Empirical Overview Research Articles

Disputed geometries of great power politics: US–China perspectives on minilateralism

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the theoretical and empirical development of contemporary minilateralism through the lens of US–China great power competition. The aim is to assess four theoretically informed predictions about US and Chinese minilateral formation: (a) the US would form minilaterals more readily than China, (b) the US would appreciate minilaterals more than China, (c) the US and China would have differing rhetorical approaches to discussing the value of minilaterals, and (d) that minilaterals formed in the contemporary period would tend toward institutionalisation in order to ensure their persistence (a reflection of the long-term nature of Sino-US competition). Following the Introduction, section II provides a descriptive, empirical overview of the perspectives on minilateralism in Washington and Beijing, focusing on the US judgment that they are an asymmetric advantage for the US, and China’s evaluation that they are a risk to its foreign and security policy strategy. Section III examines a set of US-led minilateral cases (Quad 2.0, AUKUS, US-Japan-South Korea, US-Japan-Australia, and US-Japan-Philippines) and the Chinese responses to their development. Finally, section IV concludes with thoughts on policy implications, as well as other avenues of research.

Heterogeneity of European farmers’ risk preferences: an individual participant data meta-analysis

Abstract We present a new approach to establish an empirical overview of farmers’ risk preferences and the characteristics associated with these preferences. We rely on an Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis whereby we identify studies eliciting risk preferences through self-assessments and Holt and Laury lotteries, and construct and analyse a unique dataset of 5,157 farmers from 19 studies in 13 European countries. Our results reveal significant heterogeneity in risk preferences across elicitation methods, within and across studies, risk domains and farm and farmer characteristics. European farmers are on average risk-averse when risk preferences are elicited by lotteries, and on average risk-neutral when elicited by self-assessments. Beyond differences in the average risk aversion, there are distributional differences pointing to a limited convergence between elicitation methods and a larger explanatory power of farm and farmer characteristics to determine risk preferences elicited with self-assessments compared to lotteries.

Globalization — Inequality Nexus in the US and UK: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective

Equitable income distributions occupy a top spot on the list of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG[Formula: see text]). Nonetheless, prior empirical inquiries noted several factors, including globalization as the determinant of income inequality, albeit divergent inferences. However, very little is known about the potential effects of other variants of globalization (economic, social, cultural and political) on income inequality. Hence, this study, through a multi-dimensional scale, provides a comprehensive empirical overview of the effects of globalization on income inequality in the United States and the United Kingdom between 1970 and 2018. The study adopts the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) models for broad-based empirical narratives. The empirical estimates rectify that globalization and its variants influenced income distributions significantly more in the US than in the UK. Particularly, at the 25th and 50th quantiles, globalization produced significant inequality-reducing effects in the UK. This indicates varying outcomes across the distributions of income inequality. Hence, constant monitoring is critical to curtail the influence of globalization on income distributions. The study also revealed that the existing patterns of income distributions in both countries would not guarantee the attainment of SDG[Formula: see text]. However, if laborers are compensated adequately, the attainment of SDG[Formula: see text] is certain. Thus, relevant policy options that will ensure equitable prosperity in both countries are highlighted.

The psychological and behavioral consequences of customer empowerment in new product development: Situational framework, review, and research agenda

AbstractIn search of innovation and market success, firms have started to empower their customers in many ways, from customizing and self‐producing their own products (products made for one) to selecting and designing products for the broader marketplace products made for many. This power shift has important behavioral and psychological consequences for customers and, hence, has attracted considerable interest from academics and practitioners alike. However, the literature is scattered, provides inconsistent findings, and lacks both a comprehensive conceptualization and empirical overview. Specifically, extant literature neglects the situational nature of customer empowerment, equalizing inherently different customer empowerment activities while failing to consider the divergent effects on participating versus observing customers (i.e., customers who do not participate in the new product development process themselves). This limits advancement of the field, and impedes integration with the related fields of innovation, marketing, and consumer research. To facilitate a better understanding of the psychological and behavioral consequences of customer empowerment, we systematically review literature in the field and develop a conceptual framework that integrates different customer empowerment situations and their respective psychological (e.g., firm perceptions and feelings of empowerment) and behavioral (e.g., product preferences and willingness‐to‐pay) consequences. Using this framework, we structure previous research, highlight similarities and differences across customer empowerment situations, and set the stage for future research. By taking a customer perspective, this research advances our understanding of why some customer empowerment strategies are more successful than others (and under which circumstances). On a broader level, we show that adopting a behavioral and psychological perspective may be a promising way to study innovation.

