Categories Of Employment Status Research Articles

Socioeconomic impact and sufficiency of government financial support during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study.

This study examines the socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the sufficiency of government support. Based on an online survey with 920 respondents, the cross-tabulation and binary logistic regression results show: firstly, in terms of loss of income, male respondents are more likely to have a loss of income as compared to female counterparts, and secondly, among different categories of employment status, the self-employed respondents are the most vulnerable group, given that more than 20 percent of them experienced loss of income due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, respondents working in small-and-medium enterprises (SMEs) and the informal sector are more likely to face loss of income as compared to respondents working in other sectors of employment. Likewise, respondents without tertiary education level are more likely to have a loss of income as compared to respondents with university certification. The baseline results highlight the insufficiency of government financial support programs based on the perspective of Malaysians from different demographic backgrounds. As a policy implication, the findings could guide the State in formulating the right policies for target groups who need more assistance than others in the community.

Food insecurity in Venezuelan migrants in Trinidad and Tobago using the food insecurity experience scale.

Economic, political, humanitarian and health crises in Venezuela have resulted in mass out migration -thousands of Venezuelans emigrated to Trinidad and Tobago. However, little is known about their food security status in the host country. This study assessed the food security status among Venezuelan migrants and asylum seekers in Trinidad and Tobago and tested the validity of the online application of the food insecurity experience scale (FIES), a tool to measure food insecurity, in a small group. This convenience, cross-sectional study applied an online questionnaire to 433 Venezuelan migrants in Trinidad and Tobago in 2020. Snowball sampling was used to connect to migrants based on their access to locally-based NGO service providers, and organizations directly connected to the Venezuelan migrant community. Researchers applied the 12-month reference period to the FIES to measure food insecurity at the individual level. Descriptive analyses, Rasch modeling and binary logistic regression were conducted. Overall, 61.9% of respondents displayed behaviors characterized as severely food insecure. Significant differences in food security status were observed when categories of employment status (p = 0.032) and paying rent (p = 0.005) were considered. There were greater proportions of unemployed individuals who were severely food insecure (67.6%) compared to those who were employed (56.7%). There were greater proportions of individuals paying rent who were severely food insecure (62.6%) compared to those who were not paying rent (50.0%). Logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals revealed that food insecurity was less likely among migrants who were employed (OR 0.112, 95% CI 0.016–0.763) relative to those who were not employed, while food insecurity was more likely among migrants who were paying rent (OR 7.325, 95% CI 1.965–27.312) relative to those not paying rent. The FIES was consistent in assessing food security status. These findings provide a rapid assessment that can be used to galvanize international, national and community-level stakeholders to devise and target responses to assist migrants experiencing food insecurity.

Stress, Anxiety and Depression Among Family Caregivers of COVID-19 Patients in Northwest Iran: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Taking care of a patient with COVID-19 can have a significant psychological burden. This study aimed at determining the levels of stress, anxiety and depression symptoms among family caregivers of Covid-19 patients.
 Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 236 main caregivers of coronavirus patients in Zanjan, Iran in 2020. The data measurement tool was the DASS-21 electronic questionnaire which was designed using the Porsline platform and was sent to the participants via SMS and WhatsApp messages. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s R, Student’s T test and analysis of variance were performed to analyze the data in SPSS version 25.Results: The mean age of participants was 34.72±9.52 years. Of the participants, 57.21, 70.77 and 55.09% had symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Females experienced higher levels of stress than males (p=0.049). Additionally, the mean score of depression sub-scale was significantly different between categories of employment status (p=0.029), as self-employed workers had significantly higher depression sub-scale scores (10.97±10.85) compared to the other two groups. No significant associations were found between age and depression, anxiety, and stress of the participants. Moreover, the mean scores of depressions, anxiety, and stress sub-scales were not significantly different between categories of marital status and levels of education.
 Conclusion: The majority of family caregivers experienced depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. This significant prevalence of psychological burden among these individuals underscores the need for supportive measures by policy makers and communities to prevent further severe consequences and help them reduce these symptoms.

