Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction Research Articles

Extraction of Alpha-cypermethrin Pesticides from Aqueous Solution by Emulsion Liquid Membrane

This research examines the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction efficiency and stability to abstraction of alpha-cypermethrin pesticides from aqueous solution when blended surfactants are used in the liquid membrane composition. The stability of the membrane was examined in the aspect of the emulsion breakdown time and distribution of droplet size. The ingredients employed in ELM were Span80 (sorbitan monooleate) and Tween80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) as surfactants and a mixture of kerosene, sunflower oil (3:7) as diluents and stripping agent was used sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Some parameters were assessed, including the value of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB), blended surfactant concentration, homogenizer speed, emulsification time, and NaOH concentration as a stripping agent. According to the results, a stable emulsion was created at HLB (5.37), blended surfactant 3 % (w/v), 12,700 rpm of homogenizer speed, 9 min of emulsification time, and 0.05 N of NaOH. Under these circumstances, 89.2 % of the alpha-cypermethrin was extracted with 1.8 % emulsion breakage. As a result, the combinations of (Span80 with Tween80) have enormous potential as surfactants and they can improve the stability of the emulsion. Additionally, completed was mass transfer investigation and extraction kinetics

Performance and mechanism study on surfactant-stabilized oil microdroplets extraction from oily wastewater

Petrochemical, coal chemical, and metal smelting industries generate substantial amounts of oily wastewater. The major obstacle in treating these wastewaters is surfactant-stabilized oil microdroplets. Solvent extraction has shown significant application potential in this kind of oil microdroplet removal due to its high-efficiency, economy, and environmental friendliness. However, mechanistic study and other in-depth investigation are still needed to support the more high-performance extractant screening and process design. In this study, in terms of the surfactant-stabilized oil microdroplet extraction from oily wastewater, the mechanism was analyzed by characterizing the compositions and properties of the intermediate layer and extractant phase. It was demonstrated that, unlike conventional liquid–liquid extraction system containing molecular solutes, the extraction of surfactant-stabilized oil microdroplets is accomplished by the mass transfer of extractant from the exterior to the interior of the oil microdroplets and the rise of extractant-containing oil droplets in the aqueous phase with critical influences. This behavior of mass transfer and droplet rise is supported by the mechanism of the emulsion liquid membrane extraction technique and the Stokes’ law. In addition, we illustrated the positive or negative effects of several factors (e.g. molecular extractant type, extractant dosage, stirring time, stirring speed and so on) on extraction efficiency. This confirmed the mechanism proposed above. And multistage extraction experiments showed that this solvent extraction technology was able to treat oily wastewater to discharge standards. Finally, by combining with the feasibility analysis of extractant regeneration, non-polar extractants were considered as the more suitable extractant than polar extractant because of the realizability of regeneration, lower costs for regeneration and better extraction performance.

Potential Role of Phytochemical Extract from Saffron in Development of Functional Foods and Protection of Brain-Related Disorders.

The present review is designed to measure the effects of saffron extract in functional foods and its pharmacological properties against various disorders. Saffron is a traditional medicinal plant used as a food additive. The stigma of saffron has bioactive compounds such as safranal, crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, kaempferol, and flavonoid. These bioactive compounds can be extracted using conventional (maceration, solvent extraction, soxhlet extraction, and vapor or hydrodistillation) and novel techniques (emulsion liquid membrane extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-associated extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction). Saffron is used as a functional ingredient, natural colorant, shelf-life enhancer, and fortifying agent in developing different food products. The demand for saffron has been increasing in the pharma industry due to its protection against cardiovascular and Alzheimer disease and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidepressant properties. Conclusively, the phytochemical compounds of saffron improve the nutrition value of products and protect humans against various disorders.

Empirical correlation of stable double emulsion system of organic compound extraction in emulsion liquid membrane process

The stability of emulsion is crucial in the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. It has been discovered that the size of emulsion droplets and globules is related to ELM stability and can be predicted using a correlation model. In this study, the best correlation for the emulsion size prediction was determined for ELM extraction of succinic acid. Several parameters affecting the emulsion sizes and stability including emulsification speed, emulsification time, agitation speed, and treat ratio were evaluated. A new correlation for the succinic acid system was obtained that fit experimental data between 0.1-0.5 dispersed phased holdup fraction. From the study, the Weber number depended on the emulsification speed, emulsification time, and agitation speed, which consequently affected the predicted emulsion size. This study demonstrates that mathematical correlations can be used to predict the size of emulsion droplets and globules in the ELM process of organic compound extraction.

