Empty Pods Research Articles

Evaluation of Empty Fava Beans Pods as Bioadsorbent for the Removal of Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions Using Phytoadsorption Technique

Environmental contamination with toxic heavy metals is a globally concerned issue. Cleaning up heavy metals from contaminated aquatic systems forces a lot of challenges. Phytoremediation processes are the interesting safe techniques that were focused by scientists and governments during the last decades for the up-taking of toxic heavy metals from ecosystems. Consequently, phytoadsorption approach was applied in this research using dry empty pods of fava beans (Vicia faba L.) to evaluate their potential for the removal of toxic lead heavy metal from its aqueous solutions. We have developed a green and simple method to remove lead ions (Pb2+) from their aquatic system. The obtained results have showed that the 350‒1000-μm biomass particles of fava beans pods were able to take up lead ions at highly rated removal percentages and high adsorption capacity using 100-ml, 100-ppm solutions at room temperature and neutral pH. For example, the highest removal percentage of lead ions was 66.8% with an absorption capacity of 3.34 mg/g using 2.0 g at a shaking rate of 200 OSC/min after 30 min. On the other hand, the removal percentage of lead ions using 0.1 g of fava beans pods biomass was 36.8 % with the highest absorption capacity of 36.8 mg/g at a shaking rate of 800 OSC/min at the same period of time. Therefore, the empty fava beans (Vicia faba L.) pods can be used as potential phytoadsorbents for the removal of lead and other heavy metals from the contaminated aquatic ecosystems.

Agronomic Behavior of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars under Three Planting Densities in the Northeast of Peru

Factors such as the selection of cultivars and the planted density affect the development and yield of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). This study’s objective was to evaluate peanut cultivars’ agronomic behavior under three planting densities in the northeast of Peru. The design used was randomized complete blocks (DBCAs) with a bifactorial arrangement 4A × 3B (factor A, peanut cultivars; factor B, planting densities), forming 12 treatments with three replications per block. The results revealed that T3 (Huayabamba cultivar + density of 30 × 50 cm) stood out, presenting the most favorable means in the number of pods (16 pods), number of seeds per pod (five seeds), height at 90 days (22.7 cm), and yield (1850 kg/ha). Empty pods did not show significant differences between treatments. T8 (Chivita cultivar + density of 20 × 50 cm) indicated the highest number of branches (six branches); in the weight of 100 seeds, the Rojo Tarapoto cultivar was the most encouraging, adapting optimally to the three densities. In addition, T7 (chivita cultivar + density of 10 × 50 cm) showed the shortest days at flowering and harvest, with 64 and 134 days. The study showed that T3 was the most efficient in pod and seed production, making it crucial to optimizing peanut yield.

Initial evidence of the acute effect of electronic nicotine delivery system use on energy intake.

Previous work has aimed to disentangle the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on appetite with mixed findings. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have yet to be examined in this regard despite evidence of use for weight control. The present study tested the influence of an ENDS on acute energy intake and associated subjective effects. Participants (n = 34; 18-65 years) with current ENDS use completed two randomly ordered clinical lab sessions after overnight abstinence from tobacco/nicotine/food/drinks (other than water). Sessions differed by the product administered over 20 min: active (20 puffs of a JUUL ENDS device; 5% nicotine tobacco-flavored pod) or control (access to an uncharged JUUL with an empty pod). About 40 min after product administration, participants were provided an ad lib buffet-style meal with 21 food/drink items. Subjective ratings were assessed at baseline, after product use, and before/after the meal. Energy intake (kcal) was calculated using pre-post buffet item weights. Repeated measures analyses of variance and pairwise comparisons were used to detect differences by condition and time (α < .05). Mean ± standard error of the mean energy intake did not differ significantly between active (1011.9 ± 98.8 kcal) and control (939.8 ± 88.4 kcal; p = .108) conditions. Nicotine abstinence symptoms significantly decreased after the active condition, while satiety significantly increased. Following the control condition, satiety remained constant while hunger significantly increased relative to baseline. Findings indicate that acute ENDS use did not significantly impact energy intake, but there was an ENDS-associated subjective increase in satiety and relative decrease in hunger. Results support further investigation of ENDS on appetite. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Effect of Combination of Organic Fertilizer and Rice Husk Biochar on Growth, Production, Available N and N Absorption of Soybean (Glycine Max L) in Ultisol Soil