Pathways towards Women Empowerment and Determinants of Decent Work Deficit: A South Asian Perspective

This research aims to assess the household and individual-level factors, specifically education, that affect the probability of women being engaged in decent work activities in the labor market. The study utilized the most recent labor force survey data from Pakistan with a sample size of 64,009 women. The research exploits the multinomial logit model (MNL) for data analysis. Several studies exist on the causes of female labor force participation nationally—in Pakistan—and internationally. However, there is a lack of research exploring the link between women’s access to decent work and various household and individual-level characteristics. This study intends to fill this literature gap by exploiting the largest nationwide labor force survey and exploring how household and individual-level factors, specifically focusing on women’s education level, relate to women’s employment status categories. The study’s findings reveal that education plays an essential role in uplifting women for better employment opportunities, i.e., educated women are more likely to be engaged in decent labor market activities such as paid employees and employers. The findings of the study propose some significant policy implications. E.g., (i) since education is the key to open better and decent work opportunities, it is crucial for women and their household heads to invest in education and vocational training; (ii) there is a dire need to have a policy shift in providing women access to at least a higher secondary (HS) level of education in Pakistan. The rationale is that less educated and illiterate women are concentrated in vulnerable employment; and (iii) at a micro level, there is a need to bring awareness among male household heads, specifically in rural areas, to realize that working women should not be considered a social stigma for the household.

Employment Status Change and New-Onset Depressive Symptoms in Permanent Waged Workers.

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in employment status and new-onset depressive symptoms through a one-year follow-up of permanent waged workers.MethodsWe analyzed the open-source data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study. Using the 2017 data, we selected 2,314 permanent waged workers aged 19 to 59 years without depressive symptoms as a base group. The final analysis targeted 2,073 workers who were followed up in 2018. In 2018, there were five categories of employment status for workers who were followed up: permanent, precarious, unemployed, self-employed, and economically inactive. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association between employment status change and new-onset depressive symptoms.ResultsAdjusted multiple logistic regression analysis showed that among male workers, workers who went from permanent status to being unemployed (odds ratio: 4.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.19 to 17.06) and from permanent status to being precarious workers (odds ratio: 3.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.30 to 7.65) had significantly high levels of new-onset depressive symptoms compared with those who retained their permanent employment status. There were no significant increases in new-onset depressive symptoms of male workers who went from permanent status to being self-employed or economically inactive. On the other hand, no significant differences were found among female workers.ConclusionOur study suggests that the change of employment status to precarious workers or unemployment can cause new-onset depressive symptoms in male permanent waged workers.

Association of employment and company size with lung cancer screening participation among Japanese based on the socioeconomic conditions using the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions

The proportion of non-regularly employed persons has increased in Japan, but few studies have examined the relationship between employment status and lung cancer screening (LCS) participation. Authors analyzed data from the 2010 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan. The anonymous responses of 28,951 people aged 40-69years old were analyzed. Authors defined nine employment status categories: unemployed, regularly employed in a large-, middle-, and small-scale company, non-regularly employed in a large-, middle-, and small-scale company, self-employed, and other. LCS participation in the past year was surveyed through a self-reported questionnaire. Sex-specific prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for LCS participation for all employment status categories, using the regularly employed in a middle-scale company category as the reference, were calculated using multivariable Poisson regression analysis, after adjusting for potentially confounding factors. Multivariable-adjusted PRs (95% CI) for LCS participation for the regularly employed in a large-scale company were 1.33 (1.25-1.41) in men and 1.53 (1.38-1.71) in women. Multivariable-adjusted PRs (95% CI) for LCS participation for the non-regularly employed in a middle- and small-scale company compared with the regularly employed in a middle-scale company were 0.81 (0.72-0.92) and 0.62 (0.50-0.76) in men, and 0.89 (0.80-0.99) and 0.80 (0.71-0.91) in women, respectively. Regularly employed in a large-scale company had significantly higher LCS participation, and non-regularly employed in a middle- or small-scale company showed significantly lower LCS participation than those who were regularly employed in a middle-scale company.

