Empirical Data Research Articles

Risk factors for enteric diseases transmission through street vended juices: Assessment from empirical data in La Paz, Bolivia

Risk factors for enteric diseases transmission through street vended juices: Assessment from empirical data in La Paz, Bolivia

Mapping the ‘lifelong journey’ of physical literacy: a biographical assessment method for the physical activity and health context

ABSTRACT Physical literacy (PL) describes individuals’ unique relationship with physical activity by integrating physical, cognitive, affective, and social aspects. The person-centered concept highlights a ‘lifelong journey’ for each individual and postulates beneficial effects on biopsychosocial health. Despite extensive suggestions on how to assess the concept, no instrument has so far sufficiently aligned with these ‘individual journeys’ for PL. Therefore, the goal of this conceptual article is to introduce the biographical PL mapping (BMAP-PL) as a purposive, flexible, and paradigmatically open method for the broad physical activity and health context. Intending to provoke individual narratives by plotting domain-driven courses across the lifespan, the BMAP-PL involves four sequential phases guided by a trained facilitator: (a) introduction and overview; (b) personalization and registration of life events; (c) evaluation and biographical visualization of PL dimensions; (d) final overview. The idiosyncratic courses can undergo both qualitative and quantitative analysis, including a potential for synthetic integration. Qualitative analyses can span the identification of life events, transition phenomena, domain-differential analyses, and inter-individual patterns via narrative analysis, thematic analysis, typological analysis, or the grounded theory approach. We suggest quantitative analyses with descriptive and inferential statistical potential on the intra-individual, inter-individual, and group/population level. Given the profound cognitive engagement with the complex behavior of physical activity, BMAP-PL allows for a smooth transition to interventional endeavors (e.g. self-exploration of identity facets, prospective projections, goal setting). The application of the method has value for both research and practice but is based on requirements on the personal and atmospheric level. Emphasizing the need to complement the conceptual ideas through empirical data, we conclude by outlining an agenda for future activities.

From bite to byte: decoding the motivations fueling social media's culinary heritage stories

ABSTRACT Although tourists are increasingly seeking to actively engage in culinary heritage experiences, empirical knowledge about the culinary tourist remains limited, encompassing not only the desire to live these experiences but also a growing inclination to share related stories on social networks. This research aims to characterize the profile of culinary heritage storytellers through their motivations. Understanding motivations is crucial for destination management organizations (DMOs) and culinary tourism operators, as it enables them to effectively engage consumers (tourists) in active participation within value co-creation processes. Furthermore, this understanding allows for the proposal of innovative strategies aimed at making destinations more appealing to visitors seeking unique travel experiences. The data for this study were collected through netnography, involving participants in culinary tourism activities. Using content analysis of 50 posts, five profiles were found: gastro-nationalist, time traveler, epicurean seeker, culinary mentor, and sensory visualist.

The lure of decentralized social media: Extending the UTAUT model for understanding users' adoption of blockchain-based social media.

The study uses 31 semi-structured interviews to explore users' motivations for adopting and using blockchain-based social media (BSM) platforms. The objective of the study is twofold-to collect empirical data on early adopters of BSM and to test the applicability of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model for explaining why some users are choosing BSM over mainstream social media (MSM) platforms. Manual content analysis of the interviews reveals that users are initially drawn to BSM due to social influence and financial incentives, but they continue to use it mainly because of the sense of community they experience. We also find that the steep learning curve, the absence of content moderation, as well as security and privacy concerns hinder the widespread adoption of these platforms. From the theoretical side, although the UTAUT model is generally suitable for examining why individuals use BSM, we suggest integrating two additional factors into the model: financial incentives and content moderation.