This research was conducted on Jl. Bunga Sedap malam XVIII Medan North Sumatra with an altitude of ± 30 meters above sea level (masl), this research took place from February to April 2022. This study used the Non Factorial Randomized Group Design method. Factor B1 = Control, B2 = Organic fertilizer 15 tons/ha, B3 = Rice husk biochar 15 tons/ha, B4 = Organic fertilizer 12.5 tons/ha + Rice husk biochar 2.5 tons/ha, B5 = Organic fertilizer 10 tons/ha + Rice husk biochar 5 tons/ha, B6 = Organic fertilizer 7.5 tons/ha + Biochar rice husk 7.5 tons/ha, B7 = Organic fertilizer 5 tons/ha + Biochar rice husk 10 tons/ha, B8 = Organic fertilizer 2.5 tons/ha + Biochar rice husk 12.5 tons/ha. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the treatment of cow organic fertilizer and rice husk biochar had a significant effect on plant height, number of branches, root nodules, wet weight of pods/plot, dry weight of pods/plot, soil pH, base saturation (KB), and N absorbed, but had no significant effect on the number of filled pods, number of empty pods, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and N available. The average number of filled pods was highest in treatment B4 (36.67%) and lowest in treatment B1 (1.33%). The highest average cation exchange capacity (CEC) was found in treatment B2 (18.76m3/100g) and the lowest average was found in treatment B6 (10.79me/100g). The highest average available N was found in treatment B2 (4.13%) and the lowest was found in treatment B8 (3.15%).

Uji Dosis Pupuk Kandang Kambing Dan Macam Pupuk Majemuk Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis Hypogaea L.)

The peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a food crop that has a strategic role in the national economy and given its multipurpose function as a source of food, feed and industrial raw materials. The aim of this research was to determine the growth and yield of peanut plants by providing goat manure and various types of compound fertilizer. The research was carried out in August - December 2022 in Dukuh Pokoh, Musuk Village, Musuk District, Boyolali Regency with an altitude of 632 (masl) and the soil type is Vertisol (PPT = Grumosol).&#x0D; The research used the Factorial method with a basic design of Complete Randomized Block Design (RAKL) consisting of 2 treatment factors, The first factor was the dose of goat manure: D1: 5 tons/ha, D2: 10 tons/ha, D3: 15 tons/ha. The second factor is the type of compound fertilizer: M1: 15-15-15, M2: 16-16-16, M3: 30-6-8.&#x0D; The results of the study showed that (1) The treatment dose of goat manure (D) had a very real influence on the number of pods planted, the number of pods contained in the plant, the weight of 100 seeds and had no effect on plant height, weight of fresh stover, weight of dry stover, number of empty pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod weight per plot. (2) The type of compound fertilizer (M) had a very significant effect on fresh stover weight, dry stover weight and pod weight per plot. Significant effect on pod weight per plant and weight of 100 seeds and no effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, and number of empty pods per plant. (3) The combination of doses of goat manure (D) and types of compound fertilizer (M) has a very significant effect on the weight of fresh stover and the weight of dry stover. Has a significant effect on the weight of 100 seeds and has no significant effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, number of empty pods per plant, weight of the pods per plant and weight of the pods per plot. (4) The best results were at a fertilizer dose of 15 tonnes/ha with 15-15-15 compound fertilizer, namely pod weight of 751.60 gr per plot (3.11 tonnes/ha of dry beans).

