Employment In Many Countries Research Articles

Statistical Analysis of Overseas Tourist Arrivals to South Africa in Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Sustainable Development

The COVID-19 pandemic has harmed the global tourism and hospitality industry, crippling foreign currency earnings and employment in many countries, South Africa (SA) included. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on overseas tourist arrivals to SA, and to make an inference on the country’s foreign currency earnings on economic development. The Box–Jenkins methodology is used in fitting non-seasonal integrated autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models to quantify and characterise the number of overseas tourists to SA. The ARIMA 1,0,1(0,1,1)12 model is the best fitting model for the overseas tourist arrivals data to SA, as confirmed by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The model shows good forecasting power in the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic, as evidenced by the validation results. The difference between forecasts and actual values after the validation phase shows the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on overseas tourist arrivals to SA and the challenges it poses to the statistical modelling of tourist arrivals to SA, considering the pandemic was the first of its kind. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the tourism industry’s vulnerability to economic shocks, showing the need for aggressive marketing strategies that may revamp the tourism sectors to levels previously expected before and or after COVID-19 for sustainable development.

TOURISM MARKET IN THE WORLD AND IN RUSSIA: MODERN STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Tourism plays a significant role in the GDP, job creation, and employment in many countries. According to the statistics of the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and Oxford Economics, there was a rapid recovery in the tourism sector in 2022, with its contribution to the global GDP increasing by 22% on an annual basis, reaching $7.7 trillion US dollars. There is a direct link between the trends in the development of the tourism industry and overall economic, technical, and social achievements. In recent years, the structure of tourist flows to the Russian Federation has changed significantly due to geopolitical and socio-economic factors.
 The aim of this research is to analyze the development of tourism in the post-pandemic period, taking into account the impact of international sanctions against Russia and restrictions on the travel of Russian citizens abroad.
 The objects of the study were tourist flows, their structure and dynamics, as well as a quantitative assessment of the entities and actors associated with tourism activities.
 This work is based on the authors’ own research and data provided by state statistics. Statistical methods and methods of general scientific research, including observation, data collection, and comparison of two or more objects to identify common and distinctive features, were used for analysis.
 Results. The paper presents economic indicators of the hospitality industry’s development, analyzes statistical indicators of the hospitality market for the years 2018-2022 and their structure. Problems and current trends in the development of the tourism and hotel markets in the Russian Federation are identified.
 Application of results. The results can be applied in the scientific and practical activities of regional authorities in addressing issues related to the development of international and domestic tourism.

The difference in the skills employment, job training satisfaction and job engagement by training duration among NDTS Apprentices in Southern region of Malaysia

Globalization, technological advancements, and changes in work organization have increased the demand for skilled employment in many countries. In the absence of skills, employers are less likely to be able to find employment and are more likely to face skills-related unemployment, which decreases their competitiveness. In order to address the challenge of promoting skilled employability, the National Dual Training System (NDTS) apprenticeship training programme is an essential component. This enhances the ability of employees to find employment opportunities and earn income with the help of their skills. The development of skilled employability is one of the most effective strategies for ensuring a successful transition to the workforce and the access to career-oriented employment. Furthermore, the NDTS provides employees with the skills, knowledge, competencies, and attitudes necessary to find employment and to survive in an unstable economic environment. The performance of an employee is also related to the level of job satisfaction along with the skills of the employee. It has been demonstrated that satisfied employees perform better, resulting in a higher productivity level in the organization. Also, employees must be provided with necessary job training to ensure they develop the necessary skills to fulfill the requirements of their respective roles as well as prepare themselves for employment in specialized fields. The existence of training opportunities is likely to lead to employees remaining satisfied with an organization for a longer period of time. The improvement of employee engagement and workplace excellence can also be observed in this regard. As part of this study, the focus will be on identifying how the duration of the NDTS apprenticeship training program affects the employment of skilled employees. This will affect the satisfaction of job training, and the engagement of employees on the job.

