Employment In Other Industries Research Articles

The impact of trade on employment: New evidence from a global value chains perspective.

Given the magnitude impact of global value chains (GVCs) in reconstructing the pattern of world trade, its employment implications deserve thorough study. In this paper we explore the impact of GVCs position on employment across countries and its heterogeneous mechanisms. We perform an in-depth theoretical analysis followed by an empirical test using panel data for 56 industries in 42 countries from 2000 to 2014. The results show that enhancing the GVCs position will significantly increase employment, with a more pronounced effect in developing countries. Mechanical tests demonstrate a positive wage effect for developed countries. For developing countries, there is a positive demand effect and a negative factor substitution effect. Heterogeneity tests show that developed countries promote employment primarily by improving the forward GVCs position. Developing countries boost employment mainly by reducing the backward GVCs position. Further research has revealed that employment in developed countries has a clear preference for industries with higher GVCs, crowding out employment in other industries. This paper has enriched research on the employment implications of GVCs position and exploring the possible crowding effect during the evolution of the position of GVCs, which has been informative and insightful for countries in formulating GVCs participation and employment policies.

SPATIAL CONCENTRATION AND FIRM-LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY IN KAZAKHSTAN

Purpose of the research. This paper studies the effect of spatial agglomeration on firms’ total factor productivity in Kazakhstan using panel data from 2009 to 2017.Methodology. We employ a two-stage estimation strategy and control for endogeneity biases by making use of the GMM approach. The firm-level data is obtained from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Originality / value of the research. This study contributes to an empirical study of spatial concentration and firm-level productivity in developing countries and provides valuable insights for policymakers to consider before implementing government programs.Findings. The results suggest that productivity increases with clustering: a 10 % increase in the number of employees of the neighboring firms inside the same industry increases firm-level productivity by 1.36 %, while a 10 % increase in employment in other industries enhances firm performance by 1.95 %. The productivity gains are higher at the 2-digit regional level rather than at the 9-digit sub-regional level of geographical aggregation, implying that the denser geography increases firms’ performance.

“I’ve Lost My Callouses:” A Phenomenological Investigation of Music Therapists Who Left the Profession

Although changing industries is common for many professionals, there is a lack of research regarding why music therapists have left the profession. The purpose of this phenomenological investigation was to explore why music therapists in the United States left the profession and understand how music therapy academic and clinical training might be applied across a range of occupational opportunities. We interviewed eight music therapists who had worked in and left the profession for employment in other industries. We used interpretative phenomenological analysis to analyze transcripts and incorporated member checking and trustworthiness to verify our findings. The first theme described how there were multiple factors that contributed to the decision to leave the music therapy profession. The second theme described how participants grappled with the decision to leave the music therapy profession. Regarding why music therapists left the profession and how their education and training were related to their new industry, we used a modified social ecological model to depict four superordinate themes (supported by 11 themes) that described (1) individual and interpersonal factors contributing to the need for occupational change; (2) music therapy skills that facilitated occupational change; (3) unmet professional expectations that contributed to occupational change; and (4) desired changes to the music therapy curriculum for greater career flexibility. Constituting an idiosyncratic process for each participant, leaving the music therapy profession was a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Implications for education and greater career flexibility, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are provided.

Effects of advancing internet technology on Chinese employment: a spatial study of inter-industry spillovers

The digital economy based on Internet technology has provided an important boost for economic growth. However, it has also created opportunities and challenges for stabilizing macroeconomic employment and growth. To measure how the Internet technology has influenced employment at the industry level in China, we first separate it from other technological progress in a production function model. Based on the input–output data spanning 2000–2014 in the World Input–Output Database (WIOD), we use a direct consumption coefficient matrix as the spatial weight matrices to verify inter-industry spillovers between 47 industries of China and its influence on employment by using spatial econometrics model. Empirical results indicate that Internet technology progress in one industry will significantly promote Internet technology progress in “adjacent” industries. Internet technology progress directly promote the employment within industry. Furthermore, due to the positive inter-industry spillovers, Internet technology progress also exerts positive effects on employment in other industries and positively affects employment within industry again through various feedback loops between industries. Therefore, policy should promote Internet technology in various industries, especially those closely linked to other industries, to stabilize employment and growth.