The beneficial effect of Parkia speciosa’s empty pods extract on lipid profile of jelantah treated wistar white rats

Parkia speciosa have many potential properties, as source of antioxidant to combat free radicals, including by dint of jelantah exposure. Its flavonoid content is suspected as an antihiperlipidemia so it can be used as natural treatment to control the lipid profile. This study aims to examine the beneficial effects of the ethanolic extract of P. speciosa’s empty pods (EEPE) on the cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides levels in jelantah exposed Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups, group I as negative control with no jelantah and EEPE treatment, group II with 1 mL jelantah (118 meq/kg) and 100 mg/kg body weight of EEPE, group III with 1 mL jelantah (118 meq/kg) and 200 mg/kg body weight of EEPE, and group IV as positive control with only jelantah treatment. This study showed that the higher concentration of EEPE able to reduce the cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels also increase the HDL level more than the lower one. However, the treatment of EEPE in group I and II cannot regenerate the lipid profiles in group I as negative control.

The Effects of Long Soaking Seeds and Phosphate Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Peanuts are a potential agricultural commodity after soybeans. Peanut production increased after 2017 but in 2018 it decreased. This occurs due to several obstacles, especially poor soil conditions, especially in several areas in South Sumatra. One effort to increase production is done by fertilizing according to the conditions and correct seed management. This research was carried out to determine the length of soaking of seeds in liquid biological fertilizer and giving different doses of phosphate fertilizer to peanuts, which was carried out from July to October 2020 in Pulau Semambu Ogan Ilir Village, South Sumatra. The experiment was carried out using a factorial randomized block design with 2 treatment factors, namely the length of immersion (0. 15 and 30 minutes) and the administration of a dose of phosphate fertilizer (50,75,100 and 125 kg / ha). The treatment of soaking seeds for 30 minutes gave the best results on the variables of the number of pods planted, the number of empty pods planted, the weight of the planted pods, the weight of the pods per plot, and the weight of 100 seeds. Treatment of phosphate fertilizer dose of 100 kg / ha gave the best results on the variables of number of pods planted, weight of planted pods, weight of pods per plot and weight of 100 seeds. The interaction between the duration of soaking the seeds for 30 minutes with a dose of phosphate fertilizer of 100 kg / ha by tabulation gave the highest yield of 1.28 kg / plot or equivalent to 3.41 tons / ha.

Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Paitan Leaf Extract (Tithonia diversivolia) on the Growth and Yields of Soybean Plant (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) on Rainfed Land

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) are the third main food commodity after rice and corn. Until now, soybean productivity at the farmer level is still low, with an average of 1.3 Mg ha-1 with a range of 0.6-2.0 Mg ha-1, while the potential yield can reach 3.0 Mg ha-1. This very large productivity gap provides an opportunity to increase production through increasing productivity at the farmer level. This research aims to determine the effect of POC of paitan leaf extract (Tithonia diversifolia) and the best concentration on the growth and yield of soybeans on rainfed land. This research was carried out in March – June 2021 in Gunung Panjang Village, Tanjung Redeb District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Data analysis uses Analysis of Variance, if there is a significant difference, then continue using the Duncan’s Mutiple Range test at the 5% level. The research used a Completely Randomized Block Design with five treatments, namely t0 (control), t1 (25%), t2 (50%), t3 (75%), and t4 (100)% with 5 replications. The results showed that the concentration of Tithonia diversifolia leaf extract did not differ significantly on the number of productive branches, total pods, total branches, flowering time, filled pods, empty pods, weight of 100 grains, yield, and potential yield except plant height. The t2 concentration (50%) gives the highest average yield potential, namely 3.22 Mg ha-1.

Plastic-covered ridge-furrow planting increases pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain yield and rainwater use efficiency

ABSTRACT Drought is the most important cause of plant yield reduction in dry areas. Plastic mulch is one of the methods of maintaining soil moisture in these areas. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plastic mulch and planting beds on rainwater use efficiency and yield in pea over two years. The experimental factors included plastic mulch (without plastic, plastic on the plant, and plastic on the soil) and planting bed (flat planting, planting in a 50 cm furrow, and planting in a 100 cm furrow). The results showed that the treatment of plastic mulch on the soil with planting in 50 cm furrows in the first year had the highest seed number per pod, single plant weight, fresh weight of empty pods, fresh pod yield, harvest index, leaf stomatal conductance, and rainwater use efficiency. Plastic mulch on the soil with planting in 50 cm furrows in the second year had the highest seed number per pod, leaf stomatal conductance, and soil moisture at a depth of 20 cm. In conclusion, plastic mulch with planting in a 50 cm furrow for the production of pea in dry and semi-dry conditions is recommended.