Association Between Employment Status and Short Sleep Duration Among Middle-Aged Japanese: the Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities.

Short sleep duration (SSD) is reported to be highly associated with socio-economic status. There are few studies on the relationship between employment status and SSD in Japan. The authors used the 2006 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities conducted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan, which provides representative samples of Japanese people. The anonymous data of 120,783 people aged 30-59years were analyzed. Authors defined five categories of employment status: "unemployed," "regularly employed," "non-regularly employed," "self-employed," and "other." Authors also defined a sleep duration shorter than 5h per night as SSD. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SSD using regular employment as the reference group were calculated using the logistic regression model, adjusting for potential confounding factors, i.e., age, marital status, education level, communication device use, and the amount of time spent on various daily activities. The prevalence of SSD was 2.8% (1639/58,308) in men and 3.2% (1976/62,475) in women. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) of SSD for the self-employed was 0.78 (0.65-0.92) in men and 1.78 (1.43-2.21) in women after adjustment for potential confounding factors, i.e., age, marital status, education level, and communication device use. Further adjustment for the time spent on daily activities revealed that the OR (95% CI) of SSD for the self-employed was 0.78 (0.65-0.92) in men and 1.89 (1.52-2.36) in women. Self-employed women had a higher prevalence of SSD. By contrast, self-employed men had a lower prevalence of SSD.

Abstract P422: Accelerometer-Determined Sedentary Time and Physical Activity Across Employment Status Categories in CARDIA

Prolonged sedentary behavior and insufficient physical activity is a common activity profile, especially in modern workplaces. Describing activity profiles by employment status groups could identify target populations for sedentary and activity intervention. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis of Year 20 CARDIA data (2005-6), included participants who had valid accelerometry data (≥4 days with ≥10 hours), reported occupational status, and were not currently a student (n=2,068). Uniaxial accelerometry data (ActiGraph 7164) were expressed in 60 second epochs and summarized as: average counts per minute (cpm) and time spent (min/day) in prolonged sedentary behavior (≥30 continuous minutes, SED ≥30 ), less than 30-minute bouts of sedentary behavior of (SED <30 ), light physical activity (LPA), less than 10-minute bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of (MVPA <10 ), and bouted MVPA (≥10 minutes, MVPA ≥10 ) using Freedson cutpoints. Employment status was self-reported as full-time, part-time, unemployed/looking for work, keeping house, or raising children. Omnibus group differences were analyzed using ANCOVA adjusted for sex, race, age, education, wear time, center, and BMI. Least square means of activity time across groups were calculated and standardized to population average wear time (14.8 hours). Results: Figure 1 shows activity profiles of employment groups rank ordered by cpm. Cpm and most types of activity differed modestly but significantly across employment groups, except for MVPA ≥10 . Unemployed participants had the highest cpm, the most MVPA ≥10 and SED ≥30 , but the least SED <30 . Participants working part-time had the most MVPA <10 . Full-time workers had the least LPA. Those raising children had the least SED ≥30 and MVPA ≥10 , but the most LPA. Participants keeping house had the least cpm and MVPA <10 . Conclusions: Public health intervention programing could consider differences in activity profiles across employment status groups.

Employment status and risk of all-cause mortality among native- and foreign-origin persons in Sweden.