Neither housing nor hotel

One of the many impacts of the Covid pandemic on Canadian cities was the complete collapse of short-term rental (STR) markets, as long-distance travel nearly vanished for more than a year. Many dedicated STRs shifted back to the long-term rental market, but others remained on STR platforms such as Airbnb but with minimum stays of one month or more—a land use we describe as “medium-term rentals” (MTRs). This paper provides a planning analysis of online-platform-mediated MTRs in Canadian cities and their housing-market, land-use, and regulatory implications. First, we identify and explore the regulatory grey zone inhabited by MTRs, which appear to be neither standard residential tenancies nor short-term tourist accommodations. Second, the paper provides a brief empirical overview of the emergence of MTRs during and after the Covid pandemic in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Third, the paper uses a policy case study of situations in which Ontario’s Landlord and Tenant Board has been asked to adjudicate non-standard tenancies to establish whether there is a planning basis for distinguishing medium-term rentals from other tenancy types. The paper concludes by identifying a key planning principle which could allow Canadian municipalities to pull MTRs out of the regulatory grey zone: regulating type of stay instead of length of stay.

The Impact of Talent Recognition on The Intention to Stay in Work Context: Empirical Overview

Purpose of the Study: The aim of the paper attempts to contribute to an overview of the methods and strategies adopted by organizations to maintain a talented and engaged workforce globally. Theoretical framework: The study is based on a review of the literature, which is described in the article. Use all methods to retain personnel. Talent Development must be researched whether it enhances Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Empowerment, which increases Intention to Stay. Design/methodology/approach: The researchers apply the convenience sampling technique to acquire primary data from employees utilizing a questionnaire as a research instrument. Data analysis is used in this study through the help of (the PLS) technique (SEMs). A five-component scale with a some-object measurement model has been verified inside the study. Findings: Our findings demonstrate there is a favorable strong connection. in the effect of appreciation on retention in the job role between employers and employees. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed in the mild of the findings. Research, Practical & Social implications: Today, almost every organization is driven by technology, but human resources are needed to do work through technology. It is the challenge of an HR manager to keep working for a long time in an organization in a dynamic environment. Originality/value: The value of the study reveals that, fulfilment is regularly tied to its capability to attract, retain, and recognize talented and effective employees.

Artificial intelligence for human learning: A review of machine learning techniques used in education research and a suggestion of a learning design model

The goal of this research is to (1) identify the status and development of AI and ML-based learning support systems and their impact on human learning, with a specific focus on techniques employed in previous research, and (2) demonstrate the process of designing a learning support system using AI. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies have received attention in education. The existing research on AI in education is examined, considering the implications of its application in research. Noteworthy ML techniques from the literature are explained, followed by a discussion on leveraging AI and ML technologies to enhance learning support. Additionally, with consideration of both front-end and back-end approaches,a framework for incorporating AI into education is proposed. Subsequently, a learning design model, Self-regulated Learning with AI Assistants (SLAA), is suggested for addressing the objectives of AI-based learning support system design. The categorization of AI and ML techniques in education research reveals nine types, including supervised learning, mining approaches, and Bayesian techniques. The exploration illustrates how these techniques can be employed in designing a learning support system. This paper provides an empirical overview of AI in education, addresses technological and pedagogical considerations for developing personalized and adaptive learning environments, and outlines the challenges and potential future research directions.

