Empathic Relationship Research Articles

Empathy unmasked: the compassion quotient of dental students

BackgroundDespite an empathic doctor patient relationship being of utmost importance to improve health care outcomes, this aspect is scarcely explored in dental students of Pakistan. This primary objective of the present study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy- Health Professions Student (JSE- HPS) version in a sample of Pakistani dental students. The study also compared the differences in empathy levels of dental students studying in different academic years.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 304 students from first to final year from selected 02 private and 02 public dental colleges of Karachi, Pakistan from December 2021- January 2022. The self-administered Jefferson Scale of Empathy- Health Professions Student (JSE-HPS) version was used for data collection. This questionnaire includes 20 items that can be answered on a 7-point Likert scale. After attendance sheets were obtained, random student names were marked, and questionnaire distributed by hand to these students. All forms were collected right after to maximize response rate.ResultsA total of 304 forms with complete data were returned, a response rate of 86.9%. Females (97.79 ± 15 94) were more empathetic than males (94.16 ± 12.13) (p = 0.001). Students of third-year were the most empathetic (p = 0.000). Internal consistency of questionnaire was acceptable (Cronbach’s α- 0.77). Factor analysis revealed factor related to belief that patient’s perspectives improve health outcome had 14 items with factor coefficient > 0.4 contributing to largest proportion of variance (23.15%).ConclusionsOur study shows JSE- HPS to have acceptable internal consistency. Structural validity of the scale evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis reported results that were in concordance to those suggested by developers of this scale. In our study population, like other studies, females were more empathic than males. Third-year dental students were more empathetic than students of other undergraduate years.

Humanizing Different Archetypal Expressions of Gender Expansiveness.

This article explores the concept of gender expansiveness. This term refers to a person's self-identifying as gender fluid, genderqueer, transgender, non-binary, gender diverse, or gender nonconforming. Young people, including older children and adolescents, increasingly are experimenting with crossing gender lines. This trend can be understood as a sociocultural process for humanizing more terrifying archetypal forms of gender diversity. Using Henderson's (1988) concept of the cultural unconscious, the author posits that current social developments among youth are attempting to bring gender expansiveness more into collective consciousness. This issue has occasioned a strong counterreaction with panicked appeals to upholding traditional gender norms and needing restrictions on gender-affirming care. Examples from myth, literature and clinical practice help to contextualize the intense emotions aroused by gender diversity. A case example shows how gender fantasies are worked through within an empathic analytic relationship. The author makes an appeal for updating and humanizing older psychological theories that have relied heavily on splits, polarities, and oppositions, all of which are more characteristic of a 20th century way of thinking about the psyche. A potential approach to incorporate gender expansiveness is through a model of the psyche as a mosaic.

Association between self-assessed empathic skills, depressive symptoms and job satisfaction: A descriptive correlational study in Greek-speaking critical care nurses in Cyprus

Background: Critical care nurses face occupational hazards impacting their psychological well-being, job satisfaction, and ability to perform clinical duties effectively, including fostering empathic relationships with healthcare users. Aim: To assess in nurses employed in Emergency Departments, Cardiovascular Care, Intensive Care and Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the Republic of Cyprus: a) the degree of self-assessed depressive symptoms, job satisfaction, and empathic skills, and b) the relationship between these variables, and possible correlations with demographic characteristics. Methods: A correlational, cross-sectional design was employed in 150 critical care nurses (RR: 39.68%). In 2018, a self-reported questionnaire captured socio-demographic and educational/vocational details, alongside measurement tools for depressive symptoms (CES-D), empathic skills (JES-HP), and work satisfaction (IWS-Part B) among participants. Results: Mean scores for CES-D, IWS-Part B, and JES-HP were 14.4(±9.7), 184(±18.6), and 99(±14.7). respectively. Self-assessed depressive symptoms correlated negatively with job satisfaction (r=-0.296, p<0.001) and empathic skills (r=-0.270, p<0.001). Neonatal ICU nurses showed 5.7 points lower depressive symptoms than ED counterparts (b=-5.7, p=0.052). ICU nurses scored 10.4 points higher on IWS-Part B than ED nurses (b=10.39, p=0.015). Participants with 4-5 years of current work experience reported 12.7 points lower on IWS-Part B compared to <1 year (b=-12.7, p=0.042). Similarly, 10-13 years of experience correlated with 16.8 points lower empathic skills (b=-16.8, p=0.015). Conclusion: The relationship between depressive symptoms, job satisfaction and empathic skills was confirmed but is required in-depth qualitative and quantitative exploration for informed longitudinal and interventional studies.