Incentivizing the Missing Middle: The Role of Economic Development Policy

The shrinking middle class and increasing income polarization in the United States are issues of concern to policy makers and others. Economic development incentives are a key policy tool used at the state and local levels to promote local economic growth, and, presumably, provide employment opportunities. However, these incentives may have unintended consequences that may be contributing to the decline of the middle class. The authors combine detailed industry-level detail on incentives with proprietary county-level industry employment data and two methods for defining middle-class industries. Using an instrumental variable approach, the authors estimate how differential economic development policies affect middle-class jobs. The authors find evidence that incentivizing creative-class and high-wage industries may be contributing to the hollowing out of the middle class. Without hurting employment in other industries, targeting working-class and middle-wage industries alleviates this trend, while reducing incentives on creative-class and high-wage industries could help increase working and middle-class employment.

Incentivizing the Missing Middle: The Role of Economic Development Policy

The rise in inequality in the U.S. is, in part, attributable to the shrinking middle class; yet, this phenomenon is remarkably heterogeneous across places. State and local policy-makers use economic development incentives to promote local economic growth, and, presumably, provide employment opportunities. However, incentives may have unintended consequences. We combine detailed industry-level detail on incentives with proprietary county-level industry employment data and two methods for defining to middle class industries in instrumental variable regressions to explore how differential economic development policies affect middle class jobs. We find evidence that incentivizing creative-class and high-wage industries may be contributing to the hollowing out of the middle class; that targeting working and middle-class industries alleviates this trend without hurting employment in other industries; and that raising net taxes or reducing incentives on creative-class and high-wage industries could help increase working and middle-class employment without affecting employment in other industries.

The Impact of Clustering on Firm Innovation

Are firms in clusters more innovative and productive than firms operating in more isolated areas? This article combines two rich firm-level data sets to analyze the effect of a dense geographical concentration of industries on the innovativeness and productivity of firms. The results show that increased concentration of employment in the same industry (localization) is associated with higher innovation output and higher productivity. At the same time, however, a higher number of firms in the same industry are associated with lower innovation output and lower productivity. These two findings are visible within a distance of 500 m away from the respective firms, but then vanish for longer distances. Furthermore, the article finds no evidence that increased concentration of employment in other industries (urbanization) is positively related to higher innovation output. In contrast, increased concentration of employment in other industries is strongly related to higher productivity, whereby this effect extends to large distances of up to 10 km. The results of the article thus suggest that those agglomeration externalities operating over longer distances, such as labor market pooling, work mostly across industries, while the comparatively more local knowledge spillovers tend to work mostly within industries. (JEL codes: O33, R3)

Labour market segmentation and mobility as determinants of trade union membership: A study from Denmark

This article analyses if and to what extent labour market segmentation and labour market mobility influence trade union density. Some industries and sectors have stable employment domains and employees stay to a high degree within the industry even if they change jobs. Other industries and sectors have more unstable employments domains and employees to a higher degree shift to employment in other industries and sectors when they move to another job. In this article, it is analysed how differences in segmentation and employee mobility out of an industry influence union density. The analysis is based on a statistical analysis of registry data from Denmark and contains almost 2 million employees employed in 111 different industries (NACE-coded). The analysis shows that trade union density especially in the private sector industries is significantly influenced by level of segmentation and level of mobility.

Guest Editorial: Are You Ready for the Oilfield Recovery?

Guest editorial Through the past 2-plus years, the petroleum industry has experienced its deepest downturn since the late 1980s. It feels like, in the words of baseball legend Yogi Berra, “It’s déja vu all over again.” Like other market cycle downturns, a dramatic drop in the price of oil leading to sharp cuts in investment in exploration and production has affected the entire industry and the people who work in it. Also, as in past downturns, company after company laid off high percentages of their employees across the board and, in many cases, also enacted hiring freezes. Since the steep drop in oil prices, an estimated 250,000 workers directly involved in the petroleum industry have lost their jobs. From field personnel to executives, the toll has been high. Many of these laid off workers have moved on to find employment in other industries, often with more comfortable and predictable working conditions than is the norm in the oil field. It will be difficult for our industry to attract a large percentage of these workers to return. Add to this scenario “the great crew change” created by the retirement of many senior level people who joined the industry in the boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and it is conceivable that the industry may be headed for an all-time low in the availability of qualified personnel. Midcareer professionals are in short supply, and few qualified candidates are left to replace the retiring senior management. For the industry, this loss of expertise will be difficult to replace when the next boom comes. At the same time, enrollment in petroleum engineering degree programs across the US is falling, making the talent shortage even more acute. After Bust Comes Recovery If history is any guide, after every oil bust comes a recovery. Currently, there is rising confidence in the industry that crude oil could strengthen and stabilize at higher levels later this year. While the recovery has been slow, the industry is seeing encouraging signs that the rebound has begun. Two indicators are the increase in oil and natural gas drilling and production activity in Oklahoma and in the Permian Basin of west Texas and southeast New Mexico. With activity picking up, the US oil industry will need to hire tens of thousands of new workers as oil prices recover and drillers stand up rigs.

