Encapsulation Of Food Ingredients Research Articles

Liposomes as Carriers of Bioactive Compounds in Human Nutrition.

This article provides an overview of the literature data on the role of liposomal structures and encapsulated substances in food technology and human nutrition. The paper briefly describes how liposomes are created and how they encapsulate food ingredients, which can either be individual compounds or plant extracts. Another very interesting application of liposomes is their use as antimicrobial carriers to protect food products from spoilage during storage. The encapsulation of food ingredients in liposomes can increase their bioavailability, which is particularly important for compounds with health-promoting properties but low bioavailability. Particular attention was paid to compounds such as phytosterols, which lower blood cholesterol levels but have very low absorption in the human body. In addition, consumer expectations and regulations for liposomes in food are discussed. To date, no in vivo human studies have been conducted to indicate which encapsulation methods give the best results for gastrointestinal effects and which food-added substances are most stable during food storage and processing. The paper identifies further lines of research that are needed before liposomes can be introduced into food.

Investigation of the effect of nanoemulsions in encapsulation of food ingredients, supplement and increasing their stability: a review article

Emulsions with a nanoparticle diameter are called nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions actually refer to dispersed systems of different liquids. Nanoemulsions contain oil, water, and an emulsifier. Nanoemulsions have more prominent properties (they are more stable against droplet aggregation and biphasic) than emulsions. Due to these properties, it is more appropriate to use them in some foods and supplements. Also, the advantages of this method and the use of food-grade compounds in their preparation is a safe and appropriate method for the production of encapsulated food compounds and supplements. Nanoemulsions can be used in different fields of food technology and food supplements by increasing bioavailability, release control and preservation of compounds. The activity of some food ingredients and supplements such as vitamins, enzymes, synthetic and natural antioxidants, colors, synthetic and natural antibacterial, etc. can be maintained by using nanoemulsions for a longer period of time. Therefore, in this article, we have tried to examine various aspects of nanoemulsions, including existing preparation techniques and their various applications in food industry technology and food supplements.

Methods for obtaining liposomal systems to be used in the food industry

Currently encapsulation of food ingredients using liposomal systems formed by natural phospholipids is of greatest interest for food industry. One of the advantages of encapsulation using liposomal systems is the amphiphilicity of the phospholipids that form them, which allows both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ingredients to be encapsulated, while most other encapsulating agents can only encapsulate hydrophilic ingredients. The article reviews the existing methods for obtaining liposomal systems. It has been shown that the most common classical method for obtaining liposomes, namely, the method of a thin film hydration does not allow obtaining liposomal dispersions that are uniform in shape and size. Moreover, this method requires a large consumption of organic solvents. Physical methods have been considered that make it possible to obtain uniform in shape and size liposome dispersions, in particular, ultrasonic treatment, extrusion under pressure, and microfluidization. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods have been presented. Alternative methods of obtaining liposomal systems without the use of toxic organic solvents and detergents have been considered. It should be noted that development of methods for producing liposomal systems that could be implemented on an industrial scale for the intensive introduction of these systems in food technology is now becoming increasingly important.

Studying the interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin and lutein dipalmitate: Multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a natural protein commonly used to prepare nanoparticle to encapsulate food ingredients. The interaction between lutein dipalmitate and BSA was investigated using fluorescence, UV–vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies and molecular docking. The fluorescence quenching study suggested the quenching process of BSA by lutein dipalmitate was static, which was consistent with the results of UV–vis absorption. The binding parameters proved that the binding stoichiometry between BSA and lutein dipalmitate was 1:1. Molecular docking revealed that lutein dipalmitate bound to site I on BSA, which was confirmed by site competitive experiments. Moreover, thermodynamic study and molecular docking suggested lutein dipalmitate spontaneously bound to BSA by hydrogen bond, van der Waals force, and hydrophobic interaction. The synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence showed that the microenvironment of Tyr and Trp was changed and the protein skeleton got loosened in the presence of lutein dipalmitate. According to CD, a decrease in α-helix content of BSA was observed upon the addition of lutein dipalmitate.