Innovative pyrazole–phosphoramidate derivative for effective mercury adsorption and their application for Egyptian industrial waste samples

ABSTRACT Mercury, known for its severe health and environmental impacts even in trace amounts, necessitates effective removal from water systems. This research focuses on preparation of a novel adsorbent of 3,9−bis((4−amino−5−hydroxy−1 H−pyrazol−3−yl)amino)−2,4,8,10−tetraoxa−3,9−diphosphaspiro[5.5] undecane 3, 9−dioxide (PADP) for Hg(II) ions adsorption. To validate functionalization steps and elucidate PADP’s physical and chemical properties, a comprehensive array of assays, including FTIR, surface area, BET, TGA, 13CNMR, Mass spectra, 31PNMR and1HNMR were employed. The study systematically examined several factors controlling mercury sorption, including temperature, adsorbent dosage, pH, interaction time, and mercury concentration using the batch technique. Optimal sorption effectiveness was achieved at pH 5, with an interaction time of 50 min, an 80 mg adsorbent dose, at ambient temperature. The newly devised adsorbent exhibited an impressive adsorption capacity (qe) of 357 mg of Hg(II) per Litre, with empirical data fitting the Langmuir and Dubinin−Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models. The kinetics of mercury sorption followed second-order and Elovich kinetics models. Thermodynamic aspects, including ΔGº, ΔSº, and ΔHº, were also investigated, providing appreciated perceptions into the energetic dynamics of the sorption process. Thermodynamics has shown that the sorption of mercury ions is both endothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, mercury adsorption in the occurrence of other ions was explored, highlighting the selectivity of the modified Pyrazole – Phosphoramidate adsorbent for mercury removal. PADP demonstrates superior performance in removing Hg(II) from wastewater effluents, outshining a range of both natural and synthetic adsorbents previously used for this purpose. This superiority is evident when comparing its adsorption capacity (qo) against those of other adsorbents, showcasing its exceptional efficacy in purifying water from mercury contamination.

Being, exploring, and playing outdoors: Young children philosophize through Sámi pedagogical imagination and storytelling

This article discusses the pedagogical role of the imagination and forms of life in Sámi early childhood education. Following Nergård’s development of Wittgenstein’s notion “form of life” as an imaginative, pedagogical, and anthropological concept, the article will explore how Sámi children both use and transform forms of life in Sámi early childhood centers. The article explores scenes from a day spent outdoors with early childhood educators and children. The aim is to show how young Sámi children philosophize and articulate their world, and how listening to the children can be a decolonizing practice that challenges colonial assumptions in pedagogy, philosophy and society. The empirical data was collected through a pilot project and the subsequent project Sámi Children as Thought Herders. The data material contains photos, short films, sound records, and notes collected through ethnographic fieldwork conceived as Critical Utopian Action Research, which takes into account the social learning of all participants, here specifically the children, the educators and the researchers. Thus, these are spaces for a joint critique that resists colonially structured practices. The main findings are that, during outdoor activities, educators and children imaginatively perform, play and encounter outdoor spaces and aspects of Sámi forms of life. This is explored on the basis of scenes where young children imaginatively engaged with the forest environment. The educators’ storytelling and the storytelling tradition continued into the children’s own storytelling. The children created stories about a Stállo who lives in a rusty oil barrel they found in the forest, making traditional stories and forms of life come alive and transforming them. In reflecting upon these scenes, we argue for the pedagogical, performative, and philosophical importance of engaging with the ways that children’s imaginative play interacts with place.

Neighbours of the empire: Images of Russia in Lithuanian and Polish textbooks

In the paper, we analyze the image of the Soviet Union and Russia presented by the Lithuanian and Polish states to the youngest generation. Our empirical data comes from textbooks for social sciences and recent history, beginning from the gaining independence of both countries after the First World War until the aggression on Ukraine in 2014. We focused on the ways of presenting to the pupils the politics, society, and culture of the Soviet and Russian states. We show how textbooks present the Russian state as irrational and dangerous and how the longue durée of the imperial thinking is seen as the leitmotiv of the narratives on Russian history.

The Diverse Agendas Surrounding Nathan Chen on China's Social Media During the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games: The Sport, the Athlete, and Nationalism

This paper analyses the online communication around American figure skater Nathan Chen (陈巍, Chen Wei) on China's social media platform Sina Weibo during the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games in order to critically unfold the agendas surrounding him. Engaging with agenda-setting theory and scholarship that conceptualises the contentious characteristics of China's online communication, and by using content analysis and network analysis, this paper presents empirical data to argue that online discussions around Chen were multiple and contentious. The communications consist of multiple topics surrounding the Games, the performances of different figure skaters, and the controversies surrounding Chen. The attitudes towards Chen were also diverse, such as nationalistic sentiments, appreciation of Chen's achievements, and disapproval of his performance all co-existed.

