Employment Opportunities For Young People Research Articles

Flexible Employment for Generation Z Youth: Characteristics and Challenges

Employment is a major challenge faced by young people, mainly due to fierce market competition and limited job demand. The employment development of Generation Z youth is an important issue that urgently needs to be addressed in the reform of the labor market system. With the tremendous changes in production organization and employment methods driven by the digital economy, the employment pattern of Generation Z youth has also undergone significant changes. Currently, the full-time employment form of "nine to five" is no longer able to meet the employment needs of Generation Z youth. With the rise of "digitalization" development, employment forms characterized by "personalization, part-time, part-time, and atypical" and "independent and flexible" have also emerged. The development trend of flexible employment has an impact and challenge on the existing labor market system, mechanism, and legal system based on full-time employment. The labor market system in the new era also urgently needs to be reformed to provide more employment forms for Generation Z youth, promote the sustainable and healthy development of the new employment market, and increase employment opportunities for young people.

Investigating the Role of Foreign Direct Investment on Youth Unemployment Rate in Indonesia

Youth unemployment is a contemporary socioeconomic problem in many countries. Although it is a negative phenomenon, this number can be translated into different perspectives as it offers plenty of available job force not only in terms of age and easily adaptable workers but also opportunities for low-wage workers. Unfortunately, despite having a high Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth rate, Indonesia still suffers from the youth unemployment problem. The research observed a relationship between youth unemployment and FDI in the case of Indonesia from 1991 until 2019. Because of a different situation faced by female and male workers, the research also extended the impact of FDI into gender-specific effects. Data were from World Development Indicator (WDI) in 1991-2019. The short- and long-run situations were analyzed using the Auto-Regressive-Distribution-Lag (ARDL) technique. Based on the findings, it is found that in the short run, FDI can increase youth unemployment in Indonesia. This situation can be due to the reallocation industry, which requires workers’ adjustment. However, in the long run, FDI significantly reduces youth unemployment. Therefore, it concludes that FDI in Indonesia can provide employment opportunities for young people. Next, FDI is found to have a negative and significant effect on female youth unemployment. Meanwhile, there is no significant effect found in male youth unemployment.

Professional preferences and employment prospects of young people with disabilities

Today, the mainstream in the development of inclusive social initiatives is to create equal conditions for every member of society. The results of sociological studies that determine the main preferences in the field of career building and employment opportunities for young people with disabilities are presented. The main behavioural characteristics of this category of young people are described. The most useful skills acquired in the process of studying in educational institutions were the ability to listen, manage time, conflicts. These are the qualities that any person needs to effectively organise his life, establish contacts, establish interpersonal relationships. The study revealed the desire of young people with disabilities to look for work, find a job, but often the jobs provided by employers do not meet the necessary minimum requirements or the physical abilities of job seekers do not allow them to find a job. This study has made it possible to outline the range of problems faced by young people with disabilities in finding employment and choosing a career.

The Illusion of Greener Pastures: Violence and Justice for Female Ugandan Migrant Workers in the Middle East

High levels of unemployment especially among the youth remains one of Uganda’s challenges. About 165,000 Ugandans currently work in the Middle East; some in search of greener pastures through what the labour movement terms as labour expropriation. The Ugandan Government has recognised this expropriation as one providing employment opportunities for young people and good for Uganda’s economy. However, many youth - mostly young women - have fallen prey to violence and abuse meted on them by their employers, including physical and sexual abuse. This article illustrates through real experiences of Ugandan women, the negative consequences of labour expropriation, which have attracted national visibility because of the obvious human rights and gender-based violations that arise especially in the form of violence against women. The article also examines the legal and policy framework relevant to expropriation, including bilateral agreements signed between Uganda and receiving countries in the Middle East. Making reference to interviews with returnees or former domestic workers in the Middle East as well as key informants working in key institutions, this interrogation finds both the laws and structures for protection of young women inadequate in terms of meeting their subjective needs and expectations for protection against violence while working abroad. Going forward, the Ugandan Government should make deliberate efforts at addressing the plight of female migrant workers in the Middle East through strengthening the legal framework and facilitating the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development to undertake stronger monitoring of recruitment agencies, among other initiatives.

