Employing Error Correction Research Articles

Restructuring Industrial Sector and Economic Growth in Nigeria

This study investigated the effects of restructuring industrial sector on economic growth in Nigeria. The study sets to examine the effect of the manufacturing on economic growth in Nigeria, examine the impact of crude petroleum and natural gas on economic growth in Nigeria and investigate the effect of solid mineral mining on economic growth in Nigeria. The study adopted both primary and secondary source of data. The study employed Error Correction Model (ECM) and Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for hypothesis testing. The findings of the study showed that Manufacturing (LnMAN) had a significant positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Crude petroleum and natural gas (LnCPN) had positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Solid mineral mining (LnSMM) had an insignificant positive impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study concluded that restructuring industrial sector, if properly and adequately implemented, would certainly propel and facilitate economic growth, development and unity in Nigeria with positive multiplier effect on West African states and Africa as a whole. Hence, recommended that there is need for the government to develop stimulants for the manufacturing sector and manufacturers in form of tax incentives and credit facilities. A good road network to mining sites and a sufficient power supply will go a long way to boost the productivity of the sector. Government should encourage the production of more agricultural products that could be used as raw materials by manufacturing industries to achieve balanced growth between the agricultural and the manufacturing industries of the Nigerian economy.

Joint Learning and Channel Coding for Error-Tolerant IoT Systems Based on Machine Learning

In several machine learning (ML)-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems, data is captured by IoT devices and then transmitted over a wireless channel for remote processing. Since noise often appears on the channel (so causing data corruption and consequently an incorrect ML result), channel protection must be provided to guarantee an acceptable error rate for the transmitted data, especially in safety-critical applications. An often-used protection technique employs error correction codes (ECCs); however, even with some improved designs, the power dissipation required by an ECC implementation may still not meet the strict requirements of hardware-constrained platforms. To address this issue, a “joint learning and channel coding” (JLCC) scheme is proposed in this paper. In such a scheme, the ML model is retrained using two methods to tolerate some channel errors, such that the system requires an ECC with significantly lower protection capability. Since ML training is executed remotely, JLCC achieves a significant power reduction for ECC without introducing any additional overhead to the IoT device. An electrocardiogram (ECG) system is taken as a case study to illustrate the proposed JLCC scheme and evaluate its effectiveness. A low-density parity-check (LDPC) code is employed for protection of the system with/without JLCC; its analysis and implementation are presented. Simulation results show that, when employing JLCC with the proposed two retraining methods, an average reduction of 29.15% and 34.82% in the dissipated power is achieved for the ECG sensor when compared to the original system.

Investigating Factors Influencing Inflation in the USA

The determination of inflation has been extensively explored in economic literature and it remains an ongoing and developing field of study. Researchers have examined diverse econometric methodologies and analyzed data from varying time spans to identify the factors influencing inflation. In this research paper, we explore the factors influencing inflation in the USA by utilizing the monthly data from 2002 to 2020. To achieve our aim, we employ error correction model (ECM) and then granger causality method. The findings indicate that certain lagged changes in inflation, consumer price index (CPI) for fuel and utilities, CPI all city average and production price index play a significant role in accounting for the variations in inflation in the USA but the lagged changes in money supply are not a significant determinant in accounting for the fluctuations in inflation in the USA. Moreover, the results of causality analysis suggest that all factors have significant Granger causality on inflation, except money supply.

Time-Domain Video Watermarking Algorithm for Data Security and Content Authentication

Abstract: Video watermarking is an essential method employed to invisibly and reliably incorporate information into digital videos. Its primary purposes include copyright protection, content authentication, and ownership verification. With the increasing prevalence of digital media and the ease of video sharing online, safeguarding intellectual property rights and ensuring video content integrity have become crucial. Video watermarking is an essential method employed to invisibly and reliably incorporate information into digital videos. Its primary purposes include copyright protection, content authentication, and ownership verification. With the increasing prevalence of digital media and the ease of video sharing online, safeguarding intellectual property rights and ensuring video content integrity have become crucial. Robustness is a crucial aspect of video watermarking, as watermarked videos may be subjected to various attacks or modifications. Robust video watermarking techniques employ error correction codes, spread spectrum modulation, or cryptographic algorithms to ensure the resilience of watermarks against attacks such as compression, filtering, and geometric transformations. Various aspects and performance characteristics must be taken into account while developing an algorithm. It is necessary to evaluate performance indicators like NCC, PSNR, BER, WER, SSIM, VIFP, VMAF, and many more.

