Employment Generation In Nigeria Research Articles

AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FINANCING AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN NIGERIA

This study empirically evaluated the effect of financing the Nigeria’s agricultural sector on employment generation from 1990 to 2021. Theories adopted include: Financial Development Theory, Supply Leading Theory and Classical Theory of Unemployment. Annual time series data extracted from Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical bulletin and World Bank’s World Development Indicators were used. The methodological processes of the ordinary technique of Least Squares (OLS) and the vector technique of Error Correction (VECM) Modelling were applied for estimations. The results from unit root’s tests showed all variables as stationary at I(1), that is orders one. Following this, the OLS and VECM estimates’ results established that agricultural sector received bank credits, government’s expenditures in the sector, Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund in agriculture and foreign aids in agricultural sector had short-run and long-run positively significant influences on employment generation while foreign direct investment in agricultural sector is insignificantly positive on employment generation. Sequel to the results, it is concluded that agricultural financing significantly contributes to employment generation in Nigeria. Therefore, suggested recommendations among others are that government’s expenditures in agricultural sector should be increased and other sources of financing for the sector be intentionally encouraged as such action will sustainably deepen agricultural sector’s performance, and consequently boost employment generation in Nigeria.

The Nexus between Agricultural Development and Employment Generation in Nigeria

Despite the fact that the country is blessed with arable lands for competitive and high yielding farming, unemployment still soars, and Nigeria’s inability to fully and sincerely promote agriculture has been cited as the basis for its recent alarming rate of unemployment. This study investigates the role of agricultural development in driving employment generation in Nigeria in an attempt to provide current empirical evidence for Nigeria’s lingering unemployment situation. Based on the Keynesian theory of employment, interest and money, the study estimated a dynamic multivariate autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model using Nigeria’s annual time series data for the period 1986 to 2020. The results obtained show that agricultural value addition and government expenditure on agriculture exerts a significant positive effect on employment generation both in the long and short-run while annual growth rate of the population exerts a significant positive effect on employment generation in the short-run in Nigeria. Nevertheless, human capital development and lending rate had a positive and insignificant effect on employment generation in the short-run. Furthermore, the causality results showed that a bi-directional causality existed between the selected agricultural development indices such as agricultural value addition, government expenditure on agriculture, gross fixed capital formation, annual growth rate of the population and employment generation. The study therefore recommends that the Nigerian government should embark on massive investment in agriculture as this builds an end-to-end integrated agriculture value chain which invariably boosts production and as such creates decent job which in turn, ends poverty in the long-run.

Analysis of the Contribution of the Agricultural Sector to Employment Generation in Nigeria (1999 – 2021)

This research is on Analysis of the Contribution of Agricultural Sector to Employment Generation in Nigeria. Secondary data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics between 1999 and 2021 were used for data analysis. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis technique was used to estimate and to obtain values for the parameters. The result revealed that though the agricultural sector has significantly contributed to employment generation but not to the extent of lowering the unemployment rate. This is due to the magnitude of the size of the unemployed in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that since the agricultural sector holds a lot of potentials for employment generation but many yet see agricultural practice as derogatory; there is the need for more awareness to be created and needed machines and equipment purchase to ensure that more people especially young graduates are encouraged to come into agricultural practice rather than waiting for the never forthcoming white collar jobs; as such, the government should create enabling environment for the agricultural sector to thrive. Likewise, there is the need to dwell on the value chain addition of agricultural sector products as this also have potentials of creating more employment opportunities for the unemployed in Nigeria if driven with the right technology. It is through this that the agricultural sector can make significant contribution to employment generation in Nigeria.

Review of the “Presidential Youth Empowerment Scheme (P-Yes)” and Employment Generation in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects

Review of the “Presidential Youth Empowerment Scheme (P-Yes)” and Employment Generation in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects

Creating Entrepreneurs via Social Media Platforms and Employment Generation in Nigeria

This paper explores the potential need and benefits inherent in the use of social media as an instrument for creating entrepreneurs and generating employment amongst youths in Nigeria given the high youth unemployment rate. 92 youths who are social media users selected through survey responded to structured questionnaire via Google forms. The data was analysed using statistical descriptive tools and Chi square test. Findings revealed that in Nigeria, social media can promote on-line trading and create a source of livelihood for youths though, the enormous potentials of doing business through social media platforms locally and internationally are fairly explored. Also, trading via social media significantly impact employment creation and such trading does not significantly increase profits and reduce cost of doing business. The study recommended a reliable, affordable telecommunication network and combined efforts of government and the private sector to facilitate online trading and training in ICT entrepreneurship skills.

