Glass Enamel Research Articles

The Merchant’s Lamp and the Sufi’s Drum: Two Tales of Mediaeval Damascus

Abstract A few artefacts can be connected to mediaeval Syria, and more specifically Damascus, through their inscriptions because they mention the city as a place of manufacture or name an individual who lived there. This is notably the case for two hitherto neglected inscribed objects in the Musée du Louvre, dating to the Mamluk sultanate, which are studied in this article: an enamelled glass lamp and a metal drum. New identifications of their recipients, documented through historical sources, bring light to their particular stories and provide new references for studying the material and social culture during this period.

Raman identification of pigments and opacifiers: Interest and limitation of multivariate analysis by comparison with solid state spectroscopical approach—I. Lead‐tin and Naples Yellow

AbstractLead‐tin/Naples Yellow provides a bright yellow color often used in combination with a blue‐colored glass to obtain a variety of green hues to decorate enameled glass, metalware, and ceramics. From the analysis of about hundreds of enameled objects from French and Chinese productions of the 18th century, we identify and compare the Raman signatures representative of these yellow pigments. For the first time, we propose several procedures that allow us to compare our data with those obtained from the literature on the spectra of synthesized pigments also characterized by XRD. A first approach is a reasoned analysis of the parameters obtained from the spectral decomposition carried out on spectra visually selected as the most different and the “purest.” A second approach uses multivariate analyses with principal component analysis (PCA) or hierarchical clustering of the spectra and of the band parameters originating from a spectral decomposition. It appears that the precise identification of the phase from simple observation of the sole Raman signature may be unreliable when only main peaks are detected due to the large non‐stoichiometry of the phases and the resulting similarity of the Raman signatures. PCA analysis of the total Raman spectra does not allow relevant classifications due to the strong contributions induced by the bands of the silicate matrix. However, the combination of a reasoned analysis of the Raman spectra with the PCA of spectroscopic parameters extracted from Raman spectral decomposition appears effective in categorizing the different pigments. From the results discussed, at least three types of Raman signatures are identified for each Sn‐ and Sb‐based pigment and correlate with the type, the period, and the location of enamel production.

Preparation of Glass-Ceramics in the R2O-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 System Applied in Automobile Glass Enamel

Environmental deterioration has put higher requirements on the acid resistance of automotive glass enamel. The present paper aims to prepare acid-resistant glass-ceramics used in automobile glass enamel. Base glasses with the compositions 15R2O-xBi2O3-10B2O3-(75-x) SiO2 (R2O is a mixture of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O (1:1:1, molar ratio), where x = 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30, respectively) was prepared by the melt-quenching method, and glass-ceramics were prepared by their controlling crystallization heat treatment. Crystallization behavior and crystallization ability of base glasses were investigated using the thermal stability parameter (S), the crystallization kinetics calculation results of base glasses, as well as the phase identification results of the heat-treated samples. The effects of the heat treatment temperature on the micromorphology and acid resistance of the heat-treated glasses were also investigated. Then, the optimized glass ceramic was used to prepare automotive glass enamel. The results indicate that: (I) with the increase of Bi2O3/SiO2 ratio, the characteristic temperature of the base glass decreases, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and crystallization ability increases significantly, the crystallization temperature range becomes wider; (II) the crystallization activation energy of base glasses are in the range of 169~264 kJ/mol; (III) Bi2SiO5 and Bi2O2SiO3 metastable phases are mainly precipitated when the crystallization temperature is between 530 °C and 650 °C, while only Bi4Si3O12 phase is precipitated when the crystallization temperature is above 650 °C; (IV) crystallinity of base glass increases significantly with increasing heat treatment temperature, which is beneficial to improve the acid resistance of heat treated products; (V) automotive glass enamel was prepared by mixing 15R2O-25Bi2O3-10B2O3-50SiO2 glass-ceramic powder with copper-chrome black and varnish, and then printed on the automobile glass substrate. All the properties of the sintered enamel can meet the market requirements, and the acid resistance of our product is better than that of market products.