Exploring post-usage behaviour in app-based ride-sourcing services: Evidence from Egypt

Despite numerous studies focusing on ride-sourcing services, most have concentrated on users' pre-usage behaviour. This study explores users' post-usage behaviour, aiming to identify significant factors affecting existing users' intentions to continue using app-based ride-sourcing services in Egypt. Integrating the Expectation-Confirmation Model (ECM), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and the Technology Readiness Model (TRM), this research identifies key determinants influencing users' perceptions and continued usage intentions. An online questionnaire collected empirical data from 381 respondents, analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results highlight the essential roles of optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity in shaping users' perceptions of ride-sourcing apps' usefulness. Additionally, perceived ease of use is determined by innovativeness and discomfort. Furthermore, users' continuance usage intention is significantly associated with satisfaction level, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use. This study's findings offer valuable insights for service providers, aiding their understanding of variables influencing users' decisions to continue using ride-sourcing apps and enabling them to retain and satisfy their current users effectively.

The Ecclesiastical Impact: Exploring the Role of Christian Church in Democracy Development in Nigeria

This research investigates the multifaceted role of Christian church in the development and consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Through a comprehensive analysis of scholarly literature, empirical data, and case studies, the study aims to elucidate the various dimensions of the church's influence on democratic processes, institutions, and norms in the Nigerian context. Specifically, the research will examine how Christian churches contribute to promoting democratic values, civic education, moral leadership, peace-building, social welfare initiatives, and political engagement. By employing a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative interviews, surveys, and content analysis of church statements and activities, the study seeks to provide empirical evidence and theoretical insights into the mechanisms through which the church impacts democracy development in Nigeria. The findings of this research will have implications for understanding the complex dynamics of religion and politics in Nigeria and inform policy and practices aimed at strengthening democratic governance and pluralism in the country.

Safety impacts of design for manufacture and assembly techniques in off-site construction

Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) is an approach for improving project safety performance. For off-site construction (OSC), the philosophy is increasingly becoming a preferred design approach for OSC components. However, studies examining the safety impact of DfMA in OSC are limited. This study investigated the potential effects of DfMA techniques on mitigating specific safety hazards in OSC. A literature review identified and paired DfMA techniques and the safety hazards they mitigate. Empirical data was collected using a survey to assess the identified relationships. Data was analyzed using a combination of frequencies, inferential statistics, and Cronbach’s alpha. Most respondents agreed that DfMA techniques control their pairwise safety hazards in OSC. To eliminate safety hazards and limit their socio-economic impact, contracting organisations engaged in OSC need to consider the application of DfMA in the manufacture, assembly, and disassembly processes of OSC. The study reaffirms the importance of implementing evidence-based DfMA techniques for mitigating safety hazards in developing countries where OSC is an emerging philosophy.

Advancing projections of crown-of-thorns starfish to support management interventions

Outbreaks of corallivorous Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.; CoTS) cause substantial coral mortality throughout the Indo-Pacific, particularly on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Refining CoTS population density modelling and understanding the disparities between real-world observations and model predictions is crucial for developing effective control strategies. Using a spatially explicit ecosystem model of the GBR, we compared CoTS density model predictions to observations and incorporated a new zone-specific mortality rate to account for differences in predation of CoTS between fished and protected reefs. We found high congruence between predictions and observations: ∼81 % of categorical reef level CoTS densities matched or only differed by one category. However, underpredictions increased with higher observed densities. Zone-specific CoTS mortality reduced severe underpredictions from 7.1 % to 5.6 %, which is critical for managers as underpredictions indicate missing outbreaks where targeted culling is necessary, but also lead to underestimated coral loss attributed to CoTS outbreaks. Reef protection status affected prediction accuracy, highlighting the importance of further research on in situ CoTS mortality rates. The location of a reef inside or outside the “initiation box”, a speculative area of primary outbreaks (i.e., initial abrupt population increases) on the GBR, also influenced accuracy, with exact predictions more likely outside. Accurately modelling initiation box dynamics is challenging due to limited empirical data on CoTS outbreaks, highlighting the need for focussed research on outbreak dynamics to enhance predictive accuracy. Spatial factors, such as region and shelf position, contributed to the variance between observations and predictions, underscoring the importance of the spatial-temporal context of each observation. Observations of CoTS can help refine model predictions, guide targeted control measures, and contribute to effective ecosystem management for the long-term resilience of the GBR and other reefs targeted by CoTS throughout the Indo-Pacific.