FISCAL POLICY AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN NIGERIA

<p>This paper investigated the influence of fiscal policy on employment generation in Nigeria. The analyzed data, spanning 1981 to 2020 were obtained from the statistical bulletin of Nigeria’s apex bank and the country’s Bureau of Statistics. The Error Correction Model was applied as the main analytical tool. The results showed that aggregate government expenditure has a positive but insignificant influence on the employment rate. In addition, total tax revenue and external debt service have negative and insignificant influences on the employment rate in Nigeria. What this suggests is that fiscal policy tools of aggregate government expenditure, total tax revenue and external debt service have not effectively helped to increase the level of employment in Nigeria. Generating from the findings, this paper suggested that government should maintain fiscal prudence and ensure that total tax revenue is efficiently and effectively utilized to provide infrastructural facilities and social amenities that will help the various sectors of the economy to function very well thereby generating enough employment in the country.</p><p><strong>JEL:</strong> O15; E24; J21; H60</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0954/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Generation in Nigeria

FDI as a growth stimulating factor is seen as the largest source of external financing to developing countries and helps to ease capital constraints and contributes to output and employment generation. This paper examined the impact of foreign direct investment on employment generation in Nigeria within the period 1991 to 2021. The variables used in the study include employment rate, foreign direct investment, trade openness and real exchange rate. The paper used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for its regression analysis. The data for the analysis was sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and world bank development indicator. The study finds that foreign direct investment and Trade openness have a positive impact on employment generation in Nigeria. Real exchange rate has a negative impact on employment generation in Nigeria. The paper finds that a short run relationship exists between foreign direct investment, real exchange rate, trade openness and employment generation in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that Government should make effort to attract more Foreign Direct Investment into the country to create more employment opportunities through Multi-National Corporations. The Government should encourage trade openness in order to enhance more Foreign Direct Investment in the country as it will increase the standard of living of the citizens by the provision of highly paid employment.

MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA’S SERVICES SECTOR: DO FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND EXCHANGE RATE MATTER?

The study employs the ARDL modeling technique to investigate the determinants of employment generation in Nigeria’s services sector, focusing mainly on the roles of foreign direct investment and exchange rate movements during the 1991-2019 period. The study finds that in the short-run, FDI positively affects employment generation in the services sector while currency depreciation adversely affects it with a one-year lag. The long run employment generation effect of the FDI in the services sector remains positive, but loses its statistical significance, while the effect of currency depreciation on services sector employment is positive and significant. It is also found that economic growth positively affects service sector employment generation in the short-and long-run, though the effect is only significant in the short-run. The effect of trade openness is positive and significant in the short-run, but also turns out to be non-significant in the long-run. Financial sector development favours employment generation in the services sector in the short-and long-run. Based on the evidence it is recommended that the government make effort to enhance the attractiveness of various sectors of the economy to FDI and guard against undue appreciation of the nation’s currency. It is also recommended that economic growth and the development of financial system be prioritized. In view of the transience of the effect of trade openness on employment generation in the services sector, caution must be exercised in implementing trade liberalization policies. These measures, if implemented, are expected to enhance job-creation in the nation’s services sector.

Agricultural Financing, Agricultural Output Growth and Employment Generation in Nigeria

This study investigates the impact of agricultural financing and agricultural output growth on employment generation in Nigeria from 1981 to 2017. The study adopts the framework of the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model for analysis. The empirical results show that while agricultural financing increases employment generation in both the short run and long run, the lag of agricultural output growth increases employment generation mainly in the short run. Other variables found to have significant effect on employment generation were price and agricultural output while labor force population, wages and aggregate expenditure were insignificant. The study concludes that policy makers should endeavor to see that every fund allocated for a specific agricultural schemes and interventions should be fully utilized for its purpose. To increase employment opportunities, there should be careful monitoring of the implementation of each scheme and policy to realize their specific objectives.

Does Entrepreneurship Financing Create Employment in Nigeria? The Role of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs)

The current level of unemployment in Nigeria in the recent times has been worrisome, and various advocacies by scholars and policy analysts have suggested that entrepreneurship, especially small and medium scale enterprises could generate employment in the large measures. Meanwhile, inadequate financing has been identified as a strong factor causing a setback to entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Against this backdrop, this paper provided empirical answers to whether entrepreneurship financing, from the SMEs perspective could generate employment in Nigeria. In answering the research question, data were extracted from 1992 to 2019 from secondary sources. Consequently, the data passed through various pre-tests such as unit roots and Cointegration tests before it was estimated via the application of Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR). The findings of this study were summarized as follows; the Commercial Banks Loans to SMEs contributed both positive and significant impact to employment generation in Nigeria. Likewise, that Commercial Banks total credits to private sector contributed both positive and significant impact to employment generation in the country. Hence, this study submits that that entrepreneurship (SMEs) financing contributes to employment generation in Nigeria. In the light of the above submission, this study recommends that any time the policymakers in Nigeria desire to address the current devastating level of unemployment in Nigeria, financing of entrepreneurship, especially SMEs should be the priority of the government at levels in the country. And as such, employment generation will be stimulated in the long run.