The association between exposure to unemployment and increased risk of mortality is well established. Yet migrants and their children often experience a number of stressors in the country of residence which could exacerbate the negative effects of job loss or unemployment. This study examined the extent to which region of origin and generational status modified associations between employment status and risk of all-cause mortality. Using population-based registers, an open cohort of 2 178 321 individuals aged 25-64 years was followed from 1993 to 2008. Hazard ratios for mortality were calculated using Cox regression. Employment status and socio-demographic covariates were included as time-varying variables in all models. Relative to employed native-origin Swedes, excess risk of mortality was found among most groups of unemployed persons. The excess risk of mortality found among African women exposed to long-term unemployment (HR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.30-4.63), Finnish men exposed to short-and long-term unemployment (HR = 2.74, 95% CI: 2.32-3.24 and HR = 2.39, 95% CI: 2.12-2.69), and second generation Swedish men exposed to short-term unemployment (HR = 2.34, 95% CI: 2.06-2.64) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that found among their unemployed native-origin counterparts. Excess risk of mortality among the unemployed in other foreign-origin groups was of a similar or lower magnitude to that found in unemployed native-origin Swedes. A decreased risk of mortality was observed among the employed in nearly all foreign-origin groups. With some exceptions, mortality risk in foreign-origin individuals across all categories of employment status was generally similar to or lower than the risk observed in native-origin Swedes.

Rural household head employment status and remittance inflows from Italy

ABSTRACT This paper analysed the effect of the employment status of household head amongst 10 villages on the remittance determinants of remittance receiving households in rural Bangladesh from Italy. Using micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2013, multivariate analysis was carried out on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provided that the differences of the relationship among the other three (housewife, businessman and other) employment status of the household head. As for housewife is mostly associates with the age of migrant, marital status of the migrant, number of visit by the migrant, age of household head, investment in housing development and household living expenses. While businessman is closely related with all variables as housewife and also more determinants such as educational attainment of the household head, relation to the migrant, investment in business and loan repayment. The other categories of employment status show the significant relationship with the age of migrant, household land and living expenses at the origin. The study suggests that the employment status of the household head has strong correlation with socio-economic as well as socio-demographic characteristics in the remittance behaviour of Bangladeshi households. Thus, highlight the importance of differentiating with respect to employment status of the household head when analysing the determinants of remittances.

Effects of an inpatient rehabilitation program after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery and other factors on employment 2 years after epilepsy surgery

To evaluate the effects of a postsurgical rehabilitation program on employment status 2 years after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in relation to other predictors. Employment outcome 2 years after temporal lobe resection in a group of 232 adult patients with the offer of a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation program immediately after surgery ("Reha group") was compared to a group of 119 patients who had surgery before such a rehabilitation program existed. One hundred thirty-nine (59.9%) of the Reha group patients attended the rehabilitation program. Further predictors for employment outcome were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Preoperatively, the groups did not differ significantly in variables relevant for employment, including employment rate. Two years after surgery, the rate of those not being employed had decreased in the Reha group from 38.4% to 27.6% (p < 0.001, McNemar test), and slightly increased in the control group (37.8-42.0%; n.s.), resulting in a difference of 14.4% in favor of the Reha group (p = 0.008). General unemployment rates during the two observation periods were similar. In addition to the offer of rehabilitation support ("Reha group") and preoperative employment, the following other variables were shown as significant predictors of employment post surgery in multivariate regression analysis: seizure outcome, diagnosis of a personality disorder preoperatively, and age at surgery (all, p < 0.01; Nagelkerkes R(2) = 0.59). Independently from other factors, a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation program after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery seems to improve employment status 2 years after surgery.

Relationship between local family physician supply and influenza vaccination after controlling for individual and neighborhood effects

Family physicians (FPs) play an important role in influenza vaccination. We investigated how local FP supply is associated with influenza vaccination, controlling for both individual-level and county-level characteristics. The 2008-2010 individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were merged with county-level data from the Area Resource File (n = 985,157). Multivariate logistic analyses were performed to predict influenza vaccination using the number of FPs per 1000 population as the key predictor, adjusting for individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and health information, as well as county-level racial composition and income level. Additional analyses were performed across racial/ethnic and employment status categories. Increasing local FP supply was associated with higher odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-1.67) and varied across racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic: aOR, 2.05, 95% CI, 1.55-2.72; non-Hispanic white: aOR, 1.57, 95% CI, 1.48-1.66; non-Hispanic black: aOR, 1.49, 95% CI, 1.18-1.89), employment status categories, and county types. FP supply was significantly associated with influenza vaccination. The association was greatest among those who were Hispanic, residing in a rural area, or out of work. Our findings lend support to initiatives aimed at increasing the FP supply, particularly among disadvantaged populations.