Prediction of Zinc Extraction using Facilitated Emulsion Liquid Membrane Model

This study presents the modelling of zinc extraction facilitated by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). The previously developed model was extended and modified in accordance with the present research objectives and scope. The modified model is based on the chemical interaction between the carrier molecules and zinc ions, as well as the mass transport mechanism. Furthermore, the model also accounts for the effect of Sauter mean diameter on the extraction efficiency. MATLAB was applied to simulate the ELM extraction of zinc based on the validated model. At the optimum conditions, MATLAB simulation produced a similar outcome to the one obtained experimentally. Using the validated model, several parametric studies were conducted, such as the treat ratio, initial zinc concentration, carrier concentration, and stripping agent concentration. The consistent results between the experimental and simulated data increased the reliability of the model as a viable prediction tool for zinc extraction using facilitated ELM.

Uranyl extraction from aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane process

In this study, the elimination of Uranyl from aqueous solution is studied using an advanced technique of extraction; emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). Experimental results for the extraction of Uranyl are presented. The membrane phase consists of Kerosene as a diluent, Cyanex 302 as a carrier and sorbiton monooleate (Span 80) as a surfactant. Sulfuric acid solution as an internal aqueous phase. At the optimum conditions, the main variables studied which influenced the ELM extraction of Uranyl were the concentration of surfactant (3%), carrier (0.3%), internal phase (1 N H2SO4), types of internal phase (H2SO4 sulfuric acid), diluent (Kerosene), stirring speed (200 rpm), and the effect of volume ratios of the internal phase to the organic phase 1:1 (A/O) and of the emulsion to the feed solution 20/200 (Vemul/Vext). The results indicate that the removal percentage was obtained 100% in less than 20 min.This study also evaluated the effect of H2SO4 concentration in the internal aqueous phase on the stripping of Uranyl. The ELM treatment process represents a very interesting advanced separation process for the removal of Uranyl from aqueous solutions.

Emulsion liquid membrane modeling for chromium removal from electroplating wastewater using TOMAC as a carrier.

Hexavalent chromium, emanating primarily from the electroplating industries, can be reduced to the less toxic trivalent variety by several methods, including emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). In this work, studies on the continuous removal of chromium from authentic electroplating wastewater by ELM are reported. The effects of treat ratio, external feed phase, and stripping agent concentration were examined. A mathematical boundary breakage model was used to study the extraction efficiency of chromium through the ELM process. The model representing the prediction of ELM extraction performance for chromium was validated through the comparison between the simulation and experimental results. The result showed the simulation model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental result. Almost 100% of 40ppm chromium in the external feed phase was extracted within 3 to 5min using 0.022M TOMAC as extractant, 1.0M acidic thiourea in the internal phase, and 1 to 5 of treat ratio. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Hexavalent chromium, emanating primarily from electroplating industries, can be reduced to the less toxic trivalent using ELM process. The developed method was tested for its applicability with predominant species of Cr2 O7 2- in real rinse electroplating wastewater. The extraction efficiency (%) of Cr (VI) was almost 100% for 40ppm Cr in the external feed phase within 3 to 5min. The result showed the simulation model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental result.

Performance Evaluation of Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Simultaneous Copper and Cadmium Removal: Dispersion Tool Comparison

The content of heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater could be a great threat to the environment and humans’ health. Owing to this issue, the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is proposed as an effective technique to remove heavy metal from aqueous solution. The current work intended to compare the performance of ELM extraction using two dispersion tools; conventional stirrer and Taylor-Couette Column (TCC). The effect of stirring speed and extraction time of both devices on the removal efficiency of copper and cadmium will be looked at. Results obtained demonstrated a huge reduction in extraction time to simultaneously remove the two types of heavy metals. The maximum extraction efficiency in conventional stirrer for both copper and cadmium were found at 400 rpm in 20 mins (99.52%) and 10 mins (95.47%), respectively. Meanwhile, the highest efficiency in TCC for copper was found to be slightly lower although it offers shorter time for the performance to peak. 200 rpm of outer cylinder is required to achieve 96.38% while 600 rpm is required to remove as high as 81.59% of cadmium. The extraction time required to obtain the maximum removal in TCC is 5 mins and 3 mins for copper and cadmium, respectively.

