Employment Issues Research Articles

대학 상담센터에 대한 재학생 수요 및 인식 연구: 비수도권 B대학 사례를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to focus on college students in their 20s, the best time for preventing, early detecting, treating, and managing mental health problems, and to identify the demand and perception of college students for university counseling centers as a mental health support system. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, an online survey was conducted and analyzed on 1,923 students enrolled in B university in the non-metropolitan area. As a result, nearly 70% of the students knew the name and location of the counseling center. Only 17.4% of the total respondents used the counseling center's services and were somewhat satisfied with the counseling center and its programs. Regarding the future plans to use the counseling center, more than 80% of students said they would try to use the counseling center, but 15.1% said they would not use it at all, because they did not think it would be helpful, did not want to be seen as a problematic person, and were afraid that people around them would know. Career and employment issues were overwhelmingly selected as the topic they wanted to receive help, with female students reporting higher rates and satisfaction levels than male students in all categories. When it comes to improvement requirements for the counseling center, thorough confidentiality was identified as the most important. Based on the results of the study, implications were drawn so that the university counseling centers could actively accept the rapidly changing needs of the times and play a pivotal role and function in promoting the mental health of university students, and follow-up research was suggested.

The Results of the “5-100 Project”: Projection on the Employment of Graduates

The issue of graduate employment is considered as a function of systemic transformations of higher education caused by large-scale public investments. The article analyzes the results of the 5-100 project (2013–2020), the purpose of which was to adapt Russian universities to world standards and include them in the international educational environment. Upon its completion, a significant reformatting of curricula and standards was achieved, a transition to a new organization of the educational process was carried out, which together had an impact on more successful employment of graduates of leading universities. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the graduates employment of leading universities (n = 18) and other universities (n = 185) that took part in the study of the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in October-December 2021. Sample structure: employed graduates (N = 3788) of these universities, including (N = 368) graduates of universities participating in the 5-100 project. Also interviewed were 203 experts – vice-rectors and heads of university employment services, of which 18 people represented leading universities. The sampling model was formed by statistical quotas, proportional to the number of graduates in the federal districts of the Russian Federation. The surveyed young specialists had no more than 1–5 years of work experience since graduation. Thus, all of them were trained during the period of the “5-100” project. One of the main conclusions in the study was the recognition that training at “5-100” group universities provided graduates with well-paid work in their specialty and a high degree of personal satisfaction with their work.

Changes in employment psychology of Chinese university students during the two stages of COVID-19 control and their impacts on their employment intentions.

The employment psychology and issues being faced by university students have garnered significant attention after the COVID-19 outbreak. Focusing on Chinese university students, this study compares the changes in their employment psychology between the initial and normalization stages of COVID-19 prevention and control in China and examines their employment choices during the normalization stage. This study also investigates how the transformed employment psychology of these students influences their employment intentions. (1) Chinese university students exhibit stronger feelings of employment confusion, anxiety, stability preference, uneasiness, and inferiority during the normalization stage compared with the initial stage, thus leading to a more negative employment psychology; (2) during the normalization stage, university students display a more pessimistic outlook on their employment situation and show their preference for direct employment, particularly in public institutions, state-owned enterprises, and government organizations. They also show a greater interest in working in first-tier cities than in their hometowns; (3) the employment psychology of these students in the post-pandemic period significantly influences their employment intentions, with employment stability preference psychology playing a crucial role; and (4) the employment stability preference psychology positively and significantly affects the employment intentions of junior college students. Conversely, this employment stability preference psychology has a negative effect on the employment intentions of academic master's and doctoral students. This paper also proposes some strategies to enhance the employment psychology of university students and improve their quality of employment at various levels, including government, school, enterprise, family, and individual.

Predicting suicidal behavior outcomes: an analysis of key factors and machine learning models