Malaysian Hospitality Industry: Graduates’ Justifications for Leaving the Industry

Continuous skilled-employee shortage has been reported in the hospitality industry despite the mushrooming growth of higher learning institutions off ering the Bachelor of Hospitality Management (BHM) programme. The purpose of this study is to assess the BHM graduates’ areas of employment and their justifi cation for not seeking employment or leaving the hospitality industry. To meet the purpose, a quantitative research paradigm supported by open-ended questions was used. This study focused on Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) BHM graduates. The fi ndings revealed that the UUM BHM graduates’ Islamic faith plays a signifi cant role in the religious Muslim graduates’ career paths. However, as widely documented in the literature, unattractive compensation in the hospitality industry appears to be the most important reason for graduates to seek employment in other industries. This is followed by poor career development opportunities and working conditions. Information from this study may help remedy the continuous shortage of skilled employees in the industry. It may also ensure the graduates’ ability to secure suitable jobs. In addition, it indirectly helps in the initiative to improve the BHM curriculum. Keywords: Hospitality, workforce, graduate, employment, hospitality industry, career, Malaysia.

The compensation conundrum: Does the hospitality industry shortchange its employees—and itself?

A comparison of salaries paid for jobs in the hospitality industry versus those in other industries showed that the hospitality positions on average paid less for comparable positions. The only exception was that both the hospitality industry and the comparison group (N = 140) paid about the same amount for low-level jobs—probably due to minimum-wage laws. For upper-level positions, however, the comparison showed a noticeable difference between the two groups. To assess the extent to which jobs are comparable, the author compared the knowledge, skills, and abilities (or human capital) needed for each set of jobs. For jobs in the midpoint of the human-capital scale, hospitality-industry wages averaged about 85 percent of wages paid in other industries. Hospitality-industry wages fell even shorter at the top of the human-capital scale, standing at an average of 78 percent of compensation for top positions found in the sample of other industries. As a practical matter, such pay disparities encourage the best-qualified candidates to choose employment in other industries.

Do firms in clusters innovate more?

This paper analyses whether firms located in strong industrial clusters or regions are more likely to innovate than firms outside these regions. The study examines innovative activity using a database of innovations in the UK. The innovative record of 248 manufacturing firms during 8 years (1975–1982) is examined and related to employment in the region where they are located, and other variables. The results show that a firm is considerably more likely to innovate if own-sector employment in its home region is strong. On the other hand, the effect of strong employment in other industries does not appear to be significant. This may indicate that congestion effects outweigh any benefits that may come from diversification within clusters. The limitations of the data, however, do not allow for any definitive conclusion.

Use of Perceptions in Employee Selection by Accounting Firms

AbstractThis study considers the effect of the perceptions of values held by applicants in the recruiting process. Several attributes of graduating accounting majors who received job offers from public accounting firms are compared with attributes of those who did not. Students are divided into three groups: those who were not interviewed by any accounting firms, those who were interviewed by at least one firm but received no offers, and those who were interviewed by at least one firm and received at least one job offer. In addition to perceptions of values, the attributes included are age, sex, overall GPA, and GPA for accounting courses only. Consistent with previous studies, significant differences for GPA scores are found. No significant difference for age or sex is noted. For students who were interviewed, significant differences in the perceptions of values were found between students who received job offers and those who did not.RésuméCette étude examine à quel point la perception des valeurs détenues par les candidats détermine quels candidats seront choisis durant le recrutement. Plusieurs attributs des gradués en comptabilité qui ont reçu une offre d'emplois ont été comparés a çeux qui n'ont pas reçu d'offre. Les étudiants ont été divisé en trois groupes: Ceut qui n'ont pas eu d'entrevue, ceut qui ont eu au moins une entrevue sans avoir une offre d'emploi et ceut qui ont eu au moins une entrevue et ont reçu au moins une offre d'emploi. En plus de la perception de leur système de valeurs, plusieurs attributs ont été considérés: L'ǎge, le sexe, la moyenne cumulative des resultats scolaires, et la moyenne des cours de comptabilité. Comme les études précédentes, une différence considérable a été décelée au niveau des moyennes cumulatives des résultats scolaires. Aucune différence n'a été observée en ce qui concerne l'ǎge et le sexe. Pour les étudiants qui ont eu une entrevue, une différence significative a été découverte, en ce qui concerne leur système de valeurs, ceux qui ont obtenu et ceux qui n'ont pas obtenu d'offre d'emploie.