Spatial and temporal variation in the predicted dispersal of marine larvae around coastal Aotearoa New Zealand

IntroductionPatterns of larval dispersal in the marine environment have many implications for population dynamics, biodiversity, fisheries, ecosystem function, and the effectiveness of marine protected areas. There is tremendous variation in factors that influence the direction and success of marine larval dispersal, making accurate prediction exceedingly difficult. The key physical factor is the pattern of water movement, while two key biological factors are the amount of time larvae spend drifting in the ocean (pelagic larval duration - PLD) and the time of the year at which adult populations release larvae. Here, we assess the role of these factors in the variation of predicted larval dispersal and settlement patterns from 15 locations around Aotearoa New Zealand.MethodsThe Moana Project Backbone circulation model paired with OpenDrift was used to simulate Lagrangian larval dispersal in the ocean with basic vertical control across four differing PLD groups (7, 14, 30, and 70 days) for each of twelve months. ResultsConsiderable variation was observed in the pattern of particle dispersal for each major variable: release location, PLD group, and the month of release. As expected, dispersal distances increased with PLD length, but the size of this effect differed across both release location and month. Increased and directional particle dispersal matched some expectations from well-known currents, but surprisingly high self-recruitment levels were recorded in some locations.DiscussionThese predictions of larval dispersal provide, for the first time, an empirical overview of coastal larval dispersal around Aoteaora New Zealand’s main islands and highlight potential locations of “barriers” to dispersal. This dataset should prove valuable in helping predict larval connectivity across a broad range of species in this environment for diverse purposes.

Artificial Intelligence and Project Management: Empirical Overview, State of the Art, and Guidelines for Future Research

Desk rejections of artificial intelligence (AI)–related submissions to the Project Management Journal® (PMJ) are high. This article provides an overview and state-of-the-art snapshot on academic and practitioner work to derive at potential future research topics and guidelines on the execution and reporting of AI-related studies in project management.

The Acceptance of Climate Adaptation Measures in the Event Industry: A Conceptual and Empirical Overview

While recent studies have demonstrated that events are fundamentally climate sensitive, this seems to not be fully considered in event research or corporate event practice. Thus, this study aims to identify the influencing factors that affect the acceptance of climate adaptation measures among decision-makers in the event industry. The analysis was divided into three main parts. First, the existing literature related to climate change in an events context was reviewed. Using 15 semi structured interviews, the findings from this review were then critically discussed with stakeholders in Germany involved in event planning. Finally, explicit climate adaptation measures were proposed and discussed. Based on all findings, there appears to be a low level of awareness of and interest in climate adaptation amongst German event industry players. There is an imminent need for further research on climate adaptation and for decision-makers to better prepare for climate change in order to counteract resulting negative impacts.

BUSINESS CANVAS MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTS: EXAMINING THE ELEMENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO COMPETITIVENESS AS IDENTIFIED IN PRIOR RESEARCH

The development of a business canvas for imported products in Indonesia is relatively straightforward due to the numerous trade barriers that still require significant improvement. This paper aims to explore the factors that contribute to competitive advantage, enabling Indonesian products to effectively compete with imports. The research methodology is grounded in relevant studies that focus on establishing a robust business canvas, which is essential for determining the reliable performance of companies. The utilization of NVivo software will facilitate the identification of key themes and subthemes that are critical considerations for business actors and firms in the context of global competition, while also providing an empirical overview of the exploratory findings. The conclusion of this paper offers valuable insights into business strategies based on the development of a business canvas, equipping Indonesian entrepreneurs with the necessary tools to compete against imported products.

Canada's Lobbying Industry: Business and Public Interest Advocacy from Harper to Trudeau

AbstractThis article provides an empirical overview of federal lobbying in Canada, examining lobbying contacts by field and sector from 2011 to 2022. We track shifts in lobbying representation over this period, including across Harper Conservative and Trudeau Liberal administrations. The study reveals the dominance of business interests in lobbying in Canada and a high level of lobbying concentration. By sector, export-oriented industries with high environmental and climatic impacts—namely, agriculture, fossil fuel and manufacturing industries—predominate. With the transition to Trudeau, we find a significant increase in overall rates of lobbying and a modest increase in the ratio of public interest representation. Overall, the lobbying industry is characterized by greater access but unequal voice.