An Approach for Security Enhancement of Certain Encryption Schemes Employing Error Correction Coding and Simulated Synchronization Errors.

An approach for the cryptographic security enhancement of encryption is proposed and analyzed. The enhancement is based on the employment of a coding scheme and degradation of the ciphertext. From the perspective of the legitimate parties that share a secret key, the degradation appears as a transmission of the ciphertext through a binary erasure channel. On the other hand, from the perspective of an attacker the degradation appears as a transmission of the ciphertext over a binary deletion channel. Cryptographic security enhancement is analyzed based on the capacity of the related binary deletion channel. An illustrative implemementation framework is pointed out.

OPCoSA: an Optimized Product Code for space applications

The integrated circuit shrinkage increases the probability and the number of errors in memories due to the increase in the sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation. Critical application systems employ Error Correction Codes (ECC) to mitigate memory faults. This work introduces the Optimized Product Code for Space Applications (OPCoSA), an ECC that optimizes its original version called PCoSA, reducing 16-redundancy bits and keeping high error correction capacity. We evaluated the optimized ECC through tests with 36 specific error patterns, burst errors, and exhaustive analysis. Additionally, we compared the synthesis results in hardware, reliability, and redundancy to four other ECCs dedicated to the space application. Tests have shown that OPCoSA corrects all 36 error patterns and 100% of cases for up to four burst errors; besides, it has correction rates of 100%, 100%, 95.4%, and 78.9% for exhaustive errors of dimension one to four, respectively.

DEFICIT FINANCING AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY

Regardless of the vast amount of debt Nigerian government accommodate annually, the projected level of development is not realized as sizeable percentage of her citizens still lives in miserable poverty, low standard of living and soaring level of unemployment and so on. Consequently, one starts to question why the theoretical proposition seems not to be working in the Nigerian perspective. It is based on these commotions that this research work seeks to scrutinize the effect of deficit financing on recovery and development of the Nigerian economy between the periods 1981 to 2015 employing error correction model and granger causality test. Study exposes that Federal Government external debt displays a significant P-value of 0.0173 with a positive coefficient of 0.000031 signifying that 1% increase in government external debt is capable of intensifying economic recovery and development in Nigeria to the tune of 0.00003. The details of the causality test also corroborate the report in the error correction model and thus advocate that external debt extensively adds to the development of the Nigeria economy while domestic debt and deficit budget does not give the impression to granger cause economic development in Nigeria. On this basis, study affirms that deficit financing is a crucial incentive in advancing economic development in Nigeria if effectively disbursed for the primary rationale for which it was meant for. Additionally, study thus authenticates the Keynesian theory of the existence of positive relationship between deficit financing and economic recovery. On this note, study recommends that executives of the Nigerian economy should harmonize the appropriation of borrowed fund and make certain that it is well utilized towards improving the capital and production dominance of the nation as this will further boost the realization of accomplishing a sustainable level of economic development in Nigeria.
 
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Corporate performance volatility: a micro-level perspective

PurposeThis study examines how specific micro-level macroeconomic indicators influence corporate performance volatility among US corporate bodies in the short run.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs error correction autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) model (ECM) to examine how micro-level variables influence volatility associated with corporate performance in the short run.FindingsThis paper finds that disaggregated or micro-level variables examined, tend to exhibit features that are not readily apparent from the aggregate variable from which such variables are derived. For instance, reported empirical estimate suggests that, growth in expenditures on services and nondurable goods tend to lower volatility associated with corporate performance, whereas government expenditures and expenditures on durable goods rather worsens volatility associated with corporate performance, all things being equal. Additionally, presented empirical estimates further provide evidence suggesting that macroeconomic uncertainty and inflation uncertainty significantly moderate or influence the extent to which disaggregated variables impact corporate performance volatility.Originality/valueCompared to related studies in the reviewed literature, this study rather examines volatility associated with corporate performance instead of the corporate performance indicator itself. Additionally, this paper also examines how disaggregated variable instead of aggregate variables impact such volatility. Finally, the moderating role of key macroeconomic conditions in such a relationship is also examined.