Value Deficiency, Employment Generation and Crime among Youths in Nigeria: An Overview

Value deficiency and crime among the youths reflects the plethora of contemporary societal challenges that appear to inhibit social progress and national development. This paper therefore discusses value deficiency, employment generation and crime among youths in Nigeria. It examines the relationship between value deficiency and crime among youths in Nigeria despite several government efforts at employment generation. This paper argues that, although employment is a critical requirement for youths to realize their potentialities and release their contributory efforts to national development, the burden of value deficiency appears to vitiate such efforts and propel youth towards increasing crime. The paper identifies factors such as degradation and relegation of values as the causes of value deficiency in the Nigeria society. This paper adopted the Social Impact Theory [1] to emphasize its points. Secondary data collected from previous researches and analysis of scholars to demonstrate the facts stated here were analyzed using the descriptive method. The study finds that value deficiency increases the incidence of crime among youths and vitiates the efforts at employment generation in Nigeria. It recommends among others that youth development strategies must necessarily include value re-orientation and further re-orientation programmes and this requires the active support of the family, the community and the government.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Veritable Tool for Economic Growth and Employment Generation in Nigeria

Over the years, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) have been identified generally as the bedrock of an economy having the potential for employment generation, economic stability, wealth creation, increased Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Developing and sustaining this sector will greatly impact the economic growth of Nigeria. However, due to the minimal attention that have been paid to this sector over the years, its contribution to the GDP and employment generation has remained relatively non-substantial. Under the right business environment, SMEs can thrive and metamorphose into larger firms, thereby bringing about the much-needed economic revolution, technological advancement, self-sufficiency, poverty reduction and increased security. The success and failure of SMEs are characterized by several factors, both internal and external. This paper considers the importance of developing and promoting sustainable SMEs schemes to attain a competitive position in the local and international marketplace and also examines key determinants influencing the growth and development of SMEs in Nigeria. Several key factors were identified that should be addressed to enable SMEs attain robust growth and recognition, specifically the utilization of technology. Special attention was paid to the infrastructural gaps, the need to bridge the gaps to allow for a more efficient, vigorous and optimal deployment of resources. Key policy recommendations that could foster the development and sustenance of SMEs were proffered.

Indirect Tax and Employment Generation in Nigeria

This paper empirically investigated indirect tax and employment generation in Nigeria from 1999 – 2019. The specific intentions of the study were to; examine the correlation between value added tax and employment generation in Nigeria and determine the impact of custom and excise duties on employment generation in Nigeria. Secondary data on employment rate, custom and excise duties as well as value added tax were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and the method of Dynamic Ordinary Least Square regression analysis was applied. Given the empirical results, the paper concluded that indirect tax measures by value added tax (VAT) has a direct link with employment rate. Also, custom and excise duties have a significant impact on employment generation in Nigeria. Based on the empirical findings, the study recommended amongst others that government should put in place adequate fiscal measure to ensure that revenue generated from indirect taxes is effectively utilize to develop and grow the economy through employment generation.

Correlation Between Manufacturing Sectors and Foreign Direct Investment

The manufacturing sectors of nation’s economies have without doubt been noted as the chief driver of economic growth the world over. The connection between the Nigerian manufacturing sector and foreign direct investment (FDI) was assessed in this work. The study, in order to empirically examine how the variables are related in the long term and short term, utilised time series data spanning 36 years, while the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and co-integration technique were used. From the result, it is seen that the dependent variables explained R2 of 97% of the variations in manufacturing sector indicators (MFI), while Foreign direct investment, (FDI), Inflation rate (INF), government expenditure (GOE), and money supply (MSP) represent the independent variables. One of the recommendations of the study is that the federal government should consciously increase amount of foreign direct investments (FDI) made available to this all-important sector-manufacturing sector to boost its efficiency especially with respect to percentage impact on GDP and employment generation in Nigeria.