Exploring Vocational Education Students\u2019 Visions of a Successful Transition to Working Life from the Perspective of Societal Belonging

The emphasis on paid employment is strong in Finnish vocational education. However, the world of work is changing and becoming more insecure. Many researchers have expressed concern about the impact of these uncertainties on employment opportunities for young people. This paper discusses vocational education students’ possibilities for societal belonging in their transition to the changing labour market in Finland. It explores the students’ visions of a successful transition to working life and a decent life after this transition. The qualitative data were collected by organising six functional workshops for vocational students (58 participants). In the conclusion, the paper argues that in the vocational students’ visions, paid employment constitutes an important definer of their societal belonging. Furthermore, it demonstrates how strongly the traditional ideals of worker-citizenship fostered in vocational education influence the meanings the second- and third-year students ascribe to societal belonging. The paper suggests that this issue needs to be critically examined in view of the changing labour market. The question is whether vocational training is able to guarantee graduating young people a realistic opportunity to build their belonging to society while at the same time to responding to the needs of the labour market.

Sociocultural factors contributing to waterpipe tobacco smoking among adolescents and young adult women: a qualitative study in Iran

ABSTRACT Purpose: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is currently a serious and growing public health threat in the world, especially in adolescents and young women. The aim of the study was to explore sociocultural factors contributing to WTS among adolescents and young adult women in Iran. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from August 2017 to January 2019 in Isfahan and Hamadan cities, Iran; it included 13–30-year-old females with experience of WTS. For data collection, in-depth semi-structured personal interviews were conducted at participants’ preferred time and place. Concurrent with data collection, data were analysed through conventional content analysis. Results: The study participants described the various sociocultural factors contributing to WTS. These factors were categorized into four following main categories: waterpipe glamorization by its producers and sellers, media advertisement or silence, common sociocultural traditions, and governmental policies and regulations. Conclusion: A wide range of sociocultural factors affects WTS among Iranian adolescents and young adult women. Therefore, interdisciplinary multidimensional strategies are needed for WTS management and prevention among these at-risk groups. Public education, strict supervision of tobacco import, export, and selling, ample employment opportunities for young people and effective leisure time management are essential to reduce WTS.Abbreviation WTS: Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking; MPOWER: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies, Protect people from tobacco smoke, Offer help to quit tobacco use, Warn about the dangers of tobacco, Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, Raise taxes on tobacco

Gaziantep ve Şanlıurfa İllerinde Genç Çiftçi Hibe Desteklenmesinden Yararlanmış Çiftçilerin Tarımda Kalma Eğilimleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Türkiye nüfusunun yaklaşık olarak %65‘inin 40 yaş altında olması, gençlerin istihdam olanaklarının arttırılmasını ve bunların sürdürülebilir olmasını gerektirmektedir. Gelir yetersizliği, köylerdeki yaşam zorluğu ve sosyal olanakların sınırlı olması, toprakların parçalı ya da çok az olması, kırsalda alternatif iş imkânlarının azlığı gibi nedenlerde gençler tarımdan uzaklaşmaktadır. Gençlerin tarımdan uzaklaşması; kırsalda yaşayan nüfusun yaşlanması ve azalması gibi sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu sebeplerle gençlerin tarımda kalma eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi, tarımda kalma ya da terk etmesine neden olan faktörlerin saptanması gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Gaziantep ve Şanlıurfa illerinde Genç Çiftçi Hibe Desteklemesinden yararlanmış 18-40 yaş arasındaki gençlerin tarımda kalma ve kırsaldan kente göç etme eğilimlerinin belirlenmesidir. Örneklem seçiminde tabakalı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Seçilen illerde hibe desteklemesinden yararlanmış 72 çiftçi ile görüşülüp, veriler anket yolu ile alınmıştır. İşletmelerin sosyo-demografik karakteristiklerine ilişkin veriler çeşitli tanımlayıcı istatistikler ile ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre genç çiftçilerin %88,9‘u tarımsal üretime devam edeceklerini belirtmişlerdir. Genç çiftçilerin %39‘u ise kırsaldan kente göç etme eğilimindedir. Tarımda sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanmasındaki en önemli faktörlerden biri girişimci genç bir kitlenin oluşturulmasıdır. Bu nedenle karar vericiler tarafından gençleri tarımda kalmaya özendirecek politikaların geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Green jobs, definitional issues, and the employment of young people: An analysis of three European Union countries

This article considers intertwined issues relating to the green economy, protected areas, green jobs, and the Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS). The article discusses the most common approaches towards greening economies, all these being based on the concept of sustainable development, and presents an analysis of how green jobs can be used to address the issue of unemployment among young people in Poland, the Czech Republic and Belgium. Data were compared for selected groups in the European Classification of Economic Activities (NACE). It is observed that in both Poland and Belgium around 15% of young people find their first employment in the green jobs sector, but in the Czech Republic, the proportion is far lower (1.83%). It is concluded that an increasing emphasis on building the green economy provides excellent employment opportunities for young people seeking their first job.