BackgroundSuicidal behaviors, which may lead to death (suicide) or survival (suicide attempt), are influenced by various factors. Identifying the specific risk factors for suicidal behavior mortality is critical for improving prevention strategies and clinical interventions. Predicting the outcomes of suicidal behaviors can help identify individuals at higher risk of death, enabling timely and targeted interventions. This study aimed to determine the critical risk factors associated with suicidal behavior mortality and identify an effective classification model for predicting suicidal behavior outcomes.Materials and methodsThis study utilized data recorded in the suicidal behavior registry system of hospitals in Ilam Province. In the first phase, duplicate records were removed, and the data was numerically encoded via Python version 3.11; then, the data was analyzed using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests in SPSS version 22 software to identify the factors influencing suicidal behavior mortality. In the second phase, missing data were removed, and the dataset was standardized. Five binary classification algorithms were utilized, including Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Decision Trees, with hyperparameters optimized using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and F1 score metrics. These models were compared based on accuracy, recall, precision, F1 score, and AUC.ResultsAmong 3833 cases of suicidal behavior in various hospitals in Ilam Province, the results indicated that the method of suicidal behavior (P < 0.001), reason for suicidal behavior (P < 0.001), age group (P < 0.001), education level (P < 0.001), marital status (P = 0.004), and employment status (P = 0.042) were significantly associated with suicide. Variables such as the season of suicidal behavior, gender, father’s education, and mother’s education were not significantly related to suicidal behavior mortality. Furthermore, the random forest model demonstrated the highest area under the ROC curve (0.79) and the highest classification accuracy and F1 score on both the training data (0.85 and 0.2, respectively) and test data (0.86 and 0.31, respectively) for predicting suicidal behaviors outcomes among the models tested.ConclusionThis study identified key factors such as older age, lower education, divorce or widowhood, employment, physical methods, and socioeconomic issues as significant predictors of suicidal behavior outcomes. A combination of statistical models for feature selection and machine learning algorithms for prediction was used, with Random Forest showing the best performance. This approach highlights the potential of integrating statistical methods with machine learning to improve suicide risk prediction and intervention strategies.

Research on Employment Discrimination Against Suburban Rural Youth in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Hebei Province

With the acceleration of urbanization, the employment issues of suburban rural youth have become increasingly prominent. This study, using Hebei Province as an example, explores the discrimination faced by suburban rural youth in the employment process within the urbanization context through a questionnaire survey and empirical analysis. The study finds that suburban rural youth generally face discrimination in terms of education, household registration, and social relations during their job search, which not only affects their employment quality but also hinders rural economic development. The study further analyzes the main factors contributing to employment discrimination and proposes countermeasures at the levels of government, enterprises, social organizations, and the rural youth themselves, aiming to provide theoretical references for policymakers and related organizations.

Work‐Related Intimate Partner Violence (WIPV): A Systematic Review and Feminist Conceptual Analysis

ABSTRACTIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a long‐standing and egregious social issue that inherently impacts and is impacted by work and workplaces. Work‐related intimate partner violence (WIPV) is a pattern of IPV that both directly and indirectly undermines victim‐survivors' employment, work, and careers, yet scant attention has been paid in management studies to workplace responses and responsibilities regarding this form of violence. Hence, we conduct a systematic review and conceptual analysis of 111 WIPV‐focused papers utilizing three well‐established feminist lenses to ascertain and conceptualize what we know and do not know about the WIPV domain and, more importantly, to outline an agenda for what we should know from a gendered perspective about WIPV. We develop a gender‐sensitive, multilevel framework with which we investigate and challenge the WIPV research agenda from individual, interactionist, and structural viewpoints, including the interaction between these perspectives. A key purpose of this paper is to extend debate about WIPV beyond the current focus of human resource management (HRM) research and practice on micro‐level employment issues to include meso‐level organizational and macro‐level societal issues. A second and connected purpose is to draw attention to the need to address big societal challenges related to workplaces and to highlight the pivotal role of HRM in fostering ethical and socially sustainable workplaces. Thus, we advance the vital debate about WIPV, provide a template for how gender can be conceptualized in HRM and workplace research, and challenge the boundaries for organizational involvement in areas traditionally deemed as private or societal.

Social dialogue in professional sports in Europe: towards democratic governance between the European Sport Model and national industrial relations?

ABSTRACT Integrated into a comparative approach across twenty European countries, this article conceptualises, maps, and analyses social dialogue outcomes in the governance of professional sports in Europe. Results derived from an online data collection among key stakeholders and subsequent document analysis show that social dialogue is increasingly practiced, yet still a rare phenomenon in this emerging economic sector. While public authorities are largely excluded, actor constellations underpinning the adoption of SD outcomes and the employment and social issues addressed by them are diverse. In the absence of transnational harmonisation, large differences across countries, types of sports, and gender prevail. Linear and logistical regression models suggest that key characteristics of national industrial relations systems such as collective bargaining coverage rates (using data from the OECD and Eurofound) rather than the specific configuration of national sport policy systems are associated with the (non-)existence of social dialogue outcomes in professional sports. This study advances the international labour rights-based discourse on innovative forms of social dialogue in sport policy making and discusses the implications of the diffusion of industrial democracy for the concept of a European Sport Model and the European integration process.

