic techniques based on error-correcting codes, lattice structures, and multivariate public key systems, all of which leverage the complexity of NP-hard problems, such as solving multivariate quadratic equations, to ensure security in a post-quantum landscape. This paper reviews the latest advancements in quantum-resistant encryption methods, with particular attention to the development of robust trapdoor functions. It also provides a detailed analysis of prominent multivariate cryptosystems, including the Matsumoto–Imai, Oil and Vinegar, and Polly Cracker schemes, alongside recent progress in lattice-based systems such as Kyber and Crystals-DILITHIUM, which are currently under evaluation by NIST for potential standardization. As the capabilities of quantum computing continue to expand, the need for innovative cryptographic solutions to secure digital communications becomes increasingly critical.