Community preparedness for earthquake disasters: A preliminary assessment of awareness and disaster infrastructure response in Cianjur, West Java-Indonesia

Background The danger of earthquakes poses a serious threat to people worldwide. One of the most significant challenges is preparing communities to cope effectively with this disaster. Therefore, understanding earthquake hazards is critically important for preparedness, mitigation, and an effective response to this threat. This report aims to observe and conduct a preliminary assessment of the degree to which community preparedness for earthquake disasters has been implemented. Methods Empirical data were obtained from survey respondents and interviews. The respondents were members of a community affected by the Cianjur earthquake, which occurred on November 21, 2022. The data were analysed using the mean range approach, based on Likert scales. Additionally, the Spearman correlation method was employed to indicate the relationship between community awareness and infrastructure readiness. Result Based on empirical evidence and preliminary analysis, it is evident that the preparedness of the community to respond effectively to earthquake catastrophes is inadequate. An apparent lack of readiness is observed in the inadequate construction of housing that fails to meet disaster standards, and the absence of disaster response facilities is notable. Conclusions Based on our initial assumption, it appears that knowledge related to disaster resilience in this area has not been adequately disseminated or socialized. However, this premise requires further investigation.

Exploring the Utility of Long Non-Coding RNAs for Assessing the Health Consequences of Vaping

Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use, otherwise known as “vaping”, is widespread among adolescent never-smokers and adult smokers seeking a less-harmful alternative to combustible tobacco products. To date, however, the long-term health consequences of vaping are largely unknown. Many toxicants and carcinogens present in e-cig vapor and tobacco smoke exert their biological effects through epigenetic changes that can cause dysregulation of disease-related genes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as prime regulators of gene expression in health and disease states. A large body of research has shown that lncRNAs regulate genes involved in the pathogenesis of smoking-associated diseases; however, the utility of lncRNAs for assessing the disease-causing potential of vaping remains to be fully determined. A limited but growing number of studies has shown that lncRNAs mediate dysregulation of disease-related genes in cells and tissues of vapers as well as cells treated in vitro with e-cig aerosol extract. This review article provides an overview of the evolution of e-cig technology, trends in use, and controversies on the safety, efficacy, and health risks or potential benefits of vaping relative to smoking. While highlighting the importance of lncRNAs in cell biology and disease, it summarizes the current and ongoing research on the modulatory effects of lncRNAs on gene regulation and disease pathogenesis in e-cig users and in vitro experimental settings. The gaps in knowledge are identified, priorities for future research are highlighted, and the importance of empirical data for tobacco products regulation and public health is underscored.

Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among LGBTQ+ Adolescents and Young Adults Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

The relationship between sexual violence (SV) experiences and suicidal ideation (SI) is known. However, when applied to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and more (LGBTQ+) populations, the impact that experiences with SV have on the severity and magnitude of SI continues to be explored. A scoping review of the literature was conducted to summarize the current literature related to SI experienced by LGBTQ+ adolescents and young adults (AYAs) who have experienced SV. Studies were found by searching electronic databases. To be included in the review, the study must have (a) been written in the English language, (b) been conducted in the United States, (c) presented empirical data, (d) been exclusively focused on LGBTQ+ AYAs, (e) focused on experiences with SV or have analyses separate from other types of violence, and (f) investigated suicidality as an outcome. All relevant studies published to date were included. Forty-one articles were retrieved for full-text review, of which five were determined to meet eligibility. LGBTQ+ AYAs were significantly associated with increased rates of SI compared with their cisgender heterosexual peers. LGBTQ+ AYAs were also associated with higher rates of SV victimization, ranging from intimate partner violence to previous child sexual abuse. Higher rates of depression were also associated with the population studied in each included article. The relationship between SV and SI in this population is not well studied, as highlighted through this completed review. Targeting this knowledge gap through future research can lead to intervention development for this population niche.