Influence of Socio-Economic Status on Knowledge Management Practice in Small and Medium Level Manufacturing Companies

SMEs have a vital role in modern economies, as they are the primary source of entrepreneurial skills, innovation and employment. SMEs account for over 90% of enterprises worldwide, 50% of GDP and 60% of employment in many countries, implying that small businesses play a vital social and political role in national economic development. Despite their importance to many economies, however, SMEs are frequently locked in a cycle of low productivity and restricted expansion options. This article investigates the impact of socio-economic factors on knowledge management (KM) practice. The researcher has followed a non-experimental descriptive research design with a systematic sampling method. The sample size for this study is—164 employees from 3 companies in the Tiruchirappalli district with a total number of 822 employees. By using a payroll list in the companies, every fifth employee is considered as a sample for this study. This research has concluded that the socio-economic profile of the respondents has a prominent influence on the KM process by the chi-square test and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

Intergenerational correlation of self-employment in Western Europe

Existing research has focused on factors explaining why individuals become self-employed. Self-employment may represent a significant proportion of total employment in many countries, and the intergenerational correlation of self-employment has been used as an explanatory factor, although findings differ across countries, methods, and strategies. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we analyze the existence of intergenerational correlations of self-employment in nine European countries, using information on the current self-employment status of respondents, and that of their parents when the respondents were 14 years old. We show that this correlation is statistically significant in general terms. Furthermore, the transmission is especially important between fathers and sons. We also contribute reporting differences in these correlations across countries. The transmission is partially explained by a country's legal context for self-employment, and by its entrepreneurial culture, with the former being more important than the latter.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ НАСЛІДКИ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ

The article examines the social and economic consequences of globalization and the peculiarities of their manifestation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The meaning of the term "globalization" is revealed. The emergence of the global economy due to the development of globalization processes and their contradictory nature is noted, as there is a big discrepancy between the positive impact of globalization on developed and underdeveloped countries. These aspects, which are under the influence of globalization, interact penetrating each other. Therefore, the economy and politics, social processes and the environment become interconnected. The statistics of world GDP for the period 2005-2020 are presented. The decline of the foresaid indicator during the crisis of 2008-2009 and the crisis of 2020 is compared. The reasons for the downfall of the world GDP in 2020 are given. Attention is drawn to the rising unemployment rate in Ukraine. Attention is paid to the enrichment of the oligarchs of the countries during the crisis caused by the coronavirus. Unequal growth in wealth of billioners and an increase in the average wage of citizens are present in Ukraine. Those factors reveal the decline in incomes during the pandemic and the accumulation of opulence of wealthy people. There is an increase in the number of rich and poor people in the world. The uneven income of different segments of the population is considered. Statistics on the number of poor people, who survive on less than $ 2 a day are provided. The growth in the percentage of poor population is not shown to be dependent on the state of the economy. The problems of job loss and employment in many countries of the world during the pandemic are highlighted, as companies are slowly resuming their work after the abolition of the lockdown. There are some proposals regarding the fair redistribution of wealth and solving the problems of the poor. Despite the above negative consequences, the globalization process in a pandemic has given impetus to the active development of IT technologies. Reorientation of all spheres of human activity to the use of new technologies and their introduction into production processes are continued to be implemented. The development of digitalization in many areas of activity is one of the ways to overcome the problems of unemployment.

Cultural tourism and socio-economic regeneration of rural communities: the Apo festival of Bono Takyiman, Ghana

ABSTRACT Tourism has been part of humankind since time immemorial. People visit destinations for educational, religious, medical or entertainment purposes. Tourism includes short-term travel of people to destinations outside their communities. It is an important income generation and source of employment in many countries. In many former European colonies, some historical sites and events still attract thousands of visitors who like to get the first-hand information about the past. An important event that attracts thousands of visitors to rural Ghana is cultural tourism. It takes place when people visit specific destinations to attend, observe, learn or enjoy cultural events of an ethnic group. Ghana is endowed with a variety of festivals which attract local and foreign visitors. This study investigated the socio-economic impact of the annual Apo festival of Bono Takyiman. This qualitative-ethnographic research employed interviews and participant observation in the investigation. The study found that the Apo festival as a cultural tourism has a positive impact on the socio-economic development of the Bono Takyiman Municipality. In view of its positive impact on communities, the paper recommended to the local authorities to make the product more attractive for cultural tourism to contribute to the socio-economic regeneration of the countryside.