Psychological capital and social capital: Resilience building in the post-pandemic hotel industry in Malaysia

The post-pandemic economic uncertainty has profoundly affected the hotel sector, which was among the earliest casualties and continues to grapple with protracted recovery hurdles. This turmoil has taken a toll on the mental, emotional, and physical well-being of both current and former hotel workers, exacerbating employability issues in the broader tourism industry. This study, involving 36 participants (20 former hotel employees who left during the pandemic and 16 who remained employed), utilized interviews and thematic analysis to explore the role of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) components in the lives of these workers. The findings highlight the significance of enhancing employees’ PsyCap to bolster their mental well-being, enabling them to navigate adversities, particularly in the post-pandemic era. Moreover, the study emphasizes the role of Social Capital in reinforcing and sustaining employees’ PsyCap during crises, ultimately fostering organizational commitment. These results carry important implications for hotel organizations. To address pandemic-induced challenges, these entities should prioritize creating a supportive work environment that encourages employee retention during and beyond the pandemic. These measures can enhance organizational resilience and provide a competitive edge in addressing post-pandemic workforce challenges.

Career Guidance and Employment Issues for Neurodivergent Individuals: A Scoping Review and Stakeholder Consultation

ABSTRACTGrowing recognition of neurodivergence amongst individuals poses challenges for career counselors and human resource practitioners when advising, guiding, and supporting the careers of this diverse group. Despite the potential for neurodivergent individuals to contribute to organizations, career guidance for these individuals is a relatively new area. We conducted a multidisciplinary project comprising a scoping review and stakeholder consultation to generate evidence‐based recommendations for identifying and supporting career paths that lead to positive employment outcomes for neurodivergent individuals. The scoping review included 78 articles on career guidance and associated employment issues (e.g., facilitators and barriers to employment) for neurodivergent individuals, while stakeholders, including neurodivergent individuals, counselors, and others, provided insights into their employment experiences. Our scoping review yielded nine themes: career guidance practice, predictors of employment, employment interventions, different forms of employment, work barriers and facilitators, strengths and challenges, person‐job fit, occupation and industry fit, and employment outcomes. The stakeholder consultations complemented the scholarly themes. Results were interpreted using the Stone and Colella theoretical model of factors influencing the treatment of people with disabilities. The model was extended across educational and work contexts, and to include the nature of occupations and industries. Building on this project and our overarching theoretical model, we map a future research agenda for the study of careers amongst neurodivergent individuals. Specifically, we highlight persistent methodological limitations of the literature before turning to theoretical implications across career stages. We conclude with practical implications for career counselors and human resource practitioners. Ultimately, our review calls for researchers and practitioners to help promote sustainable, high‐quality, and fulfilling careers for neurodivergent individuals.

Investigate the Causes of High Unemployment Rate in Youth Labour Market in China

Abstract: The objective of this research is to examine the consequences and issues of youth employment in China. This issue has been encountered by the public in recent years as the unemployment rate increases per year according to reputable resources in China. Nonetheless, there is a high tendency to get even higher in the next few years if no action is taken place by the government. Thus, it becomes important for public to understand the causes triggering this high unemployment rate among college students. In this essay, it seeks to examine the multiple issues of youth unemployment in China, and provides an understanding of the issues and challenges faced in the youth labour market through analyzing the data from resources such as the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, and other authoritative websites. This essay will also advise some possible strategies that can be used to reduce the high unemployment rate in the country.

Enhancing Graduate Employability: Inculcating Soft Skills into the Tertiary Institutions’ Curriculum

The perennial issue of graduate employability remains topical in today’s turbulent labour market environment. Most graduates bear the brunt of unemployment especially in developing countries. Most qualifications offered by higher education institutions specifically focus on technical skills. With the unremitting demands of soft skills in the corporate world, there is a widespread concern and transcending need for the redesign of the curriculum to inculcate the soft skills. In dynamic environment, the tertiary institutions are required to produce highly competent graduates to bode well and meet the relentless demands of South African economy. An avalanche of diversification, globalisation, internationalisation of workplaces has a strong bearing on skill sets employees are expected to possess in South Africa. Against this backdrop, the study sought to investigate soft skills that can be inculcated into the South African’s Tertiary Institutions curriculum to improve graduate employability. Using systematic review method, a total of 85 peer reviewed articles were considered as final studies for review to achieve the primary objective of this paper. From the content analysis, the findings revealed several soft skills. The paper also gave directions on how soft skills can be embedded into the university curricula to prepare graduates for the world of work.