Navigating an Uncertain Labor Market in the UK: The Role of Structure and Agency in the Transition from School to Work

This article reviews the evidence on young people in the UK making the transition from school to work in a changing socioeconomic climate. The review draws largely on evidence from national representative panels and follows the lives of different age cohorts. I show that there has been a trend toward increasingly uncertain and precarious employment opportunities for young people since the 1970s, as well as persisting inequalities in educational and occupational attainment. The joint role of social structure and human agency in shaping youth transitions is discussed. I argue that current UK policies have forgotten about half of the population of young people who do not go to university, by not providing viable pathways and leaving more and more young people excluded from good jobs and employment prospects. Recommendations are made for policies aimed at supporting the vulnerable and at provision of career options for those not engaged in higher education.

Experience of youth employment in international practice

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the problems of employment and youth employment in the practice of developed countries. Since the problem of unemployment and youth employment is a problem not only in Kazakhstan, but also at the world level. This urgency of the problem determines the need to analyze the best national practices for youth employment, including legislative, organizational and financial initiatives implemented in recent years. The article examines the experience of career coaching widely used in universities in the United States, the practice of retraining the unemployed     in Germany, strategies and programs to expand employment opportunities for young people in France such as “New services – jobs for young people”,”Jobs in state universities for young people”. The article also presents statistics on the unemployment rate of countries in recent years. The analysis suggests the introduction and use of some models that are effectively implemented in the field of youth employment from foreign practice, to solve the problems of employment of Kazakhstani youth. It is the Japanese «Baito» model and the US employment model «Career coaching in higher education - targeted training». However, when implementing the above-mentioned foreign experiences, it is mandatory to take into account both the General processes and the specifics of the country. Key words: youth, employment, international experience, labor market.

Let’s talk business: The language recruiters use to attract STEM graduates

The last decade has seen a shrinking of degree-level employment opportunities for young people (aged under 24 years) in Australia and globally. This research aims to better understand the job advertisements to which our graduates are exposed. This article presents a universal method to collect and process advertisements from an online job board. Two million job advertisements were extracted, cleaned, processed and reviewed to highlight the uses of Bloom’s Taxonomy (‘evaluate’ and ‘create’ levels) and critical thinking (CT) words within them. The study looked at those advertisements of interest to Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Science graduates in Australia. Analyses indicate that the use of these words is not dependent on the size of the company, the salary of the advertised position, job permanency or specific industry. However, Bloom’s Taxonomy words were used to a much greater extent than CT words, potentially reflecting the lack of a clear and coherent definition and conceptualisation of CT skills in industry. The authors encourage increased collaboration and discussion between institutions and industry to define and articulate the skills graduates require.

Emerging environmental industries: impact on required skills and TVET systems

ABSTRACTThe global urgency for green growth and mitigation of climate change has resulted in the need for a labor force with skill sets necessary for establishing and sustaining new environmental industries, services, and practices. This emerging labor market requires technical and vocational education and training (TVET) systems and skills development programs to respond. This article analyzes recent trends in Hong Kong, China; India; and Malaysia where government policies in the last two decades have paved the way for the rapid development of these industries, resulting in new employment opportunities for young people and new skills requirements. It analyzes how these are being met, and reports on some effective responses by governments and TVET providers. Finally, it suggests an evidence-based, holistic framework to support the development of road maps relevant to different contexts that extend beyond TVET to all levels of education, and which involves close partnerships between governments, industry, civil society, and education.