Encapsulation Techniques For Delivery Of Bioactive Compounds In Milk And Dairy Products- A Review

Encapsulation of food ingredients is one of the most important applications in food industry. The developing interest of consumers towards natural ingredients has resulted in the use of bioactive compounds in dairy applications.

Encapsulation bioactive compund propolis with carrageenan –gum arabic by spray drying

Propolis is a product from the honeybee particularly from flowers , leaf buds, plant resins that bee collected as building material. Propolis exerts numerous pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti bacterial, anticancer, antifungal, anti inflammatory, antiviral etc. There are growing interest In the food industry in microencapsulation to protect, isolate or control the release of given substances. Spray drying is one of many methods to encapsulate food ingredients. Microcapsules were produced by a spray-drying technique using of solution of k–carrageenan gum arabic and maltodextrin as the binding materials. In this work, the effects of spray-drying on the encapsulation yield, particle size and total phenolic content of the bioactive components of propolis were determined for different concentration between carrier agent and propolis at volume ratio 1:0,5 1:1, 1:1,5,1. The SEM testing showed that the microcapsules had a regular spherical shape with the size 1 µm. The spray-dried propolis extract showed high total phenolic content 67,78 mg(GAE)/g extract at ratio 1:2, and the highest yield at concentration ratio between carrier agent and propolis 1:0,5 are 64,7 %.

Encapsulation and delivery of food ingredients using starch based systems.

Functional ingredients can be encapsulated by various wall materials for controlled release in food and digestion systems. Starch, as one of the most abundant natural carbohydrate polymers, is non-allergenic, GRAS, and cheap. There has been increasing interest of using starch in native and modified forms to encapsulate food ingredients such as flavours, lipids, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, enzymes, and probiotics. Starches from various botanical sources in granular or amorphous forms are modified by chemical, physical, and/or enzymatic means to obtain the desired properties for targeted encapsulation. Other wall materials are also employed in combination with starch to facilitate some types of encapsulation. Various methods of crafting the starch-based encapsulation such as electrospinning, spray drying, antisolvent, amylose inclusion complexation, and nano-emulsification are introduced in this mini-review. The physicochemical and structural properties of the particles are described. The encapsulation systems can positively influence the controlled release of food ingredients in food and nutritional applications.

Nanoencapsulation of Zataria multiflora essential oil preparation and characterization with enhanced antifungal activity for controlling Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mould disease

This study was undertaken to investigate the nanoencapsulation of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) in chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) in order to enhance antifungal activity and stability of the oils against one isolate of Botrytis cinerea Pers., the causal agent of gray mould disease. ZEO was encapsulated by an ionic gelation technique into CSNPs with an average size of 125–175 nm as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From UV-vis spectrophotometry results, the drug encapsulation and loading efficiency of ZEO decreased from 45.24% to 3.26% and from 9.05% to 5.22%, respectively, upon increasing initial ZEO content from 0.25 to 1 g/g chitosan. In vitro release studies also demonstrated a controlled and sustained release of ZEO for 40 days. The superior performance of ZEO when encapsulated by CSNPs under both in vitro and in vivo conditions in comparison with unmodified ZEO against B. cinerea was revealed. The in vivo experiment also showed that the encapsulated oils at 1500 ppm concentration significantly decreased both disease severity and incidence of Botrytis -inoculated strawberries during 7 days of storage at 4 °C followed by 2–3 more days at 20 °C. These findings revealed the promising role of CSNPs as a controlled release system for EOs in order to enhance antifungal activities. Industrial relevance: Application of plant essential oil (EOs) treatment at pre- or postharvest stage has been considered as an alternative treatment to the use of synthetic fungicides to prevent fruit postharvest decay and to extend the storage life while retaining the overall quality of different fresh commodities. Although EOs have proved to be good antimicrobial agents, their use for maintaining fruit quality and reducing fungal decay is often limited due to their volatile compounds which can easily suffer degradation under the action of heat, pressure, light and oxygen. Furthermore, they are insoluble in water, and for certain applications a controlled release is required. In this regard, nano-size carriers provide more surface area and can possibly upgrade solubility, enhance bioavailability and improve controlled release and targeting of the encapsulated food ingredients, in comparison to micro-size carriers. These findings revealed the promising role of CSNPs as a controlled release system for EOs in order to enhance their antimicrobial activities. • Preparation and characterization of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been studied. • Nanoencapsulation of ZEO enhanced the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea . • The mechanism involved in the ZEO release from ZEO@CSNP displayed Fickian kinetics. • ZEO loaded in CSNPs completely inhibited in vitro fungal growth at 1500 ppm. • In vivo trials confirmed the strong antifungal efficacy of ZEO@CSNPs treatment.