Curbing Youth Restiveness and Conflicts Through Effectual Structural Policies for Rural Employment Generation in Nigeria

The apparent neglect of Nigeria’s rural sector has provoked daunting challenges including youth restiveness, ethno-religious conflicts, unemployment and pervasive poverty. It is logical to finger rural unemployment as the antecessor of those other consequences. While it has been argued that the rate of unemployment is higher in urban than rural Nigeria, the nature and magnitude of rural unemployment (mostly underemployment) is becoming worrisome. For instance, youth unemployment in the country averaged 23.63 percent from 2014 until 2018 reaching an all-time high of 38 percent in Q2 of 2018 and a record low of 11.70 percent in Q4 of 2014. Furthermore, the Labour Statistics Report of Nigeria in Q4 of 2017 showed that there are about 7.9 million Nigerian youths aged 15 – 34 that are unemployed, mostly in the rural areas. Thus paper makes an introspection into what went wrong and explores vistas through effectual structural policies on rural infrastructures, agricultural transformation, skills acquisition, robust and sustainable credit and so on. These policies are aimed at realizing the multi-pronged goals of curbing youth restiveness, checking rural – urban migration, generating income and employment and transforming the agricultural sector for meaningful contribution to the country’s GDP. The need is imperative and there is no better time for these policies than now. Keywords: Youth restiveness policies rural employment generation DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-16-20 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Effect of Small and Medium Enterprises on Employment Generation in Nigeria

Effect of Small and Medium Enterprises on Employment Generation in Nigeria

Public Investment in the Social Sector and Employment Generation in Nigeria, 1980-2016

Public Investment in the Social Sector and Employment Generation in Nigeria, 1980-2016

Msmes and Employment Generation in Nigeria

This study seeks to evaluate the relationship between firm size and the net job creation in the Nigerian economy. The essence of this study is to ascertain if MSMEs are actually fulfilling the significant role purported to it by the literature in terms of employment generation. This is to ensure a proper country specific understanding of the importance of MSMEs in employment generation so that when clamouring for policy makers' attention on MSMEs, it will be with a clear and deep understanding of the significant role MSMEs play in the Nigerian economy. One of the major macroeconomic policies of any economy is to reduce the unemployment rate to the barest minimum. However, unemployment rate has become a menace that is confronting many economies, developed and developing alike, and specifically, the Nigerian economy. This problem of unemployment was exacerbated by the advent of the 2007 global financial crisis that originated from the United State of America. Compounding the problem further for Nigeria, is the recent crash in the price of petroleum in the world commodity market. Thus, leading to a reduction in the fiscal revenue with a concomitant effect on the rising unemployment. The study employed dataset for 473 enterprises across all sectors of the economy comprising 110 micro enterprises, 218 small scale enterprises, 116 medium scale enterprises and 29 large scale enterprises. The dataset was sourced from the 2014 World Bank Enterprise survey on Nigeria. The variables employed in this study as indicators of employment generation include gross job creation, net job destruction and net job creation for sampled firms. The non-parametric variance analysis that uses the locally-weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) method proposed by Cleveland (1979) and modified by Neumark et. al (2008) was employed to determine if small businesses are net creators or destroyers of jobs in Nigeria. Our result found that MSMEs performed better than large firms in term of employment generation, with Small and Medium size enterprises performing exceedingly. Empirical evidence emanating from this study confirms the theoretical literature expounded by Birch (1979) which states that small businesses are the most important source of employment generation in any economy. The policy implication of this study is that any targeted intervention to reduce unemployment should focus MSMEs, as this study as confirmed that small businesses are actually a net creator of jobs. Furthermore, MSMEs development centres should be encouraged so as to stimulate MSMEs growth

Economic Reforms and the Performance of Nigeria’s Manufacturing Sector from (1981-2012)

This research examines the effects of economic reforms (NEEDS) on the performance of Nigeria Manufacturing Sector and also determines how the manufacturing sector supports employment generation in Nigeria. In the pursuit of the objective of the study, secondary data was used. Data were sourced from statistical Bulletin Economic and Financial Review, Annual Reports and Statement of Accounts of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Federal Office of Statistic (FOS). Data obtained, were analyzed using an Ordinary Least Square method by the use of time series data. The result shows the unemployment before reform is significantly less than it was during reform. Also poverty rate before reform is significantly less than it was during reform and the study concludes that reform should be timely and effective in addressing the problem of the populace with proper follow-up by the policymakers. Base on the findings, the study recommends amongst others that policy makers should provide infrastructural development to create a conductive environment for the manufacturing sector growth.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Employment Generation in Nigeria: A Statistical Investigation

While we believe that sample issues and measurement errors could contribute to the complexity of FDI-economic growth empirical analyses, the present work suggests that 99% of the mixed results are attributable to poor statistics, data treatment and model specifications.