Selective Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction of Cu(II) Mediated by a Schiff Base Ligand

This study concerns on the application of a Schiff base ligand of type N3O2 as a carrier in a water-in-oil emulsion liquid membrane for the selective transport of copper ions. A hydrochloric acid solution formed the internal aqueous phase (receiving phase), and the membrane was composed of a Schiff base ligand called bis(1'-hydroxy-2'-acetonaphthone)-2,2'-diiminodiethylamine (L) in dichloromethane and the non-ionic surfactant Span® 80 in paraffin. By applying the optimum conditions, a quantitative uptake of copper ions (initial concentration 5 mg L-1) from the aqueous feed phase (pH 5) into the receiving phase (hydrochloric acid 0.7 mol L-1), after 10 min was attained. The optimal value determined for the treat ratio allows achieving to a concentration factor of >6 for the copper ions in the receiving phase. The proposed emulsion liquid membrane provided an excellent selectivity towards copper ions with respect to some associated metal ions including Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Fe(II), and Cr(III). However, such selectivity was not observed in the competition of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions. The breakage of emulsions and recovery of the internal phase from the membrane was performed by freezing the internal solution. In fact, the expansion of the frozen internal phase volume results in breakage of the emulsions. The applicability of the proposed procedure was appraised by employing the method for the recovery of copper from the leached solutions of the cobalt and nickel-cadmium filter-cakes of a zinc production plant.

Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction of Bisphenol A with Three-dimensional Spiral Plate-type Microchannel

The extraction of BPA (Bisphenol A) from aqueous solutions was performed using A set of three-dimensional spiral plate-type microchannel (3D-SPM) by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). In the continuous extraction experiments, the effect of the flow rate ratio of emulsion to external aqueous phase ratios, Qe/Qa and height of microchannel, H and plate numbers, P, on the BPA extraction was studied. It was found that the less the height of microchannel is, the more extraction efficient it is. By increasing the plate number, the extraction efficiency and the distribution coefficient increase. The optimum performance was investigated by changing the flow rates of Qa and Qe. When using the flow rate ratio Qe/Qa of 7:1 in a 3D-SPM with a plate number of 9 and a height of 100 µm, 97% maximum depletion of BPA was obtained in 7.9 Seconds. These results show that 3D-SPM can intensify the ELM extraction process of BPA, which provides an optional technology for the disposal of BPA.

Emulsion liquid membrane extraction of polyphenols compound from palm oil mill effluent

Polyphenols possess many health attributes, as they are powerful antioxidants. Recovery of value-added compounds from industrial waste is a new approach in order to promote sustainability. In this study, the extraction of polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process is proposed. The sterilization condensate was first characterized to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) in the sample. For the extraction, liquid membrane was formulated to choose the best diluent, carrier, and stripping agent. Once the formulation was successfully attempted, the extraction of polyphenols to recover polyphenols was performed. The results show that 2627.3 mg GAE/L of TPC was obtained in the condensate. During the liquid membrane formulation, palm oil was chosen as a green diluent, TBP and n-Octanol were selected as the most appropriate carriers for synergize in a composition of 8:2 by volume, while sodium hydroxide was selected as the most appropriate stripping agents to best facilitate the extraction process. The extraction and recovery performance of polyphenols showed performance of 96.5% and 31%, respectively. The findings of this study show that ELM is a potential technology to extract and recover polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate.