Challenges and coping strategies among caregivers of children with cancer receiving care at a national referral hospital in Kenya

BackgroundThe number of children diagnosed with cancer is expected to increase by 2050. The caring aspect of these children is usually left to members of the family, more so the mothers. Caregivers are usually faced with various challenges, such as financial issues, social stigma, and emotional and psychological issues. Caregivers use various coping strategies to manage the challenges they experience in the caring process, which can be positive or negative coping strategies.ObjectiveTo explore the challenges and coping strategies of caregivers of children with cancer receiving care at a national referral hospital in Kenya.MethodsThis study employed a descriptive phenomenological approach to explore the challenges and coping strategies of caregivers of children with cancer receiving treatment at a national referral hospital in Kenya. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 44 participants for five focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted between October and December 2023. The data were analysed via inductive thematic analysis.ResultsFour themes arose from the challenges experienced, which included psychological, financial, treatment-related, and social/family-related issues. These eleven subthemes included stress, depression, lack of transport, lack of food, loss of employment, treatment delays, and marital issues, among others. Two themes related to coping strategies were positive adaptation and denial, which were highlighted as negative coping strategies. Positive coping included praying, crying, talking to people, and seeking help.ConclusionCaregivers of children with cancer undergo various challenges and apply various coping strategies to try and adapt to their new normal. Reinforcing positive coping strategies and helping caregivers utilize other coping strategies, such as the use of support groups, could help them better care for their children.

A Method for Predicting the Result of University Employment Education Transformation Based on Multi-Source Information Technology

In the data on the outcomes of higher education employment transformation, there is high correlation among multiple independent variables, leading to multicollinearity. If multicollinearity exists, it can complicate the establishment of predictive analysis models and the interpretation of relationships between variables for higher education employment transformation outcomes. The employment issues of college graduates have become a focal point of social concern. These issues not only reflect the employment status of college graduates but also indirectly indicate the quality of higher education and the level of talent cultivation. Therefore, a prediction method for the effectiveness of higher education employment transformation based on multi-source information technology is proposed. According to the theory of multi-source information technology, an employment data classification framework is constructed to integrate multi-source information. The matching operator function output values are calculated, weights are determined, and the final college student information collection results are output. The standard error between employment unit types and salary ranges is analyzed, clustering training samples are trained, and the distance from each employment information sample to the centroid is calculated to obtain preprocessing results of the transformation outcomes, thus avoiding the impact of multicollinearity on the results of higher education employment transformation. A model structure for analyzing factors influencing higher education employment is established, allowing for an understanding of the characteristics of different types of educational resources and enabling the prediction of the effectiveness of higher education employment transformation. Experimental results show that this method can accurately monitor the dynamic employment situation of university students. After applying this method, the standard error and probability error values are significantly reduced, proving to be significantly effective in predicting the outcomes of higher education employment transformation.

Employment and Unemployment as A Subject of State Regulation of The Labor Market in Azerbaijan

Annotation: The level of employment and unemployment are important macroeconomic indicators in order to characterize the effect of the economic policy implemented in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the degree of economic development of the country. The high level of unemployment in the economy causes various complications, which negatively affects the state of socio-economic progress. It is appropriate to consider a number of directions in the field of state regulation of employment and unemployment. These are the regulation of the demand and development for workplaces, the implementation of a successful state policy in the field of education, vocational training and personnel retraining. In the study of the scientific basis of employment issues, it is selected due to the importance of maintaining the continuity of workplaces and regulating its market relations based on the relevance of objective development laws. In this field, it is also worth noting the need for specialization. Measures in the field of policy regulation in the direction of employment and unemployment mostly act as efficiency indicators of the state's social policy as well. Implementation of various projects, representation of people from relevant classes in those projects and other necessary issues carry the strategic essence of employment-oriented social policy. The paper clarifies various issues regarding employment and unemployment in the Republic of Azerbaijan and deals with the state regulation in this direction. In the study, the approach to both problems on the current national economic priorities is more concrete and systematic. The creation of industrial parks and districts in different regions of the country will have a positive effect on the reduction of unemployment and, in parallel, on the preservation of the increasing dynamics of employment indicators. If we take into account the prospects of the territories freed from occupation in recent years, we can say that substantial results will be achieved based on the reforms and strategies carried out in the future. As it is known, state programs for the development of regions are adopted continuously and gradually in Azerbaijan. The implementation of these programs in stages will allow the establishment of production enterprises and the creation of new jobs. This, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the level of unemployment and further increase in employment opportunities.