Türkiye’de Enflasyon ile Asgari Ücretler Arasındaki İlişki ve Ücret-Fiyat Sarmalı

Working for wage has started to accelerate with the industrial revolution and reached its highest rates with the neo-liberal period. The wage earners now constitute the majority of the society in employment in many countries. Therefore, any policy regarding wage earners concerns the general public. In this study, it was aimed to examine the direction of the relationship between wages & inflation and to determine the point of real wages. For this purpose, annual CPI and Minimum Wage data between 1987-2018 were used. The relationship between inflation and minimum wage was determined by applying ARDL Boundary Test Approach and the existence of wage-price spiral by applying Toda-Yamamoto Causality tests. According to the results of the econometric analysis, a long-term relationship was found between inflation and minimum wage, while the relationship was found meaningless in the short term. Accordingly, a 1% increase in inflation in the long run increases the minimum wage by approximately 2.59%. The fact that the increase in the minimum wage is higher than the increase in the inflation rate that’s so the elasticity coefficient greater than 1 means the real increase in the minimum wage. According to the results of Toda-Yamamoto Causality analysis, a bidirectional causality relationship was determined both from minimum wages to inflation and from inflation to minimum wages. This relationship suggests the existence of the 1987-2018 reference period in the range of wage-price spiral in Turkey. It was observed that the minimum wage increased by 3.65 units in the years following the crisis periods.

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPING, DEVELOPED AND TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES – DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES

Entrepreneurshipis viewed as an opportunity to drive growth and to help employment in many countries. However, women venturing to establish their own firm depend on socio-cultural conditions and of societal encouragement. This article showed that women entrepreneurs in transition, developing and developed economies have many similarities, but they differ in many aspects such as in their motivation to become an entrepreneur and the problems solving skills.

Rural Tourism : An Emerging Paradigm In Rural Entrepreneurship

Tourism has become a leading industry in the world and continues to grow rapidly, contributing essentially to economic growth and employment in many countries. Tourism as it looks today poses serious threats to the environment and considerable social and cultural challenges. Tourism can be an important contributor to the growth of an economy. Growth of tourism is a significant part of the global expression of new service economy. With the weakening of many other aspects of the economy, tourism is a new opportunity. India, though a late starter in tourism, is giving increasing priority to this sector. Tourism is one of the strategically important emerging sectors in Indian economy with tremendous potential to assist the process of sustainable rural development. Rural tourism has been a major concept under the new tourism paradigm wherein agro-based rural community and culture are treated to be the major components of the tourism market.

Assessment of accident severity in the construction industry using the Bayesian theorem

Aim: Construction is a major source of employment in many countries. In construction, workers perform a great diversity of activities, each one with a specific associated risk. The aim of this paper is to identify workers who are at risk of accidents with severe consequences and classify these workers to determine appropriate control measures. Methods: We defined 48 groups of workers and used the Bayesian theorem to estimate posterior probabilities about the severity of accidents at the level of individuals in construction sector. First, the posterior probabilities of injuries based on four variables were provided. Then the probabilities of injury for 48 groups of workers were determined. Results: With regard to marginal frequency of injury, slight injury (0.856), fatal injury (0.086) and severe injury (0.058) had the highest probability of occurrence. It was observed that workers with <1 year's work experience (0.168) had the highest probability of injury occurrence. The first group of workers, who were extensively exposed to risk of severe and fatal accidents, involved workers ≥50 years old, married, with 1–5 years' work experience, who had no past accident experience. Conclusion: The findings provide a direction for more effective safety strategies and occupational accident prevention and emergency programmes.

Offshoring, wages and job security of temporary workers

Temporary contracts have become an important mode of employment in many countries. We investigate the impact of offshoring on individual level wages and unemployment probabilities and pay particular attention to the question if workers with temporary contracts are affected differently than workers with permanent contracts. Data are taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel, linked with industry level data on offshoring. We do not find systematic differences between temporary and permanent workers with respect to the effects of offshoring for wages. We find, however, that offshoring increases the unemployment risk of low-skilled workers, and more so for temporary than permanent workers. Also, offshoring reduces the unemployment risk for all high- and medium-skilled workers.