Intensification of emulsion liquid membrane extraction of uranium(VI) by replacing nitric acid with sodium nitrate solution

Use of emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction of uranium(VI) from lean streams containing nitric acid using tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) suffers from major drawback that TBP transports nitric acid to the strip phase, thereby reducing the driving force for extraction. This problem is completely eliminated by using near neutral sodium nitrate solution as the feed. The membrane phase is light liquid paraffin, containing TBP and the strip phase is aqueous sodium carbonate. Emulsion is stabilized using polymeric surfactant system, which exhibits low rate of leakage of the strip phase and no noticeable swelling of the emulsion. The key step is pH control of the continuous phase between 4.0 and 4.5 in order to neutralize sodium carbonate leaking from the emulsion phase. Effect of concentration of NaNO3 in the feed phase, Na2CO3 in the strip phase and volume ratio of the feed to the strip phase, on the rate of extraction of uranium(VI) and its enrichment, is studied. Using this process, it is possible to achieve nearly quantitative extraction of uranium(VI) with enrichment factor greater than 60. The superiority of the present process is established by comparing its performance with ELM extraction of uranium(VI) from nitric acid.

Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction of Turquoise Blue Reactive Dye–Study on Membrane Breakage and Swelling

Reactive dyes are the principal dyes used in batik industry in Malaysia. From the environmental point of view the dyes should be removed from wastewater because they are toxic in nature. Therefore, the removal and recovery of dyes from batik industry wastewater is absolute necessity in order to save raw materials and to protect environment from hazardous compounds. An experiment was carried out using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process in batch system to study the extraction behaviour of Turquoise Blue which is commonly used in batik industry. Several parameters have been studied such as carrier and surfactant/emulsifier concentrations, stripping agent and extraction time. The liquid membrane was formulated using kerosene as diluent, SPAN 80 as emulsifier and tri-dodecylamine (TDA) as a carrier. Hydrodynamic condition to generate extraction process was at 1:3 treat ratio and 250 rpm stirring speed for 10 minutes while the emulsification was done at 12000 rpm for 5 minutes using homogenizer. The result obtained shows that, more than 70% of Turquoise Blue was extracted at favourable condition of 0.07 M TDA, 7% (w/v) SPAN 80 and 0.5 M Thiourea in 1 M NaOH.

Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction of Silver from Photographic Waste using Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide (TMTDS) as a Mobile Carrier

The recovery of precious metals such as silver from photographic wastes is required in order to save raw materials and to protect the environment from dispersed compound, especially heavy metals. For that matter, several technologies have been used such as precipitation, electrolytic, and ion exchange processes which offer some advantages as well as drawbacks over others. Recently, emulsion liquid membrane extraction has been recognized to be a potential process for industrial wastes treatment and recovery of heavy metals. This process has the ability to selectively separate and rapidly concentrate metals through its very thin layer liquid membrane which has a large interfacial area. An attempt was made to recover silver from liquid photographic wastes using tetramethylthiuram disulfide as a mobile carrier. The important variables affecting the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process including residence time, surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, level of agitation and phase ratio between emulsion and feed phase were investigated. The results showed that tetramethylthiuram disulfide is selective towards silver (>80%) compared to other metals in the photographic waste. The highest silver extraction is obtained using 0.05 M tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 3% (w/v) Span 80, 300 rpm stirring speed, 1.0 M thiourea in 0.1 M HCl stripping agent, 1:3 of treat ratio, and toluene as the diluent.

An Artificial Neural Network Approach for the Prediction of Extraction Performance of Emulsion Liquid Membrane

This paper reports the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) approach to predict nickel concentration in external phase during emulsion liquid membrane extraction process. Experimental data from laboratory batch analysis of nickel extraction have been used to train, validate and test the back-propagation ANN model. The input neurons correspond to, external phase pH, stripping phase concentration, stirring speed, carrier concentration, surfactant concentration, treatment ratio (volume ratio of emulsion to external phase), phase ratio (volume ratio of membrane to stripping phase), initial external phase nickel(II) concentration, and time. A tree -layer network with different hidden neurons and different learning algorithms such as LM, SCG, and BR were examined. The network with six hidden neurons and Bayesian regularization (BR) algorithm showed good performance. The predicted values of solute concentration in external phase are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results, with average absolute deviation (ADD%) of 0.2664% and correlation coefficient R2 of 0.977. The results of this study show that the ANN model trained on experimental measurements can be successfully applied to the rapid prediction of external phase concentration

A two-step approach for copper and nickel extracting and recovering by emulsion liquid membrane.