Response of peanut quality and yield to chicken manure combined with Rhizobium inoculation in sandy soil

Chemical fertilizers, which contain a nitrogen (N) element, has been intensively used to increase the peanut productivity. However, the unstable and high cost of N fertilizer, and the great demand for N fertilizer sources have strongly increased the strategical plan of nitrogen fixation (NF). Therefore, the field research was carried out to appraise the ability of Rhizobium sp. trains and chicken manure (CM) on the quality and yield of peanuts. This research has four ratios, which valued from 0.0, 2.0, 4.0 to 6.0 t CM per ha in the combination with the Rhizobium sp. inoculum, expect control treatment (without CM and Rhizobium sp.). Different rates of CM combined with Rhizobium sp. inoculation was added by using 6.0 tons CM/ ha, which had number of the highest peanut nodules. Research results observed that the inoculant of Rhizobium sp. strain combined with CM remarkably increased the yield components per plant such as biomass, number of nodules, weight of dry nodules, weight of fill and empty pods and fresh yield of groundnut. The highest yield and quality of peanut (7.60 t/ha), oil % (50.6%), seed protein percentage (26.8%), as well as NPK content in seed (4.32, 0.912 and 0.999%, respectively) were obtained under the application of NPK+6.0 t CM/ha+ Rhizobium sp. inoculation. Co-application of 6t CM/ha and Rhizobium sp. inoculation increased by 20.5% when compared without CM application and no Rhizobium sp. inoculation. The study showed that both possibility of nitrogen fixation of peanut and nitrogen uptake of the sandy soil were raised by field inoculant with effectiveness of Rhizobium sp. with animal manure application. In really, Rhizobium sp. inoculation and CM proved a great method to increase soil nutrients for subsequent crops and it helped to enhance the taking of nitrogen from the air into the crop soil.

Adaptive Soybean Cultivation Technology on Space Between Immature Rubber Plants

Space between plant (Gawangan) of immature rubber plant is one of the potential locations for the development of soybean plants. This study aims to obtain recommendations for adaptive soybean cultivation technology packages for immature rubber plantations. The research was conducted in August-November 2018 on a three-year-old rubber plantation in Gardu Village, Armajaya District, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province. The study was conducted using a randomized block design of 4 treatments which was repeated 5 times. The data collected included the components of growth and yield of soybeans as well as input and production costs for each technology package. The growth component and yield component data were analyzed using analysis of variance and if there was a difference, then Duncan Multiple Range (DMRT) was done. The feasibility of farming is calculated from the value of the cost of revenue (R/C ratio). The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect on the number of branches, empty pods, weight of filled pods, filled seeds, seed weight per plant. However, the treatment had no significant effect on plant height, filled pods, number of pods per plant, empty or damaged seeds, number of seeds per stem, percentage of empty or damaged seeds, 1000 grain weight of seeds. All technology packages are economically feasible to develop because they have an R/C ratio &gt; 1.

Effect of Rate and Time of Phosphorous Application and Planting Density on Yield and Net Benefit of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

Groundnut yields are relatively very low in Kenya compared to other countries due to the use of poor agronomic practices and low soil fertility, with phosphorous (P) being the most limiting factor. This study aimed at determining the effect of the rate and time of phosphorous application and planting densities on yield and net benefit of groundnut production. The study was conducted in two locations, Chuka University Horticultural Demonstration Farm and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organisation, Embu, Kenya between April and August 2018. The study used a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. There were three factors; P application rates (0, 30, and 60 Kg/ha), time of P application (at sowing, and 14 days after sowing), and planting densities (148,149; 213,331 and 333,334 plants per ha). Data on the number of kernels per pod, number of empty pods and yield of groundnuts were collected and net benefit determined by subtracting the cost of production from the gross product sale price per unit area. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis Software version 9.4. Significant means were separated using the Least Significance Difference at a 5% probability level. The results of the study showed that the rate and time of phosphorous application and planting densities had a significant effect (p &lt; 0.05) on the yield of groundnuts. The highest kernel yield and net benefit obtained was 1,659.90 and 963.60 Kg/ha while the highest net benefit was KSh 8312 and 12403 which was obtained by applying 30 Kg/ha of P applied at sowing with a plant density of 333,334 plants per hectare at Chuka and Embu, respectively. The study showed that the use of appropriate agronomic practices can lead to sustainable groundnut production, thus ensuring food security and improved farmers’ income. The study recommends spacing of 30 x 10 cm and application of 30 Kg/ha of Phosphorous at sowing for sustainable groundnut production in the study area and within similar agroecological zones.