코헛의 자기심리학을 적용한 중년여성의 모래상자치료 사례

This study is a case study of a middle-aged woman's sandbox therapy using Kohut's self psychology. This study was conducted from December 17, 2013 to December 31, 2021, for a total of 47 sessions, about 8 years. This study aimed to analyze the life journey of a middle-aged woman in her early 50s to understand self, selfobject, and narcissistic needs, and to explore self-awareness, self-regulation, interpersonal relationships, and personal growth. To verify the effectiveness of the sandbox therapy, we took photos and records of each session, and analyzed the changes in the entire session by dividing them into psychological stages. The psychological change process was found to be relationship building, transformative internalization through optimal frustration experience, and cohesive self-construction. The relationship building process was represented by 'my happy home' in episode 1, 'family party' in episode 16, and 'grandma I want to be with' in episode 30; the transformational internalization process was represented by 'exciting amusement park' in episode 2, 'real me' in episode 4, and 'three trips' in episode 35; and the cohesive self-construction was represented by 'child playing in the ditch' in episode 3, 'changed me' in episode 24, and 'opera' in episode 46. Through the empathic relationship with the counselor, the participants projected and expressed their narcissistic needs in the sandbox without defending them, and gradually internalized them through the optimal frustration experience, and came to understand and accept themselves by confronting their frustrated narcissistic needs by viewing them objectively through the sandbox they created as a result of their frustrated needs, self-object creation, and childhood regression. From cohesive self-construction to self-reinforcement, self-recovery, and self-love expression, the participant experienced healthy self-objectification in the sandbox, gradually strengthening the self and changing self-regulation. The significance of the study is that through this process, the subjects were able to increase self-awareness, improve self-regulation, improve interpersonal relationships, understand and balance their own growth, recover and integrate into a healthy self in their late and mid-life journey, and experience a second maturity.

The role of Empathy in the relationship between emotional support and caring behavior towards patients among intern nursing students

BackgroundThe empathic relationship between nursing students and patients allows them to understand and address caring behavior for patients. Appropriate emotional support equips them to overcome the complexities and difficulties inherent in patient care. This support cultivates resilience and self-awareness, enabling students to manage their emotions effectively and establish meaningful connections and caring with their patients.ObjectivesTo investigate the role of empathy in the association between emotional support and caring behavior toward patients among intern nursing students at Alexandria and Damanhur University.SubjectsThe study subjects were 200 intern nursing students in their internship years of 2022–2023, randomly selected from an equal sample size from Alexandria and Damanhur University, Egypt.ToolsA questionnaire of social information& academics from students, the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, the Caring Dimension Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support are used to collect participants’ data.ResultsEmpathy was associated with caring behavior and emotional support among nursing students (P < 0.001), and higher levels of empathy indicated increased levels of caring behavior and emotional support. The caring behavior significantly increased when intern nursing students received more emotional support and among those who were not working in private hospitals (p < 0.001,&p = 0.023 respectively). Empathy acts as a mediating role in the relationship between emotional support and caring behavior.ImplicationsImplementing strategies to assist interns in navigating challenges and promoting a culture of support can facilitate the cultivation of caring behaviors. Shedding light on the interconnectedness of empathy, emotional support, and caring behavior can inform the design of interventions to strengthen empathy as a pathway to improving patient outcomes.ConclusionEmpathy is a mediating factor in the relationship between emotional support and caring behavior. This suggests that interventions promoting empathy may serve as a pathway to enhancing caring behavior among nursing students and strategies for improving patient care outcomes by strengthening empathy skills among healthcare professionals.

When TV neighbours become good friends: Understanding Neighbours fans' feelings of grief and loss at the end of the series.