Vocational status and perceived well‐being of workers with disabilities

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different employment statuses of under‐employment, temporary employment, unemployment and non‐participation in the labor force are associated with perceived well‐being among persons with disabilities.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used data from the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) conducted by Statistics Canada to develop six categories of employment status. OLS regression analysis was used for hypothesis testing.FindingsFindings indicated that fully utilized permanent employees show the highest level of life satisfaction while unemployed persons searching for work have the lowest levels of life satisfaction and the highest levels of perceived workplace discrimination. Permanent employees whose skills are greatly underutilized show the second‐lowest level of life satisfaction and equally high perceived workplace discrimination as unemployed persons. Non‐participants in the labor force show life satisfaction levels similar to those of permanent moderately underutilized employees as well as temporary employees, but report relatively little workplace discrimination.Originality/valueThe study links vocational status to the psychological well‐being of persons with disabilities in a large representative sample covering the full spectrum of disability types and occupational statuses. As such, it validates conclusions from smaller studies examining single organizations or focusing on workers with specific types of disabilities.

Time Use Patterns Between Maintenance, Subsistence and Leisure Activities: A Case Study in China

The Chinese government conducted its first time use survey of the activities of Chinese individuals in 2008. Activities were classified into three broad types, maintenance activities, subsistence activities and leisure activities. Time use patterns were defined by an individuals’ time spent on maintenance, subsistence and leisure activities each day. We analyzed the time use patterns of different population segments, such as gender, region, age, employment status, and income. Rural residents spend 2 h per day more on SA than urban residents. Five of the employment status categories; migrant workers, full-time students, retirees, the unemployed, and Home-makers, each have unique time schedules. Moreover, time use patterns vary greatly between the different age groups and different income levels. The relationships between the time spent on maintenance, subsistence, and leisure activities were analyzed. Time spent on subsistence activities each day were negatively correlated with time spent on maintenance and leisure activities. The time spent on maintenance activities was positively correlated with the time spent on leisure activities. The ratio of time spent on maintenance, subsistence and leisure activities in China is compared with that in Japan, America and New Zealand. A new term, Time Structure, was coined to describe the ratio of individual time spent on maintenance, subsistence and leisure activities. The time structure in China is 60:24:16 and differs from the structures found in the other countries examined.

Overrepresentation of Black Americans in Psychiatric Inpatient Care

Overrepresentation of Black Americans in Psychiatric Inpatient Care

Overrepresentation of Black Americans in Psychiatric Inpatient Care

Numerous studies have documented overrepresentation of the black population in psychiatric inpatient settings, but none have included certain important covariates or examined heterogeneity within the black population. After controlling for key social, demographic, and clinical factors, the investigators sought to determine whether blacks are overrepresented in inpatient psychiatric settings; they examined differences within the black population by separately examining the prevalence of inpatient treatment of African Americans and U.S.- and foreign-born Caribbean blacks. Secondary analysis was performed on data from two population-based household surveys, the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), which provided a population-based sample of 9,371 community-dwelling adults, including 3,570 African Americans, 1,621 blacks of Caribbean descent, and 4,180 non-Hispanic whites. Using logistic regression, the investigators estimated self-reported lifetime psychiatric hospitalization as a function of racial-ethnic background after controlling for sociodemographic differences and differences in lifetime counseling or therapy and psychiatric diagnosis. With controls for demographic and clinical factors, both African Americans (odds ratio [OR]=2.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.91-3.33) and Caribbean blacks (OR=2.74, CI=1.98-3.82) had higher odds than whites of having a psychiatric hospitalization in their lifetime. U.S.-born Caribbean blacks had much higher odds of hospitalization (OR=5.47, CI=3.60-8.32) than whites, whereas the likelihood of hospitalization of foreign-born Caribbean blacks did not differ from that of whites (OR=.96, CI=.51-1.82). Disparities between blacks and whites in the prevalence of psychiatric inpatient treatment appear to be persistent, but global comparisons mask important heterogeneity within the black population.