Feldspars of the Sultan-Uvaiskoe deposit: main characteristics and processing methods

This article presents research aimed at discovering new deposits of silicate raw materials, including low-melting compounds, in compliance with the specifications of respective production plants and applicable standards. It describes the characteristics of the feldspar of the Sultan-Uvaiskoe deposit in Uzbekistan and studies its chemical and mineral compositions in full. It has been found that the feldspar at the Sultan-Uvaiskoe deposit consists of microcline (65–67 wt%), albite (27–28 wt%), apatite (1–2 wt%), and quartz (5–6 wt%). The analysis results obtained indicate the following chemical composition: SiO2 at 68.57 wt%; TiO2 at 0.01 wt%; Al2O3 at 16.81 wt%; Fe2O3 at 0.07 wt%; FeO at 0.12 wt%; MgO at 0.3 wt%; MnO at 0.01 wt%; CaO at 0.55 wt%; Na2О at 2.92 wt%; K2O at 9.98 wt%; P2O5 at 0.15 wt%; LOI at 0.51 wt%. The paper also contains the data obtained by feldspar electron microscopic imaging, X-ray diffraction analysis, and infrared spectroscopy, as well as the data on its granule composition, physical and chemical properties, collected with the application of advanced research methods. The paper theoretically studies and substantiates industrial usability of feldspar from the Sultan-Uvaiskoe deposit. Its qualitative characteristics have been established through physical and chemical analyzes and compared against the requirements of applicable standards. The results suggest that this raw material may be used to manufacture glass, glass enamels, glazes, porcelain, and other silicate-based products. A process flow diagram is presented for the processing of feldspar from the Sultan-Uvaiskoe deposit.

The Ward Organist

The Ward Organist

On the Use of Cobalt-Containing Metalurgical Waste to Obtain Colored Glass and Glass Enamel

On the Use of Cobalt-Containing Metalurgical Waste to Obtain Colored Glass and Glass Enamel

DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY IN ENAMELS BY ILGIZ FAZULZYANOV

he article deals with the design and technological features of making jewellery using hot enameling technology by Ilgiz Fazulzyanov, one of the leading Russian enameller jewellers. A retrospective of the Master's jewellery pieces showed that complex design tasks require painstaking and very labour-intensive work to solve complex technological problems associated with creating complex three-dimensional jewellery models and laying stained glass enamels on complex precious metal bases that are not visible to the public. Original solutions to these problems allowed Ilgiz Fazulzyanov to lay the foundation for creating his own jewellery brand.

Red glass in Kunckel's Ars Vitraria Experimentalis: The importance of temperature

AbstractThe role of the melting conditions and furnaces used to the obtained final colors has always been a question raised when investigating formulations and recipes of historical glasses. The focus of the present work is the reproduction of three recipes of red enamel glass of the manuscript by Neri, L'arte vetraria (1612) following the translation and comments by Kunckel's in Ars Vitraria Experimentalis (1679). The reproductions include the production of each individual compound of the selected recipes following instructions, and the final glass production in electric and wood‐fire furnaces to assess the effect of different melting conditions. A multianalytical approach was used to fully characterize the produced samples allowing the study of the enamel chemical composition, color, crystals formations, and thermal properties. The results indicate that no significant color differences may be attributed to the melting conditions. However, it revealed that the samples produced in the electric furnace at 1200°C present a high crystallinity degree and the formation of white crystals at room temperature in a short period of time. The formation of crystals on glass is critical, and historically, to avoid it, these recipes must have been made at temperatures between 1050 and 1100°C.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СВОЙСТВ СТАЛЬНОЙ ЭМАЛИРОВАННОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ДЛЯ СИЛОСНЫХ БАШЕН