Factors Influencing the Perceived Employability among University Students

The global economic turmoil and the employability gap among university students have created a challenging job market for graduates. It is crucial to understand the factors that shape students' perceived employability and to implement effective measures to address this serious issue. A literature review was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing perceived employability among university students, focusing on research findings published since 2021. The present study indicates that numerous factors, including individual, behavioural, and environmental variables, significantly influence perceived employability among university students. Besides, previous research has diverged on specific factors such as demographics, partial components of personality traits, career engagement, political skills, and labour market situation, which need to be further investigated in the future. Furthermore, this study underscores the crucial significance of perceived employability among university students in a challenging job market. It validates the relevance of Career Construction Theory in interpreting perceived employability among university students and improves researchers' understanding of how perceived employability has evolved before and after the pandemic. Most importantly, this study develops an integrated model of the factors influencing the perceived employability among university students, which can serve as a guide for future researchers to study university students' employment issues and navigate the career practices of stakeholders such as the Ministry of Education, universities, university students, employers, and career practitioners.

ПРОБЛЕМА ЗАЙНЯТОСТІ ТА БЕЗРОБІТТЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ У ВОЄННИЙ ЧАС

The article examines the issues of employment and unemployment of the population in wartime. The essence of the concept of employment and unemployment has been defined in accordance with the current legislation. An analysis of the economically active population of Ukraine and Khmelnytskyi region was carried out according to the data of the State Statistics Service. The dynamics of labor force indicators by age categories in terms of division by gender in Ukraine as a whole and in the Khmelnytskyi region were studied. The results of the calculations showed slight differences in the indicators of Ukraine and Khmelnytskyi region in percentage terms. Negative trends in the labor market of Ukraine with a decrease in the indicators of the workforce and employed population and an increase in the number of persons classified as unemployed and persons not included in the labor force were noted. The indicators of the labor market of Ukraine during the period of the full-scale invasion are presented and analyzed based on the results of sociological research. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of measures to increase employment of the population in war and post-war times. Unemployment and employment of the population are an integral part of human life. In the conditions of the pre-war period, the issue of unemployment was the main problem of the labor market, therefore, a number of state support programs were created to overcome unemployment in Ukraine. During the war, the issue of unemployment only worsened. The results of the study of the dynamics of indicators of the economic activity of the population of Ukraine in general and Khmelnytskyi region, in particular, proved the similarity of the indicators of the economically active population of Ukraine and Khmelnytskyi region. According to the "labor force" indicator, there is a slight difference in the decrease in the number of the labor force in Ukraine and in the Khmelnytskyi region. According to the "employed population" category, there is an advantage of the reduction of this indicator in the Khmelnytskyi region over the indicator in Ukraine. According to the category of the unemployed population, there is a preponderance of the decrease in the number of unemployed in the Khmelnytskyi region over the indicators in Ukraine in the extreme periods of the study. Sociological surveys play an important role in labor market research. They help to find out the real state of economic activity of the country's population. The data of a complex sociological study reflect an increase in the number of the unemployed population by almost three times compared to the pre-war period. This increase was due to external and internal migrations of the population of Ukraine, closure of businesses and the inability of the population to work in a certain territory of Ukraine. However, business is starting to recover and the number of unemployed people is decreasing every month. In the western part of Ukraine, there is an increase in the equation of competition for a vacant position. A high level of unemployment is observed in the southern and eastern parts of Ukraine. In order to improve the situation on the labor market of Ukraine in the war and post-war periods, it is necessary to develop a strategy for motivating the employment of the population of Ukraine.