The recycling of copper and nickel from metallurgical wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was studied. P507 (2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester) and TBP (tributyl phosphate) were used as carriers for the extraction of copper and nickel by ELMs, respectively. The influence of four emulsion composition variables, namely, the internal phase volume fraction (ϕ), surfactant concentration (Wsurf), internal phase stripping acid concentration (Cio) and the carrier concentration (Cc), and the process variable treat ratio on the extraction efficiencies of copper or nickel were studied. Under the optimum conditions, 98% copper and nickel were recycled by using ELM. The results indicated that ELM extraction is a promising industrial application technology to retrieve valuable metals in low concentration metallurgical wastewater.

EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN ORGANIC ACID PURIFICATION

Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) process have shown a great potential in wide application of industrial separations such as in removal of many chemicals, organic compounds, metal ions, pollutants and biomolecules. This system promote many advantages including simple operation, high selectivity, low energy requirement, and single stage extraction and stripping process. One potential application of ELM is in the purification of succinic acid from fermentation broth. This study outline steps for developing emulsion liquid membrane process in purification of succinic acid. The steps include liquid membrane formulation, ELM stability and ELM extraction of succinic acid. Several carrier, diluent and stripping agent was screened to find appropriate membrane formulation. After that, ELM stability was investigated to enhance the recovery of succinic acid. Finally, the performance of ELM was evaluated in the extraction process. Results show that formulated liquid membrane using Amberlite LA2 as carrier, palm oil as diluent and sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 as stripping agent provide good performance in purification. On the other hand, the prepared emulsion was observed to be stable up to 1 hour and sufficient for extraction process. In conclusion, ELM has high potential to purify succinic acid from fermentation broth.

Determination of isoquinoline alkaloids in extracts of Chelidonium majus L. using emulsion liquid membrane extraction and GC/MS

Determination of isoquinoline alkaloids in extracts of Chelidonium majus L. using emulsion liquid membrane extraction and GC/MS

Extraction of Silver Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Emulsion Liquid Membrane

A comprehensive study pertaining to the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction process to enrich dilute aqueous solutions of silver salt is presented. The study has highlighted the importance and influence of membrane composition for maximizing the extraction of Ag+ ions. The liquid membrane was made up of Cyanex-302 as an extractant and the industrial solvent mainly consists of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons (C10-C14) as a diluent, Montane®-80 (sorbitan monooleate) as the surfactant and nitric acid solution as the stripping solution. The selection of the extractant (Cyanex-302) and the stripper (HNO3) was based on conventional liquid–liquid extraction studies. The role of pH as an important parameter in the LEM process for extraction of Ag+ was studied. Extraction of Ag+ increased with an increase in strip phase and carrier concentration. The fundamental parameters (emulsion stability, pH of the feed aqueous solution, agitation speed, surfactant concentration, strip phase concentration, carrier concentration, surfactant concentrations and treatment ratio) affecting the separation of Ag+ through the ELM were investigated to select the best combination of process parameters. The maximum extraction of Ag+ (about 99%) was achieved at a Montane®-80 concentration of 5% (v/v), strip phase concentration of 0.4M nitric acid and a phase ratio of 1:1.

Recovery of kraft lignin from pulping wastewater via emulsion liquid membrane process.

Kraft lignin (KL) is a renewable source of many valuable intermediate biochemical products currently derived from petroleum. An excessive of lignin comes from pulping wastewater caused an adverse pollution problems hence affecting human and aquatic life. A comprehensive study pertaining to emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction of lignin from pulping wastewater was presented. ELM formulation contains Aliquat 336 as carrier, kerosene as diluent, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ) as stripping agent and Span 80 as surfactant. The emulsion stability was investigated at different surfactant concentrations, homogenizer speed and emulsification time. Modifier (2-ethyl-1-hexanol) was added to avoid segregation of third phase while improving the emulsion stability. At optimum conditions, 95% and 56% of lignin were extracted and recovered, respectively at 10 min of extraction time, 0.007 M of Aliquat 336, 0.1 M of NaHCO3 and 1:5 of treat ratio. Additional of modifier was contributed to highest recovery up to 98%. The ELM process was found to be equally feasible and quite effective in the recovery of KL from real pulping wastewater. Therefore, ELM process provides a promising alternative technology to recover KL from pulping wastewater while solving the environmental problems simultaneously.