PUF-RAKE: A PUF-Based Robust and Lightweight Authentication and Key Establishment Protocol

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) bind a device's identity to its physical hardware and thus, can be employed for device identification, authentication and cryptographic key generation. However, PUFs are susceptible to modeling attacks if a number of PUFs’ challenge-response pairs (CRPs) are exposed to the adversary. Furthermore, many of the embedded devices requiring authentication and inter-device communication in a real-time environment/system have stringent resource and low latency requirements, and thus require a lightweight authentication and key establishment mechanism to quickly realize an authenticated and secure connection. We propose PUF-RAKE, a PUF-based lightweight, highly reliable authentication and key establishment scheme. The proposed scheme enhances the reliability of PUF as well as alleviates the resource constraints by employing error correction in the server instead of the device as well as removing cryptographic hashing required by earlier PUF-based protocols. The proposed PUF-RAKE is robust against masquerade, brute force, replay, and modeling attacks. In PUF-RAKE, we introduce an inexpensive yet secure stream authentication scheme inside the device which authenticates the server before the underlying PUF can be invoked. This prevents an adversary from brute forcing the device's PUF to acquire CRPs essentially locking out the device from unauthorized model generation. Additionally, we also introduce a lightweight CRP obfuscation mechanism involving XOR and shuffle operations. The security of PUF-RAKE has been formally verified. A prototype of the protocol has been implemented on two Xilinx Zynq 7000 system-on-chips with one present on Xilinx zc706 evaluation board and the other present on the Avnet Zedboard. Observations, security analysis and results verify that the PUF-RAKE is secure against a probabilistic polynomial time adversary under both the unauthenticated link and authenticated link adversarial models while providing ∼99% reliable authentication. In addition, PUF-RAKE provides a reduction of 60 and 72 percent for look-up tables (LUTs) and register count, respectively, in the programmable logic (PL) part of the Zynq 7000 as compared to a recently proposed approach while providing additional advantages.

The Role of Capital Inflow through Saving-Investment Framework: The Case of Indonesia

As major developing countries have limited domestic saving to generate capital accumulation, capital inflow plays substantial role to provide external financing. Several landmark literatures provide an empirical evidence that capital inflow contributed to the acceleration of economic growth through technology transfer, enhanced innovation, and capital accumulation. This research examines the role of capital inflow for the case of Indonesia using saving-investment relationship with quarterly data from 2000 to 2018. This study is comprised of three parts to measure the pattern of capital inflow in overall period, pre-global financial crisis, and post-crisis. Building on previous literature, this study will contribute to fill the gaps in existing literatures by employing error correction model (ECM) based on saving-investment framework of Feldstein-Horioka. This study found that over the whole sample period and post-crisis, both domestic saving and national saving in short-run, established low significant coefficient which signify high capital mobility, while in the long-run, domestic investment and saving have one-to-one relationship, which does not necessarily imply low capital mobility. The result on the pre-crisis period suggested that domestic saving and domestic investment is not statistically correlated for both short-run and long-run as there is not enough evidence to reject null hypothesis. This study confirms the growth theory model that suggests saving will be equal to investment in the steady state condition and the imbalance of saving and investment will be only transitory.

An Empirical Analysis of Financial Sector Development and Savings Mobilization in Nigeria: ECM Analysis

This study employs Error Correction Model (ECM) and Co-integration analysis to study the relationship between financial sector development and savings mobilization in Nigeria 1986 to 2017. As expected from a developing country like Nigeria, a short-run positive relationship is observed between the Nigerian stock market and crude oil prices and the direction is from crude oil prices to the Nigerian stock market but not the other way round. The short run, interest rate earning has a positive and significant impact on domestic savings while the other variables have no significant impact domestic savings in Nigeria. Government should therefore consolidate on past financial sector reforms to improve domestic saving mobilization to reduce the dependence of Nigeria on foreign savings to finance domestic investment.