One of the technologies for obtaining and storing high-quality silage and haylage is the use of silo towers. The authors propose to manufacture silo towers from high-strength and corrosion-resistant steel sheets, coated with glass enamel, which has a lower coefficient of sliding friction than steel and concrete, as well as high resistance to aggressive environments. The aim of the study was to determine the properties of the glass-enamel coating of steel parts for the manufacturing of tower-type storages. A glass-enamel coating from a frit of glass-enamel brand MK-5 was applied to prepared sheets of steel 09G2S using a spray gun. The total thickness of the enameled coating ranged from 200 to 350 nm. Steel sheets were baked at a temperature of 850°C for 30 minutes. The thickness of the enamel coating was determined with an Olympus GX51 microscope. The roughness was determined using a TAYLOR HOBSON Surtronic 25 profilometer. The adhesive properties of the coating were studied using a Positest AT-M adhesive meter. Each test piece was tested twice. The tests were carried out on a sheet of 0.06 m2. The coefficient of sliding friction was determined on an adapted test bench. Laboratory tests with silage mass were carried out according to the developed methodology. Studies of the steel surface with a glass-enamel coating showed that the average thickness of the enameled layer was 690 nm, the roughness was 0.01 μm, and the adhesion was 5.25 MPa. The sliding friction coefficient of sliced plant materials on the enameled steel surface was 0.15, which is 2.6 and 3.2 times lower than that of non-enamelled steel and concrete, respectively. The authors have made conclusions about the possibility of using steel 09G2S in silo towers as a suitable sustitute for steel 65G and the sufficient efficiency of the chosen enameling technology.

Patterns of coloring with ionic dyes of the base glass matrix and enamel coatings in the system R2O–ВаО–ZnO–Al2O3–В2О3–TiO2–SiO2

The paper presents the study on the identification of patterns of coloring of a basic glass matrix and enamel coatings based on it in the system R2O–ВаО–ZnO–Al2O3–В2О3–TiO2–SiO2 by a number of ionic dyes. Regardless of the dye content, ionic dyes give the same color tone to both glasses and coatings based on these glasses as follows: CuO (1.0–3.0 wt.%) =489–494 nm (blue-green), Fe2O3 (0.5–2.0 wt.%) =575–585 nm (yellow), K2Cr2O7 (0.5–2.0 wt.%) =570–576 nm (yellow-green), CoO (0.5–1.0 wt.%) =441–463 nm (blue-violet), and NiO (0.5–1.0 wt.%) glass=559'–571' nm, coatings=598–629 nm (brown). It is shown that according to the degree of color intensity of glasses and coatings based on them, the dyes are arranged in the following sequence: CoO>NiO>CuO>K2Cr2O7>Fe2O3.. The research was conducted using a special computer program COLOR GLASS. The established patterns are used in the development of lead-free glass enamels for jewelry and decorative products.

Adhesion Strength of Organic-Inorganic Terpolymers Containing Nanostructured Poly(Titanium Oxide) with Self-Cleaning Properties to Different Materials

Optically transparent organic-inorganic terpolymers based on poly (titanium oxide), hydroxyethyl methacrylate and organic monomers of the vinyl and (meth) acrylic series (acrylonitrile, butyl methacrylate, vinyl butyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate) were obained as a coating on silicate glass, polycarbonate, touch-up paint and metal. Materials’ light transmittance in the visible spectral range is 87 - 92% depending on the composition. The adhesion of terpolymers’ thin layers to substrates of various natures was investigated under shear deformations and by the lattice notch method according to ISO 15140. It was found that it is necessary to selectively excerpt composition of terpolymers in accordance with the nature of the substrate for creation adhesive durable coatings. The most durable coatings are formed on glass, polycarbonate and automotive enamel. It was revealed that the nature of the substrate and the composition of organic-inorganic terpolymers affect the hydrophobicity of the coatings and their ability to hydrophilize under the influence of UV-irradiation. The contact wetting angle of coatings with water, on average, reversibly varied within ~ 90 ° ↔ ~ 30 °.