Analysis of The Use of Problem-Based Learning Model in Improving Learning Outcomes of Hindu Religious Education in Grade V Students of UPT SD Negeri 6 Arawa Sidrap

The learning process does not teach students to work together in groups, resulting in less active learning. Students also lack the critical thinking skills required to solve problems. This issue arises due to teachers' lack of knowledge and the absence of innovative learning models. Consequently, it leads to low student learning outcomes, necessitating research to examine this matter. The objective of this study is to analyze the implementation of a problem-based learning model in improving the learning outcomes of Hindu religious education in grade V students of UPT SD Negeri 6 Arawa, Sidrap Regency. The research approach employed is qualitative research with the type of library research. Data sources include books, scientific journals, magazines, newspapers, and other relevant information. The informants were selected based on their relevance to the topic under study. Research instruments comprised books, scientific journals, and other relevant documents. The data collection technique employed was documentation study, while qualitative content analysis was used for data analysis. The findings indicate that the problem-based learning model is an appropriate choice for teachers who wish to develop students' analytical abilities, enable them to apply existing knowledge in new situations, and encourage independent and responsible problem-solving skills. This model enhances students' critical, analytical, systematic, and logical thinking abilities, enabling them to find alternative solutions to problems through empirical data exploration, ultimately fostering a scientific attitude. In conclusion, the use of problem-based learning models can improve learning outcomes in Hindu religious education in grade V students of UPT SD Negeri 6 Arawa Sidrap.

Enlightening the shadow dimensions of part‐time entrepreneurship: Navigating fear of failure and enhancing social status

AbstractPart‐time entrepreneurs—individuals acting simultaneously as entrepreneurs and employees—are often considered to be in a transitional stage towards becoming full‐time entrepreneurs. However, they can also exit a venture or remain hybrid entrepreneurs. Based on this evidence, we explore the influence of social norms (social status and shame of failing), the desire to create a company, entrepreneurial motivation, the need for achievement, risk propensity, and indirect shame on the entrepreneurial intention of part‐time entrepreneurs. A questionnaire was administered to 304 part‐time entrepreneurs residing in Brazil. The results of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) have shown that social status and entrepreneurial motivation positively influence the entrepreneurial intention of hybrid entrepreneurs, while the shame of failing has a negative effect on this dimension. We also found that the desire to create a company has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention but negatively moderates the relationship between social status and entrepreneurial intention, that is, the direct relationship becomes weaker as the desire to create a company increases. Accordingly, this study provides evidence on the main drivers of entrepreneurial intention by focusing on the specific case of part‐time entrepreneurs. The uniqueness of this study, therefore, lies in its valuable contribution to empirical knowledge about hybrid entrepreneurship, a category often underestimated in research dedicated to the field of entrepreneurship.

Artificial neural network hyperparameters optimization for predicting the thermal conductivity of MXene/graphene nanofluids

BackgroundThe critical role of thermal conductivity (TC) as a significant thermo-physical property in MXene/graphene-based nanofluids for photovoltaic/thermal systems has motivated recent research into developing precision predictive models. The multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) has emerged as an eminent AI algorithm for this task. MethodsThis study employs Bayesian optimization, random search (RS), and grid search (GS) to fine-tune MLPNN hyperparameters—hidden layers, neurons, activation functions, standardization, and regularization—to elevate TC modeling efficiency. The proposed methodology unfolds in sequential phases: data analysis, data pre-processing, and introduction of MLPNN, GS, RS, Bayesian approach, and their integration algorithm. The next phase entails developing predictive models and presenting optimal cases. Lastly, the final models undergo statistical evaluation and graphical comparison for a thorough analysis. FindingsResults manifest that the GS-MLPNN model excels, achieving the lowest testing data error (MAPE = 0.5261%) and high conformity with empirical data (R = 0.99941). Meanwhile, the RS method adjusts hyperparameters with negligible precision loss (MAPE = 0.6046%, R = 0.99887). Contrarily, Bayesian optimization lags, increasing errors (MAPE = 3.1981%) and lower correlation (R = 0.98099), suggesting its relative inefficacy for this specific application. The optimized models provide efficient predictions, significantly reducing the financial/computing costs associated with experimental/numerical analysis.