An Increased Risk for Lung Cancer Mortality Associated With Sugarcane Farming2, 3

In a study to determine putative occupation-related factors responsible for the excessive mortality due to lung cancer in southern Louisiana, the next-of-kin were interviewed of 284 of 400 persons (71%) randomly sampled from a total of 815 persons who died of lung cancer during 1971 through 1977 and had lived in any of 10 parishes (counties) of southern Louisiana. Of the decedents, 108 (38%) had been employed for at least 6 months as sugarcane farm workers at some time during their lives. Logistic regression analysis indicated this industrial involvement differed significantly (P less than 0.0001) from that of a control group, consisting of persons who had died of any cause other than lung cancer and who were matched for year of death, age, sex race, and parish of residence; only 58 (20%) matched controls had had sugarcane farm employment (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-2.9). Employment in other industries or tobacco consumption could not account for the elevated risk of lung cancer mortality associated with sugarcane farming. After adjustment for smoking, the relative risk estimate of lung cancer mortality for sugarcane farm workers was 2.4 (95% confidence limits, 1.7-3.6). The sugarcane farmers who died with lung cancer had worked for longer periods in the sugarcane farm industry than did those sugarcane farmers in whom lung cancer did not develop (P = 0.006). No specific histopathologic cell type was noted to be increased in persons who had been employed in sugarcane farming; however, 2 sugarcane farmers had had mesotheliomas.

Etiology of Pleural Calcification: A Study of Quebec Chrysotile Asbestos Miners and Millers

A review of 15,689 chest radiographs of Quebec chrysotile miners and millers, representing the latest film prior to November 1, 1966, for all such persons ever x-rayed, identified 206 men with pleural calcification. Of these, 198 had worked in the Thetford Mines area, 6 at Asbestos, and 2 at St. Remi de Tingwick; 2.5%, 0.08%, and 1% of the films from these areas, respectively. A series of case-control studies revealed that pleural calcification was concentrated in men employed at a small group of mines in Thetford Mines and occurred more often among miners and maintenance personnel than among millers. Calcification was not related to past history of illness or injury, place of residence, or employment in other industries. The distribution of pleural calcification in this Quebec industry suggests that it is related to some characteristic of airborne dust or mineral closely associated with the chrysotile that is encountered during mining in Thetford Mines but not in other mining areas. Possible minerals include mica, talc, and breunnerite.

Static effects of technological borrowing on national income: Comment

static costs and benefits of borrowing foreign technology have been recently analyzed by Albert Berry in this Review1. The purpose of this comment is to point out several weaknesses of Berry's analysis, and to argue that the partial equilibrium approach, which he uses, can not cast much light on the controversial welfare question of international technology transfer. The following remarks are confined to Berry's realistic and important general case, Technological Transfer Effected by Foreign Firms with Market Power2, which he divides into three special cases. Case (i): Market Power Based Solely on Technological Advantage0. (i) Berry concludes that since the foreign monopoly produces a larger output at a lower price than the national firms did before, consumers are better off with an increase in their surplus (FBG in Figure 6). But the national purchasing power generated by the foreign monopoly's factor payments can claim only half of the larger output. Berry does not reveal how national purchasing power is generated to claim the other half. It should be noted that he rules out the repatriation of the foreign monopoly's excess profit through exporting part of its output4. If it is somehow appropriated by the host-country, then national consumption can yield an increase of FBG in the consumers' surplus. Alternatively, those surplus factors, previously employed by the technologically less efficient national firms, could find employment in other industries whose

The Records of a Flour Milling Firm of Rochester, New York

Through the courtesy of Mr. W. M. Angle, of Rochester, New York, the Business Historical Society has acquired the papers of the recently liquidated Moseley & Motley Milling Co., of Rochester, which had ground wheat on the Genesee for almost a hundred years. The federal processing tax hastened the demise of this concern, but its end would no doubt soon have come for other reasons, for both capital and management could find more profitable employment in other industries in Rochester.