Interspecific common bean population derived from Phaseolus acutifolius using a bridging genotype demonstrate useful adaptation to heat tolerance.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop worldwide and is a major nutrient source in the tropics. Common bean reproductive development is strongly affected by heat stress, particularly overnight temperatures above 20°C. The desert Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) offers a promising source of adaptative genes due to its natural acclimation to arid conditions. Hybridization between both species is challenging, requiring in vitro embryo rescue and multiple backcrossing cycles to restore fertility. This labor-intensive process constrains developing mapping populations necessary for studying heat tolerance. Here we show the development of an interspecific mapping population using a novel technique based on a bridging genotype derived from P. vulgaris, P. Acutifolius and P. parvifolius named VAP1 and is compatible with both common and tepary bean. The population was based on two wild P. acutifolius accessions, repeatedly crossed with Mesoamerican elite common bush bean breeding lines. The population was genotyped through genotyping-by-sequencing and evaluated for heat tolerance by genome-wide association studies. We found that the population harbored 59.8% introgressions from wild tepary, but also genetic regions from Phaseolus parvifolius, a relative represented in some early bridging crosses. We found 27 significative quantitative trait loci, nine located inside tepary introgressed segments exhibiting allelic effects that reduced seed weight, and increased the number of empty pods, seeds per pod, stem production and yield under high temperature conditions. Our results demonstrate that the bridging genotype VAP1 can intercross common bean with tepary bean and positively influence the physiology of derived interspecific lines, which displayed useful variance for heat tolerance.

Influence of some nano-fertilizers on chickpeas under three irrigation strategies

Chickpea is an important pulse grown in semi-arid areas where micronutrient deficiency and water shortage are the major problems for its production. Micronutrient deficiency is a great challenge in developing countries while using nano-fertilizers can solve this problem and improve crop growth and soil quality properties. In this research, three irrigation systems were conducted as trials which were in a randomized complete block design layout (Ir1, full irrigation; Ir2, rain-fed with two supplementary irrigations; Ir3, rain-fed). Also, three nano-fertilizers (Zn, Fe, and Mn) in nano-chelated forms were applied to the crop. The treatment combination (irrigation × nano-fertilizer) by trait biplot model described 97% of the total variability in the chickpea dataset. The Polygon View showed three vertex treatment combinations, Zn-Ir1, Fe-Ir2, and Fe-Ir3, in which Zn-Ir1 (nano-chelated zinc with fully irrigated) was the best in number of days to 50% flowering, the number of day to maturity, the first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, thousand seeds’ weight, and seed yield. The Vector View showed that the number of empty pods per plant with thousand seeds’ weight and seed yield is independent while the number of day to maturity, the pods of plant, and the seeds of pod showed positive association. The Ideal Tester indicated seeds of pod, the number of day to maturity and pods of plant were ideal traits while the Ideal Entry showed that Zn-Ir1, Fe-Ir1, and Mn-Ir1 (nano-fertilizer treatments under a full irrigation system) were the ideal ones. Integrated use of micronutrient nano-fertilizers can be advised as ideal management for chickpea growers in semi-arid regions under rain-fed and irrigation systems.