Analysis of glass enamel techniques and designs in the Qajar Museum in Tabriz

Analysis of glass enamel techniques and designs in the Qajar Museum in Tabriz

Sulfidation of Ceramic-Based Coatings Deposited on Low-Alloyed Steel 16Mo3 Exposed at High Temperature

This study was carried out to evaluate a series of ceramic coatings in a sulfidation atmosphere containing 99% synthetic air and 1% H2S (vol.%) under a flow rate of 50 mL/min. The study was carried out at 773.15 K for 336 hours (heating rate 278.15 K/min). Chemically resistant glass enamels based on SiO2-B2O3-TiO2-Na2O compounds were deposited on the surface of 16Mo3 (16M) low-alloyed steel. Kinetic data were recorded periodically every 168 hours; macro- and microanalyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), phase analyses using x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and chemical composition using energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry along with EDS x-ray mappings were carried out to observe the degradation process of the sulfidized coatings. The results indicated that some of the ceramic coatings exposed in the harsh atmosphere at 773.15 K for 336 hours showed a high degree of protection.

Investigating the effect of WO3 on the crystallization behavior of SiO2–B2O3 – Al2O3–Na2O – CaO–ZnO high VIS-NIR reflecting glazes

White glass enamels with high solar reflectance and containing different WO3 concentrations have been prepared and characterized with regard to their optical, mechanical and microstructural characteristics. Upon addition of WO3 to a glass containing SiO2, B2O3, Al2O3, Na2O, CaO, and ZnO, the crystallization of scheelite follows a crystallization mechanism of bulk type where scheelite grows in one-dimension in a patterned morphology dominated by the heating rate and the concentration of WO3. Octahedral bipyramids and arrow-like crystals appeared in enamels containing WO3 concentration above 6%. The presence of scheelite crystals with different orientations also leads to slight variations in hardness and Young modulus thus obtaining Hv values between 8 and 8.8 GPa and E values between 72 and 83 GPa. Similarly, the optical properties such as whiteness, brightness and solar reflectance increase with the presence of scheelite, and the highest solar reflectance occurs for the enamel containing arrow-like and bipyramidal crystals.

Functional Protective Coatings for Steel Architectural Construction Panels

Currently, enameled steel products are becoming very popular in construction, since they have a number of valuable properties that noticeably distinguish enameled architectural and construction panels against the background of other facing building materials. Also, extremely urgent is the problem of obtaining glass enamel coatings for architectural and construction panels with high properties. In the work, glass-crystalline enamel coatings in the system R2O–RO–B2O3–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2–P2O2–F- were studied, the features of their formation on facing steel panels were revealed. The physicochemical and aesthetic-consumer properties of the developed enamel coatings have been investigated. The influence of the chemical composition of titanium-containing glass and the crystallization process on the whiteness index of white coating glass-crystalline enamels and the characteristic color shade was studied using a spectrophotometric method using an RGB color measurement model. This method made it possible to accurately determine the shades of the obtained glass-crystalline enamel coatings for steel.

The Fragment of Enameled Glass Vessel from the Bolgar Excavation (Russia)

This paper is devoted to the interdisciplinary study of an enameled glass fragment found in the excavation of the Bolgar fortified settlement (Russia). The artifact comes from excavation site CLXXII of the so-called aristocratic district of the city. A comparison to a collection of Islamic drinking glasses from the Nasser Khalili collection shows the identity of the enamel pattern decor. The artifact was investigated by a series of analytical methods: scanning optical and electron microscopy (OSEM) and optical emission spectral analysis (OES). The results of the OES studies revealed that the basis is soda-lime glass. OSEM determined that different enamel colors were obtained from lapis lazuli, nepheline, diopside, bone ash, hematite, and lead-tin additive. Comparison of element’s concentrations with data of the Brill catalog of archaeological glass made it possible to identify the Bulgarian fragment as Egyptian glass produced in the late 13th – early 14th centuries.