Recession and the Challenge of Sustainable Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Evaluation of Macroeconomic Policies


 The recent economic recession in Nigeria was manifested shortly after the successful democratic-to-democratic transmission of political power in 2015, against the backdrop of continental and global economy rankings of the country as the largest in Africa, and 24th in the world as at 2014. Based on relevant variables of datasets from 1981 to 2016, this paper employed error correction mechanism on log-linear regression model to evaluate macroeconomic policies being implemented to stabilise and restorethe economy on the path of sustainable growth. The variables were surrogates of fiscal, monetary, exchange rate and supply-side policies. The results showed that the respective macroeconomic policies had mixed effects, but jointly had significant growth-retarding effect on the country’s economy. Therefore, the paper concludes that macroeconomic policies had heterogeneous effects, and emphasised the need for appropriate mix of macroeconomic policies to be implemented to sustain and move theeconomy out of the recession trap.
 JEL Codes: C22, C52, E52, E62 and F31

A Secure Authentication Protocol for Multi-Server-Based E-Healthcare Using a Fuzzy Commitment Scheme

Smart card-based remote authentication schemes are widely used in multi-medical-server-based telecare medicine information systems (TMISs). Biometric is one of the most trustworthy authenticators and is presently being advocated to use in the remote authentication of TMIS. However, most of the existing TMISs consider a single-server-environment-based authentication system. Therefore, patients need to register and log into every server separately for different services. Furthermore, these schemes do not employ error correction technique to remove the errors from biometric data. Also, biometrics are inherent and demand diversification to generate a revocable template from inherent biometric data. In this paper, we propose a mutual authentication and key agreement scheme for a multi-medical server environment to overcome the limitations of the existing schemes. In the proposed scheme, a cancelable transformation of the raw biometric data is used to provide the privacy and the diversification of biometric data. The errors of the biometric data are corrected with error-correction techniques under the fuzzy commitment mechanism. A formal security analysis using the widely accepted real-or-random model, the Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic, and the automated validation of Internet security protocols and applications tool concludes that the proposed scheme is safe against known attacks. We also compare the computation and communication costs of our scheme to evaluate the performance with the others.

Welfare, innovation capacity, and economic performance: Evidence from American federalism

Despite years of increased federal welfare spending, it is unclear how federal financial investments in welfare areas influence state economies. Based on the theory of functional federalism, this paper examines the impact of federal welfare spending on state economic performance. Employing error correction models, this research finds that state economic growth and volatility are directly observed by the long-term impact of welfare spending. The results also show that increased federal welfare spending boosts state economic performance indirectly, by motivating states to generate higher innovation capacity, especially, in knowledge-based economic development programs. This research extends our understanding of the determinants of state economic performance by addressing intergovernmental redistributive transfers, and state government’s innovation capacity.

Involuntary excess reserve and heterogeneous transmission of policy rates to bank lending rates in China

This study examines the impact of liquidity and involuntary excess reserves on interest rate pass-through in China. Employing Error Correction Model estimation based on a sample of 86 banks over the period of 2000–2013, the study finds that liquid banks can better shield against tightening monetary policy and adjust lending rate sluggishly. In contrast, banks with larger involuntary excess reserves tend to increase lending interest rates more rapidly in response to tightening monetary policy. We conclude that unwanted liquidity may lead to risk-taking behaviours which are detrimental to financial stability.