High-Throughput Classification and Counting of Vegetable Soybean Pods Based on Deep Learning

Accurate identification of soybean pods is an important prerequisite for obtaining phenotypic traits such as effective pod number and seed number per plant. However, traditional image-processing methods are sensitive to light intensity, and feature-extraction methods are complex and unstable, which are not suitable for pod multi-classification tasks. In the context of smart agriculture, many experts and scholars use deep learning algorithm methods to obtain the phenotype of soybean pods, but empty pods and aborted seeds are often ignored in pod classification, resulting in certain errors in counting results. Therefore, a new classification method based on the number of effective and abortive seeds in soybean pods is proposed in this paper, and the non-maximum suppression parameters are adjusted. Finally, the method is verified. The results show that our classification counting method can effectively reduce the errors in pod and seed counting. At the same time, this paper designs a pod dataset based on multi-device capture, in which the training dataset after data augmentation has a total of 3216 images, and the distortion image test dataset, the high-density pods image test dataset, and the low-pixel image test dataset include 90 images, respectively. Finally, four object-detection models, Faster R-CNN, YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and YOLOX, are trained on the training dataset, and the recognition performance on the three test datasets is compared to select the best model. Among them, YOLOX has the best comprehensive performance, with a mean average accuracy (mAP) of 98.24%, 91.80%, and 90.27%, respectively. Experimental results show that our algorithm can quickly and accurately achieve the high-throughput counting of pods and seeds, and improve the efficiency of indoor seed testing of soybeans.

Improvement in yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with combination treatments of bio-organic fertilizers

Peanut is a plant food with high economic value because of their nutritional content, especially protein, and high fat. The nut land needs from year to year continue to increase in line with the increase in number population, nutritional needs of the community, food diversification, and increasing feed and food industry capacity. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of bio-organic fertilizers in producing local peanuts (Wadaga) from Muna Island, Indonesia. The randomized block design (RBD) was done with 12 bio-organic fertilizer treatments (T1 to T12) based on arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and cow manure fertilizer (CMF). The variables were viz. pod weight, total pod number, filled pod number, percentage of empty pods, seed number, the weight of 100 seeds, dry seed weight, and productivity were observed. The results of the study showed that the highest average pod weight (55.0 g), total pod number (50.3 pods), filled pod number (46.3 pods), and seed number (84.3 seeds) occurred with the treatment of T8: A2B1 ( AMF 10 g per plant + CMF 3 kg per plot). The highest average productivity was obtained with T3: A0B2 (without AMF + CMF 6 kg per plot) as 3.97 tons ha-1. The use of mycorrhizal fungi combined with organic fertilizers can improve the growth of peanut plants which has a positive impact on their production.

Stability and Molecular Characterization of Heat Tolerant Genotypes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Twenty eight diverse genotypes sown in three different dates were screened using thirty three SSR primers. Twelve morphological characters recorded. The current study was conducted at all India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea at R.A.K., College of Agriculture, Sehore (M.P.) during Rabi 2020-21, and 2021-22. The molecular work was carried out at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior (M.P.). The component G×E interaction were found significant for flower initiation, days to 50% flowering, days to pod initiation, plant height, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of empty pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. The highest gene diversity was found in TA-135 (0.7474) followed by GAA-44 (0.7219), GAA-40 (0.7015), STMS-2 (0.6939), TA-71 (0.6709), NCPGR-1 (0.6403) and TA-18 (0.3648). Based on a dendrogram all the 28 genotypes were grouped into three major clusters, in which cluster I contained 2 genotypes, cluster II contained 5 genotypes and cluster III encompassed remaining 21 genotypes. Genotypes RVG 204, JG-14, and RVSSG-61 were found stable for favourable and unfavourable sowing conditions, while ICC-4958, JG-11, JG-12, RVG-203, RVG-204, RVSSG-52, JG-74, RVSSG-71 showed consistent performance during unfavourable sowing conditions for seed yield per plant. The important traits and marker based diversity and stability has been discussed in this research paper.