Is Class Changing? A Work-Life History Perspective on the Salariat

Has the massive transformation of the class structure over the twentieth century changed the consequences of class? In particular, does the fact that the salariat has taken over from the manual working classes as the largest category mean that the implications of membership of the salariat for one's life chances is no longer the same? This paper takes retrospective life-history data from the British Household Panel Study and models patterns of change in the structure of work-life mobility between the ages of 25 and 35 for individuals born between 1900 and 1959. The purpose is to seek evidence of broad changes in the consequences of class, through the middle and late 20th century, using an extremely valuable data resource. The evidence suggests that there is cross-cohort change in the patterns of work-life mobility, both in terms of traditional class categories and in terms of the relationship between class and more general employment status categories, but more strongly in the latter case. In general, the pattern is one of declining immobility, including declining salariat retentiveness. The paper concludes with a consideration of what the data mean, and what this particular bounded analysis has to say about the question of change in the consequences of class.

Microentrepreneurs and homeworkers: Convergent categories

Home-based workers are not easily identified as either self-employed or dependent workers because these categories of employment status fail to capture gender subordination which is particularly salient in the case of home-based work. Yet development practitioners tend to treat homebased workers as self-employed microentrepreneurs, providing them credit and training. Unions, on the other hand, consider them exploited workers, push for the enforcement of labour laws and sometimes have begun to organize homeworkers and bargain collectively on their behalf. We present the cases of the Self-Employed Women's Association of India and the West Yorkshire Homeworking Group of Great Britain as examples of successful organizations which support home-based workers by combining microenterprise development and union organizing.

Article

Does the prolonged economic recession and unemployment increase alcoholism in Finland? By using data from the most recent drinking survey, performed in September 1992, comparisons are made, concerning differences in drinking habits between the employed and the unemployed, men and women, and the consequences thereof. Among the male respondents, drinking habits varied with different employment status categories, whereas no consistent differences were found among the women. The findings do not support the suggestion that large-scale unemployment leads to increased alcoholism; the unemployed may have increased their alcohol consumtion, but it is also possible that those with higher consumtion are more frequently unemployed. The latter is supported by the fact that problem drinkers formed a clearly select group among the long-term unemployed. In September 1992 massive unemployment had not prevailed for very long. If prolonged, unemployment may eventually have detrimental effects on society, which also applies to patterns of alcohol consumption.

Time prices and the demand for GP services

This paper analyzes the effects of time prices on the demand for general practitioner (GP) services. Where data on earnings per unit of time was not available, an alternative method was used to impute the value of time. Separate elasticities were estimated using interactive dummy variables for individual employment status. Furthermore, a distinction was made between patient-initiated and physician-initiated visits to a GP. The results show that the probability of a patient-initiated visit is negatively influenced by the time required, for 4 of the 6 employment status categories defined. For a subsample, time was valued on the basis of earnings per time unit. The resulting time price was found to have a significant negative impact on the probability of a patient-initiated visit to a GP. However neither time nor time prices have any effect on the probability of a physician-initiated visit. It can therefore be concluded that time prices are a relevant factor in the determination of demand for GP services, particularly if it is the patient who is making the decision. Ignoring time prices could result in the mis-specification of demand equations, obtaining biased results from statistical analyses and wrongly assessing policy implications.