An Empirical Mapping of Environmental Protection and Conservation Nonprofit Discourse on Social Media

This article is a comprehensive empirical overview of environmental protection and conservation nonprofits’ discourse on social media. To what extent have these nonprofits framed climate change in their public discourse and how has it evolved over time? How do organizational characteristics and resources affect their social media behavior? To address our research questions, we use machine learning with texts—specifically topic modeling—to track the activity of 120 environmental nonprofits during a 14-year time span on X, formerly known as Twitter. Our analysis of more than 1.3 million tweets shows that climate change, although not closely aligned with the missions for more than half of the top tweeting organizations included in our sample, has consistently been a prevalent priority issue on their social media agendas for more than a decade. This heightened attention to climate change discourse by the environmental nonprofit sector denotes their uniform efforts to inspire government for climate action.

Maneuvering of Digital Transformation: Role of Artificial Intelligence in Empowering Leadership - An Empirical Overview

Purpose: Digital transformation introduces businesses to the risks of changing strategic initiatives and adapting to technological advances such as AI (AI). AI is expected to revolutionize the future workforce. This study examines how Artificial intelligence Empowering Leadership.
 
 Theoretical framework: The examination and quantitative method were used to develop a research design. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from companies’ leaders that used AI systems to empower their Leadership. Companies have increased empowering their employees as necessary in today's business environment. The role of Leadership has shifted in tandem with the trend-forward into organizational empowerment.
 
 Design/methodology/approach: The study sample consisted of all 150 leaders, chosen by random sampling. The current study was conducted using a quantitative methodology. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher created a questionnaire with (10) items divided into three categories: usage of AI, Leadership oriented questions and demographics.
 
 Findings: The results of the literature analysis are used to develop the questionnaire. The main participants in this study were the leaders of the organization.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: According to interviews, empowering Leadership, specifically autonomy and innovation assistance, is beneficial in navigating AI-induced change.
 
 Originality/value: The value of the study to expected to revolutionize the future workforce by exploring the role of AI in empowering leadership.

The Impact of Talent Recognition on the Intention to Stay in Work Context: Empirical Overview

Purpose of the Study: The aim of the paper attempts to contribute to an overview of the methods and strategies adopted by organizations to maintain a talented and engaged workforce globally.
 
 Theoretical framework: The study is based on a review of the literature, which is described in the article. Use all methods to retain personnel. Talent Development must be researched whether it enhances Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Empowerment, which increases Intention to Stay.
 
 Design/methodology/approach: The researchers apply the convenience sampling technique to acquire primary data from employees utilizing a questionnaire as a research instrument. Data analysis is used in this study through the help of (the PLS) technique (SEMs). A five-component scale with a some-object measurement model has been verified inside the study
 
 Findings: Our findings demonstrate there is a favorable strong connection. in the effect of appreciation on retention in the job role between employers and employees. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed in the mild of the findings
 Research, Practical & Social implications: Today, almost every organization is driven by technology, but human resources are needed to do work through technology. It is the challenge of an HR manager to keep working for a long time in an organization in a dynamic environment.
 
 Originality/value: The value of the study reveals that, fulfilment is regularly tied to its capability to attract, retain, and recognize talented and effective employees.

European emergency managers on social media: institutional arrangements and guidelines

PurposeThis paper offers an empirical overview of European emergency managers' institutional arrangements and guidelines for using social media in risk and crisis communication.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected and analysed material including publicly accessible relevant legal acts, policy documents, official guidelines, and press reports in eight European countries – Germany, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Finland, Norway, and Estonia. Additionally, the authors carried out 95 interviews with emergency managers in the eight countries between September 2019 and February 2020.FindingsThe authors found that emergency management institutions' social media usage is rarely centrally controlled and social media crisis communication was regulated with the same guidelines as crisis communication on traditional media. Considering this study's findings against the backdrop of existing research and practice, the authors find support for a “mixed arrangement” model by which centralised policies work in tandem with decentralised practices on an ad hoc basis.Practical implicationsComparative insights about institutional arrangements and procedural guidelines on social media crisis communication in the studied countries could inform the future policies concerning social media use in other emergency management systems.Originality/valueThis study includes novel, cross-national comparative data on the institutional arrangements and guidelines for using social media in emergency management in the context of Europe.