LEGAL LIABILITY OF A PHYSICIAN FOR PROVIDING INADEQUATE MEDICAL CARE TO A PATIENT: ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES BASED ON THE EXAMPLES OF KAZAKHSTAN AND THE UNITED STATES

Background: This research focuses on the determination of liability for medical professionals causing harm to patients, using the criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a foundation. Criminal liability for medical offences is stipulated in Chapter 12 of the Criminal Code. By identifying the mandatory characteristics or elements of a medical criminal offence according to the criminal legislation of Kazakhstan, parallels are drawn with the types of culpability provided for in developed countries worldwide. The authors reviewed scholarly works examining the effectiveness of handling cases involving harm to patients and decisions regarding the satisfaction or dismissal of the patient's claims in Kazakhstan. Attention has been given to empirical data collected within the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of sociological research conducted by the authors over a period of 3 months among healthcare professionals from different regions of the country have been utilised. Special attention has been devoted to international experiences in implementing measures to improve patient safety, reducing citizen complaints regarding the quality of healthcare services, and enhancing the legal protection of medical personnel. The research selects provisions from scholarly works that reduce the risk of harm to patients and thereby contribute to reducing medical crime levels. Methods: In this research, the authors employed a number of methods of scientific research to achieve their goals and solve their tasks, in particular legal analysis, comparative legal analysis, survey, questionnaire, and interviewing. Legal analysis of the Criminal Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including Chapter 12 of the Criminal Code, was conducted to identify the specifics of criminal liability for medical offences, exemplified by Article 317. This analysis highlighted the nuances of criminal liability for medical offences in Kazakhstan. Comparative legal analysis made it possible to compare the responsibilities of doctors in the USA and Kazakhstan. Attention was drawn to the similarity of the concepts of guilt in the form of negligence, with a specific emphasis on the American approach, which offers valuable insights for Kazakhstan. These aspects could be adapted to improve Kazakhstan's legal system. The specific cases of harm to patients considered by the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan were studied, and court decisions concerning the satisfaction of patients' claims and their rejection were analysed, which allowed the authors to identify the main arguments and trends in judicial practice. Surveys and questionnaires were conducted among medical workers from various regions of Kazakhstan to gather empirical data on their perceptions of duties and responsibilities. Additionally, in-depth interviews were also conducted with experts in the field of medicine and law, as well as patients, and representatives of health authorities, providing high-quality data on the problems and challenges faced by medical workers. Statistical data collected during sociological research were processed and analysed. This included data on citizen complaints about the quality of medical care, cases of harm to patients and other relevant statistical indicators. The study of the problem at various levels revealed the level of patient safety and legal protection of medical personnel. Results and Conclusion: Creating conditions for medicine and ensuring effective social and professional medical insurance are some factors that provide opportunities for medical practice as a whole and the healthcare system. These facts also facilitate a proper legal assessment of a doctor's performance

Impact of product market competition on the overconfidence cash holdings relationship in Chinese firms

Traditional Confucian and hierarchical cultures in China often lead managers to become overconfident and hold more cash, which negatively impacts enterprise development. Therefore, in China, the mitigation of excess cash holdings among overconfident managers is worthy of further research. This study examines the effects of manager overconfidence on corporate cash holdings using data from 922 Chinese listed companies and totals 6849 observations. This study is based on a quantitative analysis approach using the Fixed Effects Model and Generalised Method of Moments. The empirical data indicate that manager overconfidence is positively associated with cash holdings. Furthermore, product market competition mitigates the direct correlation between managerial overconfidence and cash holdings. Finally, the impact was particularly noticeable for small and non-state-owned enterprises. This study draws on China's Confucian and hierarchical cultures to explain why overconfident managers tend to hold more cash and offers a different perspective on how product market competition affects the abovementioned relationship. This research enhances the understanding of managerial overconfidence and its economic repercussions and also contributes to the effect of product market competition on the corporate governance of Chinese listed companies.