The Tourism Impact on Income and Economic Sustainable Development of Mamasani City

In the past half-century, tourism is considered as an important source of income and employment in many countries. In Iran, tourism were concerned by authorities. So its growth and development as an industry have special place due to the huge potential of this country. This research aims to analyze the impact of tourism on economic growth in Mamasanicity. The results indicate that in most areas of touristic city, there is lack of adequate facilities for tourists’ satisfaction. For the same reason tourists do not pay much in the Mamasani city and they prefer to provide their most essential needs and purchases of their origin residences. Principledplanning and particularly development and implementation of a comprehensive plan canattract more tourists, more income and more jobs for local residents. Attention the appropriate tourist infrastructure can guarantee the city's economic growth.

Self-employment and business cycle persistence: Does the composition of employment matter for economic recoveries?

Self-employment comprises an important share of employment in many countries, and tends to expand during downturns through higher inflows from unemployment. Furthermore, countries with higher self-employment shares exhibit lower cyclical output persistence. I build a business cycle model with frictional labor markets where individuals can be self-employed or salaried employed. I show that economies with larger self-employment shares exhibit faster economic recoveries. Differences in the ease of entry into self-employment as the economy recovers explain the contrasting cyclical dynamics. The model successfully captures the cyclical patterns of self-employment and the relationship between self-employment and output persistence in the data.

Darbas ne Visą Darbo Laiką Lietuvoje ir Kitose ES Šalyse: Kitimo Tendencijos ir Pagrindinės Problemos

Economic globalization and development of information technology has had a significant impact on the utilisation of labour resources as well as on organization of work in many countries over the past decade. To balance the needs of production and labour resources, in the ninth decade of the 20th century, many countries have introduced flexible forms of employment. Part-time employment is the most widely used flexible form of employment in many countries across the world. However, there are large differences existing in EU countries in terms of development of part-time employment, which requires a particular investigation. On the other hand, apart from benefits part-time employment entails some drawbacks. The article aims at objectively assessing key advantages and disadvantages of part-time employment as well as analysing the dynamics of part-time employment in Lithuania and other EU countries. The article analyses key factors influencing part-time employment, while putting a special focus on the regulation of part-time employment in Lithuania and the dynamics of part-time employment in some of the EU countries.

Trafficking: A Modern Scenario

Trafficking in persons is an increasing problem that involves both sexual exploitation and labour exploitation of its victims. Both men and women may be victims of trafficking, but the primary victims worldwide are women and girls, the majority of whom are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Traffickers primarily target women because they are disproportionately affected by poverty and discrimination, factors that impede their access to employment, educational opportunities and other resources. Perhaps the strongest factor is a desperate economic situation, which impacts the availability of satisfactory employment in many countries for women. Traffickers prey on women's vulnerable circumstances and may lure them into crime networks through deceit and false promises of decent working conditions and fair pay. The majority of trafficked women find themselves trapped in debt bondage servitude or “slavery like” condition as a result of being trafficked. The problem of women has been addressed at the international, regional and national levels. Before the creation of the United Nations protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children in October 2000, international treaties refer to trafficking without defining or clarifying whether trafficking includes all form of sex work. Victims are always entitled to the protection of their basic human rights and any measures adopted to protect victims should take into account age, gender and any special needs. “It is a matter of bitter shame and sorrow and deep humiliation that a number of women have to sell their chastity for men's lust. Man, the law giver, will have to pay a dreadful penalty for the degradation he has imposed upon the so-called weaker sex. When woman freed from man's snares rises to the full height and rebels against man's legislation and institution designed by him, her rebellion, no doubt, non-violent, will be nevertheless effective” - Mahatma Gandhi.

Service Management in Hospitality Education: Review and Reflection

Service as a proportion of economic activity continues to grow, with 80% of economic output and employment in many countries categorized in the service sector. Similarly - driven by increased leisure time, globalization, reduced travel costs and an ageing population - the service-intensive tourism and hospitality industry has seen corresponding growing demand. Despite the continued growth and importance of service, and in particular its critical role in the hospitality industry, education specific to service management lags behind. The purpose of this paper is to review the current status of service management in the context of Hospitality education at university level. This paper presents a general review incorporating a review of the service management literature in order to provide a justification for a more coordinated development of service management education. An exploratory case study is provided, reporting on student perceptions following the completion of a final year service management university course. The paper concludes with a series of reflections and offers seven specific issues which would benefit from greater coordination and discourse.