The Nexus between Corporate Financial Ratio and Price Earnings Performance: Evidence from President Election Period in Indonesia

This research aims to obtain an empirical overview of the influence of financial performance on stock prices in situations of political uncertainty in Indonesia. Our sample includes all non-financial public companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2019, totalling 1,899 company-years. This study uses fixed-effects regression to test the hypothesis. The researchers found that financial performance positively and negatively affects stock prices. Specifically, we found a negative relationship between financial performance proxied by Return on Equity and Debt to Ratio. In contrast, liquidity, return on Assets, and Net Profit Margin have a negative effect on financial performance. Furthermore, our evidence becomes unique when in conditions of political uncertainty, where more financial performance has a negative impact on stock prices. This study provides practical and theoretical implications to fill gaps in previous literature regarding financial performance and its influence on stock prices.

A multilevel framework for assessing self‐regulated learning in school contexts: Innovations, challenges, and future directions

AbstractAs the importance of student self‐regulated learning (SRL) among school‐aged populations continues to increase, there is an emerging need for school psychologists and other school professionals to develop the knowledge and skills to effectively assess this process. The current paper provides a conceptual and empirical overview of a multimethod SRL diagnostic assessment framework included as part of the Self‐Regulation Empowerment Program (SREP). In addition to providing information about the operation and sequence of the SREP diagnostic assessment process, the current paper underscores the commonly used measures of SRL (e.g., self‐report questionnaires, teacher rating scales, SRL microanalysis, think‐aloud protocols) and provides evidence supporting their psychometric rigor and utility in school settings. This paper also serves as a roadmap that school psychologists can use to increase the frequency and quality of school‐based SRL assessments. Future research directions regarding the SREP diagnostic assessment process are also emphasized.

An Exploration of Overconfidence and the Disposition Effect in the Stock Market

This paper offers a comprehensive empirical overview of the impact of overconfidence in the stock market, thus contributing to the existing research literature on this topic. The study employs a bibliometric approach that utilizes the VOSviewer to extract and analyze 277 articles registered between 1992 and January 2023. By providing a detailed analysis of the literature, this research expands our understanding of the impact of overconfidence in the stock market and offers avenues for future studies in this area. The results of this analysis are noteworthy, as they reveal several important findings. These include the exponential growth of scientific production in recent decades, the concentration of research in specific journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports, the presence of institutional co-author networks, and the thematic and temporal segregation of financial behavior concepts. The most significant finding of this study is the identification of six major clusters: investor behavior during times of crisis; behavioral finance; herding and risk-taking concepts; psychological and cognitive decisions; emotions and decision-making; and the performance of stocks. This temporal evolution of research demonstrates the emergence of various perspectives on the relationship between individual financial behavior and the global market. This study represents a pioneering effort in the field of bibliometric analysis as it is the first to specifically examine the subject of overconfidence in the stock market using this method.

Political polarization in Korea

ABSTRACT This article provides an empirical overview of political polarization in Korea from 2004 to 2021 based on a wealth of longitudinal surveys. We consider elite as well as mass polarization, document the extent of ideological polarization in terms of standard left-right measures, and consider more specific forms of polarization, including affective polarization and the specific issues that are proving divisive. We find that polarization in the country has increased over time, but not among the electorate as a whole. Rather partisan identifiers and party activists of the two main parties have shown a movement towards the extremes in terms of ideology, issue positions, and aversion towards the other party. For both legislators and the voting public, the substantive scope of political polarization is widening, encompassing not only foreign policy but also economic issues that had not seen strong signs of partisan divergence in the past.