Phase-Stabilized W-Band Planar Imaging System for Near-to-Far-Field Projection Based on Photonic Sensors

This letter presents a highly stabilized planar near-field imaging system for millimeter-wave antenna characterization based on dual electrooptic sensors. The issue of system instability, which often occurs in millimeter-wave sensing, is effectively eliminated by employing error correction techniques with field-calibrated probes. This technique compensates for the phase vibration of a radio frequency source by using an additional reference probe. Detailed stabilization techniques for the phase drift are discussed. A probe is also field-calibrated on the W-band so as to provide electric field imaging with the absolute value. W-band horn antenna characterization at 95 GHz is conducted, and the absolute field distribution is compared using the proposed system and a conventional electrical near-field system. A simulation is also conducted. The radiation far-field pattern and gain, calculated from the near-field measurements, are in good agreement with each other according to a comparison of these outcomes. Moreover, a back-projection algorithm with a far electric field as input is utilized to reconstruct the aperture fields of a horn antenna. Finally, a comparison between the measured and reconstructed near-field data with different distances between the probe and the horn antenna is made.

Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: 1990 - 2016

This study examined the determinants of financial inclusion in Nigeria using a time series data for the period of 1990 to 2016. The study employed Error Correction Model (ECM) after conducting unit root test and cointegration test. The estimated result revealed positive and significant relationship between the financial inclusion and the proposed variables. Specifically, the higher a country’s GDP per capital, the more the financial inclusion in their financial system. Likewise the broad money given the continuous increase in the amount of money in circulation which will definitely improve financial inclusion in the country. Credit and internet users per 100 people also have positive and significant impact on financial inclusion. While the significant impacts of internet access have very vital implication for financial inclusion as the more the use of internet, the more the financial inclusion through extension of financial services to larger number of people living in the rural area without the exhaustive use of the internet, financial inclusion will be very teeny and extension who would have been excluded from the formal financial service in the country. The internet has fundamentally abridged the cost of transactions, through the use of mobile and the ATM. This has increased the capacities of credit delivery in remote areas in the country and has made it possible to provide home banking services where the accounts are operated by illiterate customers using mobiles phones.

Co-Movement between Macroeconomic Variables and Capital Flight

This study investigates co-movement among macroeconomic variables and capital flight in Pakistan. The empirical estimation is based on time series data for a period of 30 years from 1983 to 2013. We collect data from World Development Indicator (WDI). We apply Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) through Bounds Testing (BT) to estimate the long run relationship. In order to estimate short run dynamic, this study employs Error Correction Model (ECM). This study finds that the presence of a long-term association between capital flight and its determinants.

Learning Global-Local Distance Metrics for Signature-Based Biometric Cryptosystems

Biometric traits, such as fingerprints, faces and signatures have been employed in bio-cryptosystems to secure cryptographic keys within digital security schemes. Reliable implementations of these systems employ error correction codes formulated as simple distance thresholds, although they may not effectively model the complex variability of behavioral biometrics like signatures. In this paper, a Global-Local Distance Metric (GLDM) framework is proposed to learn cost-effective distance metrics, which reduce within-class variability and augment between-class variability, so that simple error correction thresholds of bio-cryptosystems provide high classification accuracy. First, a large number of samples from a development dataset are used to train a global distance metric that differentiates within-class from between-class samples of the population. Then, once user-specific samples are available for enrollment, the global metric is tuned to a local user-specific one. Proof-of-concept experiments on two reference offline signature databases confirm the viability of the proposed approach. Distance metrics are produced based on concise signature representations consisting of about 20 features and a single prototype. A signature-based bio-cryptosystem is designed using the produced metrics and has shown average classification error rates of about 7% and 17% for the PUCPR and the GPDS-300 databases, respectively. This level of performance is comparable to that obtained with complex state-of-the-art classifiers.

Interest Rate Pass-Through: The Case of Indonesia

This paper examines the direct and indirect interest rate pass-trough (IRPT) from policy interest rate (BI rate) to banks’ retail interest rates in Indonesia during a full-fledged inflation-targeting regime. We use montly data of policy interest rate (BI rate) as well as interest rates for interbank money market (interbank), deposit, and loan during July 2005 to May 2015. We employ Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) to find the significant of IRPT and the speed of adjustment process of IRPT. The study suggests the existence of direct and indirect IRPT in Indonesia. The change of policy rate is transmitted quicker in the direct channel compared to the indirect channel. However, indirect channel is more stable than the direct channel. We conclude that the direct and indirect IRPT are complementary.DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v6i2.4819