Protective and decorative properties of titanium glass enamels

It is known that enamel coatings with enhanced protective and decorative properties can be fabricated on the basis of boron-silicate glass frits with an increased content of TiO2 in their composition. Opacity and white color of enamel coatings are due to their crystallization at firing temperatures. Titanium glass enamels are not pure white visually, and show yellow and blue shades depending on their chemical composition. The purpose of this work was to establish the influence of basic components on the water resistance and color characteristics of titanium enamel coatings. Our experimental study was focused on the glass frits with the chemical composition described by the generalized formula (76–n–m)SiO2nB2O3mNa2O24MexOy, where MexOy is the total content of TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, MgO, СaO, P2O5, and K2O. It was found that the glass frits with the following content of basic components (mol.%): Na2O 12–13, K2O 3, B2O3 10–11, SiO2 49–51 demonstrated the highest water-resistant properties. The color characteristics of titanium enamel coatings prepared on the basis of the mentioned glass frits differ significantly from the reference white light A; the titanium enamel coatings under consideration have a yellow-green tint. The highest deviations of the enamel coating color purity and color tone from a standard of white color were observed when increasing the Na2O content in the glass frits composition at the expense of SiO2. The color of titanium coatings with the highest water resistance has a deviation from the standard of white color within 4–6%.

Issue Information

Cover Photograph: Episcopic microscope images taken from the glass side for the stack composed of glass enamel screen printed and fired at 650°C for 180 s onto glass substrates with different composition: A, Soda‐Lime Silica glass, B, Borosilicate AF45, C, Borosilicate Eagle 2000.The enamel deposited on the borosilicate AF 45 and Eagle 2000 demonstrates that the enamel layers present a network of cracks, initiated in the layer and propagating further to the glass substrate.The amount of cracks at the interface between the film and the glass substrate increases with the amount of tensile stress present in the enamel. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.15478 image

Reservatórios com parede em aço vitrificado para redução de perdas de água tratada

As perdas de água tratada em reservatórios deve ser contida, pois resulta em água não faturada para as concessionárias. O processo de vitrificação, desenvolvido para ser aplicado em ambos os lados das chapas de aço, proporciona estanqueidade. O aço estrutural recebe um esmalte de vidro fundido a 850 graus Celsius, camada inorgânica que nunca precisa de pintura e mantém suas características originais depois de mais de 60 anos de serviço. Este artigo visa apresentar o uso de chapas metálicas de aço vitrificado, na construção de reservatórios para armazenamento de água potável e comparar com os tradicionais construídos em concreto armado. A pesquisa incluiu identificação das normas técnicas internacionais, consulta as empresas executoras de reservatórios para armazenamento de água utilizando dois tipos de matérias (placas em aço vitrificado e concreto armado) e estudo de caso do uso dos reservatórios. As placas em aço vitrificado são fabricadas no exterior. Os representantes no Brasil fazem a importação e oferecem assistência técnica e mão de obra especializada. A autarquia Simae Joaçaba detém o primeiro reservatório de aço vitrificado que entrou em operação no Brasil no ano de 2007 (capacidade de 1.147 m³) e conta com sete reservatórios, com capacidade total de 6.797 m³, com esta tecnologia, ano de 2018. Foram vistoriados reservatórios em concreto armado e em aço vitrificado em Joaçaba, com registro fotográfico, identificação de patologias no concreto e analise de vantagens e desvantagens entre os materiais. Os usuários entrevistados aprovam a utilização do aço vitrificado nos reservatórios para armazenamento de água potável, pela redução das perdas de água, melhor e mais eficiente limpeza, contribuindo para a qualidade da água.

Influence of geometric parameters of through cells on the quality of coating with cold stained glass enamel

Influence of geometric parameters of through cells on the quality of coating with cold stained glass enamel