Laws relating to Biofuel Green Jobs and Influence of the International Labour Organization to Develop Global Energy

The growth of Green Employment in many countries is very significant with interests having infectious optimism regarding the potential of Green Employment and the Biofuel Technologies are rapidly improving. The Biofuel Green jobs are the wave of the future, and every municipality, village, town, city, state, and governments are looking at ways to create Biofuel Green jobs - jobs that will help the Global Environment and Global Energy. The Biofuel Green Jobs Initiative is launched to assess, analyze and promote the creation of decent jobs as a consequence of the needed environmental policies. It supports an intensive effort by Governments, Employers and Trade Unions to promote environmentally sustainable jobs and development in a climate challenged world. The paper discusses the Laws relating to Biofuel Green Jobs to develop energy and to sustain environment. The paper begins with the discussion of influence of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the role of regulatory mitigation to develop Global Energy. The paper proceeds with Legal research on the effects of Climate Change and Opportunities available through Biofuels. The renewable Biofuels can create Green Jobs and contribute to a new Energy Economy. The new research and development programs initiatives and extension of Tax Credits for clean energy production could contribute to the completion of renewable energy projects that create Green Jobs and generate economic activity through the Biofuel Industry. This paper also discusses various issues in related to Quality Norms, Risk Management and Modern Corporate Governance pertaining to Biofuels. Collectively, this paper will address a long-term enhanced action on mitigation in Biofuel for Global Environmental Stability and Global Energy Management.

The assessment of agritourism policy based on SEA combination with HIA

The decline in agricultural and other forms of rural employment in many countries has created a need for a diversified range of rural businesses. In most cases, agritourism has become an important element of the diverse activities in rural areas of Taiwan. However, there are a number of significant impacts from tourism activities that can be influenced by agritourism policy. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a procedural tool to assess policies and can aid the development of more sustainable policy formulation. However, SEA aims to assess environmental impacts; the health issues are often overlooked. Hence, a Delphi-Indicator approach to SEA is proposed here to integrate Health Impact Assessment (HIA). This new approach is based on the impact indicator system, and then the Delphi method is employed to collect experts’ opinions. After the evaluation system was established, the current agritourism policy and another alternative policy are assessed to examine this new method. Finally, various types of impacts from current agritourism policy in Taiwan are identified, and the significant impacts are as follows: resources usage (water, electricity, petroleum), pollution generation (waste, noise), and other landscape problems (mudflows and landslide, harmony of the rural landscape). In addition, several benefits are found from the alternative policy (agro-ecotourism) such as the amount of pesticides used per unit area, and environmental quality of local community since agro-ecotourism development is based on organic agriculture and combination with ecotourism to provide acceptable recreation opportunity without destroying natural rural environment. In summary, the impacts are less significant from agro-ecotourism than those from current agritourism policy, and these positive changes are not only in the environmental sector, but also within the economic, social, and health issues.

Agricultural Labor Adjustments in Transition Countries: The Role of Migration and Impact on Poverty*

T here are several remarkable aspects of the changes in agricultural employment during in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) (henceforth referred to as transition countries). First, had a dramatic effect on agricultural employment in many countries: labor use in agriculture changed more than 50% in several countries during the first decade (figure 1). Second, the changes were very diverse. Labor use in agriculture declined by half in countries such as the Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovakia, and Hungary; and increased by more than 50% in Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, and Armenia.' Third, not only were there vastly different adjustments between countries, but also within countries. In Poland, for example, labor outflow was around 50% in some regions, while agricultural employment increased in other regions. Fourth, in many cases, these variations in adjustment did not contribute to a convergence of agricultural labor use, but rather to a divergence. The largest declines occurred in countries and regions where labor use and intensity were already relatively low (such as in Central Europe). Labor use increased where agriculture employment was relatively high (such as in Southeastern Europe or the Caucasus).2 By any standard or historical reference, these are remarkable changes. Understanding the drivers of these changes is important for their own sake. These dramatic changes resulted in large adjustments for the people affected