Improved Physical and in Vitro Digestion Stability of a Polyelectrolyte Delivery System Based on Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly Alginate–Chitosan-Coated Nanoliposomes

To improve lipid membrane stability and prevent leakage of encapsulated food ingredients, a polyelectrolyte delivery system (PDS) based on sodium alginate (AL) and chitosan (CH) coated on the surface of nanoliposomes (NLs) has been prepared and optimized using a layer-by-layer self-assembly deposition technique. Morphology and FTIR observation confirmed PDS has been successfully coated by polymers. Physical stability studies (pH and heat treatment) indicated that the outer-layer polymers could protect the core (NLs) from damage, and PDS showed more intact structure than NLs. Further enzymic digestion stability studies (particle size, surface charge, free fatty acid, and model functional component release) demonstrated that PDS could better resist lipolytic degradation and facilitate a lower level of encapsulated component release in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. This work suggested that deposition of polyelectrolyte on the surface of NLs can stabilize liposomal structure, and PDS could be developed as a formulation for delivering functional food ingredients in the gastrointestinal tract.

Microencapsulation by spray drying of gallic acid with nopal mucilage (Opuntia ficus indica)

The spray-drying process has been previously used to encapsulate food ingredients such as antioxidants. Thus the objective of this work was to produce microcapsules of gallic acid, a phenolic compound that acts as antioxidant, by spray drying with an aqueous extract of nopal mucilage (Ofi), which acted as an encapsulating agent. The rheological response and the particle size distribution of the final solutions containing gallic acid at concentrations of 6 g/100 mL were characterized along with the control sample, no gallic acid added, to elucidate the degree of encapsulation. The drying parameters to prepare the microcapsules with extract of nopal mucilage were: inlet air temperature (130 and 170 °C) and speed atomization (14,000 and 20,000 rpm). The rehydrated biopolymer showed a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior. The Cross Model was used to model the rheological data. Values for “m” varied between 0.55 and 0.85, and for “time characteristic, λ”, the range was between 0.0071 and 0.021 s. The mechanical spectra showed that the sample with gallic acid was stable long term (>2 days) and presented a bimodal particle size distribution. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of nopal mucilage when utilized as wall biomaterial in microencapsulation of gallic acid by the spray-drying process.

Applications of spray-drying in microencapsulation of food ingredients: An overview

Spray-drying process has been used for decades to encapsulate food ingredients such as flavors, lipids, and carotenoids. During this drying process, the evaporation of solvent, that is most often water, is rapid and the entrapment of the interest compound occurs quasi-instantaneously. This required property imposes a strict screening of the encapsulating materials to be used in addition to an optimization of the operating conditions. Likewise, if the encapsulated compound is of hydrophobic nature, the stability of the feed emulsion before drying should also be considered. Thus, spray-drying microencapsulation process must rather be considered as an art than a science because of the many factors to optimize and the complexity of the heat and mass transfer phenomena that take place during the microcapsule formation. This paper reports the main process engineering information that are considered useful to the success of a microencapsulation operation by spray-drying. Besides, a summary of the most commonly used wall materials and the main encapsulated food compounds are presented.

Encapsulation of food ingredients

Microencapsulation is a relatively new technology that is used for protection, stabilization, and slow release of food ingredients. The encapsulating or wall materials used generally consist of starch, starch derivatives, proteins, gums, lipids, or any combination of them. Methods of encapsulation of food ingredients include spray-drying, freeze-drying, fluidized bed-coating, extrusion, cocrystallization, molecular inclusion, and coacervation. This paper reviews techniques for preparation of microencapsulated food ingredients and choices of coating material. Characterization of microcapsules, mechanisms of controlled release, and efficiency of protection/stabilization of encapsulated food ingredients are also presented.