Jóvenes y discriminación fenotipizada en la publicidad comercial y política en México

Partiendo del supuesto que la publicidad es un nicho de trabajo para muchos jóvenes que se dedican a la actuación y el modelaje, este trabajo vislumbra el problema de la discriminación fenotipizada (racismo colorista), relacionada con las características físicas de la persona, que es (re) producida en la publicidad comercial y política en México, afectando las oportunidades de empleo a personas jóvenes.
 La parte empírica del presente estudio está basada en análisis cuantitativo (n=500) de solicitudes para audiciones de comerciales, donde están descritos los perfiles requeridos de actores y modelos. El eje principal de este análisis es la frecuencia con la cual se convoca a personas con determinados rasgos fisionómicos y los rangos de edad más frecuentemente solicitados para las campañas publicitarias en México.
 Los resultados revelan que existe una explícita tendencia a excluir de la publicidad a personas con rasgos etnizados, asociados con lo indígena, al igual que con tonos de piel obscuros. No obstante, la misma tendencia también existe en el caso de las personas con “rasgos europeos” o “caucásicos”, dejando como el perfil más solicitado el “latino internacional” como un término ambiguo que está alejado de la diversidad bio-cultural de la población mexicana.

Young people and the Great Recession: Variations in the school-to-work transition in Europe and the United States

This paper reviews evidence on young people in Europe and the US making the transition from school-to-work before and after the 2008 Great Recession. Taking a macro-level perspective, similarities and differences in education and employment experiences across different European countries are described, considering the role of different institutional support systems in ‘scaffolding’ young people's transitions to independence. It is argued that the 2008 financial crisis brought with it reduced employment opportunities for young people and accelerated pre-existing trends towards prolonged education participation and precarious employment. There are, however, considerable variations across different countries, highlighting the role of social institutions in supporting young people during the school-to-work transition. Transition systems that created bridges between education and employment are associated with lower national levels of youth unemployment, while young people coming of age in less-protective transition regimes suffered highest levels of youth unemployment, high levels of temporary employment and not being in education, employment or training (NEET).

A NEW GENERATION ON THE LABOUR MARKET AND CHALLENGES FACED BY CURRENT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

The goal of the paper is to define challenges of current human resource management practice in terms of dealing with the potential shortage of qualified and motivated people on the Czech labour market and in connection with the emergence of a new generation of economically active people from among university students and graduates. Achieving the goal of the paper is based on both the analysis of available scientific literature, academic journals, and statistical data focused on human resources, labour market and higher education as well as the results of the authors' questionnaire survey focused on students of selected Czech universities and their motivation to study at university and their expectations about the future career. The questionnaire survey was conducted by authors from September 2016 to March 2017. The respondents were full-time and combined bachelor's and master's students. The relevant data were obtained from 994 students. The data analysis was based on the calculation of relative frequencies (as a share from the total number of respondents) and the evaluation of the dependence of responses on age (students aged 29 or less and students aged 30 or more) using contingency tables and chi-square tests of independence. The results support the suggestion that from the perspective of potential shortage of qualified and motivated people on the Czech labour market employers should apply a positive approach to the employment of young people and apply proven strategies, policies and practices in talent, performance, knowledge, and diversity management to create appropriate and attractive employment opportunities for young people.

Work expectations and potential employability of millennials and post-millennials on the Czech labor market

Research background: A common problem of employing the Czech unemployed (especially young people) is that their professional and personal qualities often do not meet the re-quirements of employers. Despite the increasing level of education, the unemployment of young generation of millennials has been worsening. It seems that they often lack relevant professional skills and social habits, and usually have unreal expectations about their initial job opportunities. We want to explore this problem in more detail.
 Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to present work expectations of today's Czech millennials and post-millennials and discuss their potential employability on the Czech labor market.
 Methods: The paper is based on the analysis of available scientific literature and the results of the authors' questionnaire survey focused on students of three selected Czech universities and their motivation to study at university and their expectations about the future career. The survey was conducted in spring and autumn 2016. The respondents were full-time and com-bined bachelor's and master's students of the College of Regional Development in Prague, the Masaryk Institute of Advanced Studies of the Czech Technical University in Prague and the Education Management Centre of the Faculty of Education of the Charles University in Prague. The relevant data were obtained from 484 students.
 Findings & Value added: The results support the research assumption that young generation of Czech millennials show relatively high expectations related to work and career, which would limit their employability. Many employers are afraid of employing young people, but from the perspective of potential shortage of qualified and motivated people on the Czech labor market they should learn to create appropriate and attractive employment opportunities for young people to ensure effective development of their potential. The article presents common work expectations of today's Czech millennials and provides employers with some advice to manage them.

SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TROUBLED DEBTS RELATED TO MICRO AND MICRO ENTERPRISES

One of the features of small projects is the provision of employment opportunities for young people. This contributes to the advancement of social life. Every member of the humanitarian community, when working, feels that he is an active member of society and that he is a contributor to social development. Social security as a guarantee of a happy social life. Given the economic importance of small enterprises as the mechanism of the era in reducing unemployment and the various social, psychological and economic consequences resulting from it, this mechanism was introduced because of its advantages in the field of production and services necessitated by the need to exist alongside large enterprises. It is therefore necessary to work to increase the efficiency of these projects in Egypt and overcome all the difficulties they face to increase their role in the operation in particular and in the process of economic development in general.The study used the anthropological method through the use of a sample of the study population for some young men and women from Cairo and Fayoum governorate. The study tools used are questionnaire questionnaire and interview to collect data on the social effects of the bad debts associated with small and micro projects. (15) of the youth of Cairo governorate and (20) one of the youth of Fayoum governorate. The study has reached several conclusions, including the need to emphasize the pivotal role played by the small enterprise in most developed and developing countries, both as an effective tool to reduce unemployment and employment of youth and young and new graduates. The study recommends the importance of increasing coordination between the central ministries and local administrations to address bureaucratic obstacles Facing small and medium-sized enterprises. The economic climate must be stabilized by taking into account the position of small and medium enterprises when issuing serious laws and regulations affecting projects, Loans and lower interest rates.

Educational attainment, labour market position and mental ill health as pathways from adversities in adolescence to disability pension in early adulthood: A Finnish cohort study using register data.

We investigated whether social adversities (parents' receipt of income support and care placement) in adolescence were associated with the receipt of work disability pension (DP) in early adulthood. A further aim was to examine whether and to what extent individual educational attainment, labour market position and mental disorders during the period of transition to adulthood operate as underlying mechanisms in this relationship. This was a nationwide cohort study of a 60% representative sample of Finnish young adults born between 1983 and 1985 with no prior DP at entry to the study ( N=116,788). Data from several nationwide registers were used with a follow-up time from 2004 to 2010. The age range of the cohort was 19-21 years at the beginning of the follow-up period. Hazards ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a Cox regression. Mediation analyses for educational attainment, labour market position and purchases of psychotropic drugs were performed. A total of 1597 (1.37%) people were granted a DP during the follow-up period of 687,429 years at risk. After adjustment for mediators, the HR (95% CI) of DP for those whose parents had received income support was 1.36 (1.21-1.53) for men and 1.21 (1.07-1.36) for women. The corresponding figures for those with a history of care placement were 1.23 (1.00-1.51) and 1.58 (1.29-1.92), respectively. Social adversities in adolescence increase the risk of DP in early adulthood. The intergenerational social determination of disability could be addressed through interventions promoting mental health and improving educational and employment opportunities for young people.

Re-modelling and reconceptualising skills development in Cambodia: How are social enterprises preparing young people for successful transitions between learning and work?

As new socioeconomic challenges are constantly changing labour market demands in the global South, youth unemployment and underemployment become a growing international and national worry. This research focuses on exploring how social enterprises re-model and reconceptualise skills development in Cambodia to prepare young people for successful transitions between learning and work. An empirical case study of four eminent social enterprises was conducted in Cambodia in 2012. Accordingly, educational and managerial innovations are found in the cases to provide resources, training, and employment opportunities for young people to experience decent work values and eventually learn to assume greater social responsibility.

Employment Regulation and Youth Employment: A Critical Perspective

In their contributions to this panel, Professor Heriot and Professor Epstein advance a decidedly anti-regulatory thesis. They argue that U.S. employment laws harm American workers by significantly impairing the efficiency of U.S. labor markets. According to their account, firms would react to the repeal of existing labor regulations by hiring more workers, and, especially, by employing more young people. In this brief essay, I offer a critical perspective on their hypothesis. First, the neoclassical economic theory on which they rely rests on several empirical assumptions that are at odds with the reality of contemporary labor markets. Indeed, no economic theory can provide a compelling a priori reason to repeal any of these regulatory measures. Second, concerns other than economic efficiency quite properly influence public policy. Plausible non-efficiency justifications support many current U.S. labor regulations and may trump the efficiency goals that Professors Heriot and Epstein wish to promote. Finally, the available empirical evidence casts considerable doubt on the argument that labor regulations in the United States dramatically reduce employment opportunities for young people, though most studies suggest that minimum wage laws modestly diminish youth employment.