SELECTION AND VALIDATION OF M4 SOYBEAN MUTANT LINES THROUGH MULTICHARACTERS APPROACH

Mutation breeding is more effective than conventional breeding when the existing breeding material has a narrow genetic base and the scarcity of germplasm to specific desired characters. Assembling superior soybean cultivars through mutation breeding requires an effective selection method since the selection for productivity only proved less effective. Therefore, the selection base needs to be broad and use multi-characters. The latest study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the multi-characters approach in the selection and validation process of M4 soybean mutant lines. This study evaluated M4 and M5 mutant lines for various traits at the Citayam and Muara Experimental Garden, Bogor, Indonesia. The M4 and M5 mutant evaluations used an augmented design with 121 experimental units (172 lines and four check cultivars) and a randomized complete block design with 99 experimental units (29 lines and four check cultivars), respectively. Measured variables included the number of branches, filled pods, empty pods, and productive internodes, the weight of 100 seeds, and the seed weight per sampling plot. The result showed that the correlated multi-characters were effective for selection in the soybean mutant lines. The most effective secondary character resulted from the number of filled pods. Measuring the selection effectiveness continued up to the fifth generation (M5) to further validate the selected material. In total, nine mutant lines, i.e., A182-13, A179-1, A220-156, A196-57, A186-27, A190-38, A180-6, A195-50, and A188-32, attained selection with significant genetic potential for further study through the yield test.

Parkia speciosa Hassk. Empty Pod Extract Prevents Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy by Inhibiting MAPK and Calcineurin-NFATC3 Signaling Pathways.

Cardiac hypertrophy is an early hallmark during the clinical course of heart failure. Therapeutic strategies aiming to alleviate cardiac hypertrophy via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling pathway may help prevent cardiac dysfunction. Previously, empty pod ethanol crude extract of Parkia speciosa Hassk was shown to demonstrate protective effects against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of various fractions of the plant ethanol extract on the MAPK/NFAT signaling pathway in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Simultaneous treatment with ethyl acetate (EA) fraction produced the most potent antihypertrophic effect evidenced by the reduced release of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Subsequently, treatment with the EA fraction (6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL) prevented an Ang II-induced increase in cell surface area, hypertrophic factors (atrial natriuretic peptide and BNP), reactive oxygen species, protein content, and NADPH oxidase 4 expression in the cells. Furthermore, EA treatment attenuated the activation of the MAPK pathway and calcineurin-related pathway (GATA-binding protein 4 and NFATC3), which was similar to the effects of valsartan (positive control). Our findings indicate that the EA fraction prevents Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating the MAPK/calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway.

Kışlık ve Yazlık Ekilen Bazı Nohut Çeşitlerine Kimyasal Uygulamaların Etkisi

This research was carried out in the experimental area of the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute in 2012 and 2013. In the study, four different chemical applications (Thidiazuron, Ethephon+cyclanilide + Thidiazuron, Glyphosate, Ethephon+cyclanilide) were used in four chickpea cultivars (İnci, Hasanbey, Seçkin and Aydın), in two different sowing times for winter (December), Summer (February) and harvest maturity. It was aimed to determine some agronomic characteristics of the plant, its yield and its effects on the germination of seeds. Average and the standard deviation values of the number of major branches (1.75±0.51), the number of minor branches (6.69±3.95), the total number of pods (60.84±27.83), Number of empty pods (6.57±3.36), number of full pods (54.64±25.75), number of seeds (63.60±30.56), seed yield (23.55±11.31) differed between 4 chickpea varieties in winter sowing. In chickpea cultivars without chemical applications average and the standard deviation values of the number of major branches (1.84±0.42), the number of minor branches (7.54±4.61), the total number of pods (55.19±14.55), the number of empty pods (6.87±3.21), the number of full pods (48.68±12.9), the number of seeds (58.12±15.86), the grain yield (21.03±6.59) varied between the mean and standard deviation values. Average and the standard deviation values of the number of major branches (2.07±0.95), the number of minor branches (11.77±10.13), the total number of pods (52.59±18.06), the number of empty pods 5.72±3.74, number of full pods (47.4±15.25), number of grains (55.14±19.12), grain yield (18.36±6.46) in chickpea varieties with chemical applications exhibited difference among chickpea cultviars during in summer sowing. The number of major branches (1.94±0.91), the number of minor branches (12.83±11.56), the total number of pods (56.27±19.82), the number of empty pods (6.59±4.7) in cultivars , the number of full pods (49.82±17.18), the number of seeds (59.06±20.73), the grain yield (19.88±7.42) varied between the mean and standard deviation values during summer sowing season.