Family Concept Representation in English and Chinese Media: A Cognitive Matrix Modelling Approach

This article examines the representation of the FAMILY concept in English and Chinese newspapers. The research material was gathered from ten information sources and included 200 news articles, selected through continuous sampling using the keyword FAMILY / 家庭. The articles were analyzed to identify relevant issues and categorized based on their thematic content. In each article, key content elements—words and phrases that carry significant semantic meaning—were identified and used for cognitive matrix modeling. The findings reveal cognitive asymmetry in how the FAMILY concept is portrayed in English and Chinese media. In English-language media, the concept is centered on fundamental semantic components that form the cognitive core of the FAMILY concept, such as family members and their relationships. The representation also extends to areas like family activities, children, finances, employment, family pets, and legal issues. In contrast, Chinese media emphasizes the government’s role in educating the younger generation on family behavior, fostering a new generation of families that adhere to the country’s ethical norms, traditional cultural values, and moral standards. The central aspect of the FAMILY concept in Chinese media is the significant governmental support and societal focus on family needs and moral education, with family being viewed within the broader context of societal relations. The observed asymmetry is attributed to cultural, economic, social, and political differences. In capital-oriented social systems, the family is seen as an independent unit capable of self-sufficiency without substantial government intervention. This study is particularly relevant for understanding the role of professional discourse in shaping public perceptions of family across different cultures, highlighting how media narratives reflect and influence broader societal values and professional communication practices.

Family Concept Representation in English and Chinese Media: A Cognitive Matrix Modelling Approach

This article examines the representation of the FAMILY concept in English and Chinese newspapers. The research material was gathered from ten information sources and included 200 news articles, selected through continuous sampling using the keyword FAMILY / 家庭. The articles were analyzed to identify relevant issues and categorized based on their thematic content. In each article, key content elements—words and phrases that carry significant semantic meaning—were identified and used for cognitive matrix modeling. The findings reveal cognitive asymmetry in how the FAMILY concept is portrayed in English and Chinese media. In English-language media, the concept is centered on fundamental semantic components that form the cognitive core of the FAMILY concept, such as family members and their relationships. The representation also extends to areas like family activities, children, finances, employment, family pets, and legal issues. In contrast, Chinese media emphasizes the government’s role in educating the younger generation on family behavior, fostering a new generation of families that adhere to the country’s ethical norms, traditional cultural values, and moral standards. The central aspect of the FAMILY concept in Chinese media is the significant governmental support and societal focus on family needs and moral education, with family being viewed within the broader context of societal relations. The observed asymmetry is attributed to cultural, economic, social, and political differences. In capital-oriented social systems, the family is seen as an independent unit capable of self-sufficiency without substantial government intervention. This study is particularly relevant for understanding the role of professional discourse in shaping public perceptions of family across different cultures, highlighting how media narratives reflect and influence broader societal values and professional communication practices.

The Impact of Financial Development on Unemployment: The Case of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Research Originality: As a populous country with a population of 1.4 billion, China faces the imperative issue of employment. This paper focuses on the impact of financial credit and financial deposits on different levels of unemployment in an attempt to analyse the unemployment problem in China.Research Objectives: The paper explores the impact of financial development on unemployment in China.Research Methods: Using panel data from 31 provinces and cities in China (spanning from 2007 to 2021), categorizing unemployment situations, employing quantile regression models to assess the impact of financial development on different levels of unemployment in China.Empirical Results: The findings indicate a negative correlation between financial development and unemployment levels in China. The study reveals that financial credit significantly impacts unemployment in provinces where the economy is higher than average GDP. However, in regions where the economy is lower than average GDP, the impact of financial deposits on unemployment is significant.Implications: This study establishes that the adoption of financial expansionary policies by the government can reduce unemployment and help guide the formulation of more precise and effective economic policies.JEL Classification: G21, E24, C33, O53How to Cite:Yixin, L., Radzi, N.A.M., Ma, M., &amp; Saidi, N.A., (2024). The Impact of Financial Development on Unemployment: The Case of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Etikonomi, 23(2), 353 – 368. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v23i2.37997.

Contribution of women to the marine industry and marine engineering education in Georgia

Women were rarely employed in the navy. Until 1970, women were not allowed to be admitted to most naval schools. The share of women in the upper echelons of cruise ship service staff was only 5.4%, and in the entire maritime industry, it was 18–20%. [1] Currently, the situation is changing, but there is no talk of gender balance in the military-navy fleet. This article discusses the issues of women's employment in the navy and educational institutions and the dynamics of changing the gender balance through the example of one of the higher naval institutions, the Batumi StateMaritimeAcademy.