Fans may experience significant upset and distress when a television series ends. However, grief and loss reactions to the end of a fictional series have seldom been investigated. It is likely that the degree to which such reactions are felt is influenced by viewing motives (e.g., pleasure, meaning making), connection to the series and its fan community, relationships formed with characters, including parasocial bonds and experiences of empathy, and tendency to engage with others' perspectives and emotions, including fictional characters. The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of fans' grief and loss reactions to the end of the television series Neighbours, which aired from 1985 to 2022. Fans (n = 1289) completed an online survey shortly after the screening of the final episode. The survey measured grief emotions and cognitions, acceptance that the series had ended, distress at the loss of a parasocial relationship with a favourite character, feelings of closure, and expressions of gratitude for the series. Predictors of these grief and loss reactions examined in the survey were viewing motives, fan identity, strength of a parasocial relationship formed with a favourite character, empathy towards that character, and tendency to take others' perspectives, experience empathic concern and personal distress, and tendency towards engagement with fictional characters. Greater grief and loss reactions were experienced by fans whose motives for watching involved being entertained and exposed to different lifestyles, who felt a stronger fan connection to the series, and who formed stronger parasocial empathic relationships with their favourite character. Factors such as gender, age, and empathic tendencies predicted various types of grief reactions. Understanding fan experiences when a long-running series ends advances theory and research on viewer parasocial relationships and engagement with media, as well as providing evidence that the loss of a series or favourite character can be viewed as a type of grief experience.

Women’s experiences of disrespect and abuse in Swiss facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative analysis of an open-ended question in the IMAgiNE EURO study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the provision of maternal care. The IMAgiNE EURO study investigates the Quality of Maternal and Newborn Care during the pandemic in over 20 countries, including Switzerland.AimThis study aims to understand women’s experiences of disrespect and abuse in Swiss health facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsData were collected via an anonymous online survey on REDCap®. Women who gave birth between March 2020 and March 2022 and answered an open-ended question in the IMAgiNE EURO questionnaire were included in the study. A qualitative thematic analysis of the women’s comments was conducted using the International Confederation of Midwives’ RESPECT toolkit as a framework for analysis.FindingsThe data source for this study consisted of 199 comments provided by women in response to the open-ended question in the IMAgiNE EURO questionnaire. Analysis of these comments revealed clear patterns of disrespect and abuse in health facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. These patterns include non-consensual care, with disregard for women’s choices and birth preferences; undignified care, characterised by disrespectful attitudes and a lack of empathy from healthcare professionals; and feelings of abandonment and neglect, including denial of companionship during childbirth and separation from newborns. Insufficient organisational and human resources in health facilities were identified as contributing factors to disrespectful care. Empathic relationships with healthcare professionals were reported to be the cornerstone of positive experiences.DiscussionSwiss healthcare facilities showed shortcomings related to disrespect and abuse in maternal care. The pandemic context may have brought new challenges that compromised certain aspects of respectful care. The COVID-19 crisis also acted as a magnifying glass, potentially revealing and exacerbating pre-existing gaps and structural weaknesses within the healthcare system, including understaffing.ConclusionsThese findings should guide advocacy efforts, urging policy makers and health facilities to allocate adequate resources to ensure respectful and high-quality maternal care during pandemics and beyond.

Breaking frames to create empathy: interaction between care practitioners and clients in homecare visits

Eldercare practitioners face pressures to make care work more efficient as the population ages and public resources become diminished in many countries. This study focuses on how empathic care is constructed during care practitioner–client interactions. The data are derived from observing seven care practitioners’ full work shifts in public homecare. With the help of positioning theory, our analysis identifies four positive deviations where breaking out of the medical and basic care frames opens up opportunities to form an empathic relationship and treat the client not only as a patient but also as a person on their life continuum.

Patient-Physician Relationship in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Review on Empathy and Stigma.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) lacks a clear understanding of the disease's pathogenesis and effective treatments thus producing frustration among providers and patients, leading to the stigmatization of the disease and the patients with the syndrome. A literature search was performed to make a hermeneutical review on empathic patient-provider communication and IBS. The relationship is defined by partners being dependent on one another in the pursuit of obtaining good outcomes. It is a unique interaction depending not only on the individual qualities of each partner but also on the specific patterns of the patient-physician synergy. Empathy is crucial for any relationship. It helps to recognize the other as the other of myself, a person like me. Meanwhile, stigmatization results from identifying and labelling human differences and stereotyping persons who are linked to undesirable characteristics. IBS is at high risk of stigmatization in various contexts and settings including health care, causing patients and physicians misconceptions and distress, which in turn leads to the worsening of the disease in patients and burnout in physicians. Narrative-based medicine helps create a holistic perspective of a patient's problems and health, thus providing a tool for an empathic doctor-patient relationship that fosters mutual understanding and helps patients with IBS make sense of symptoms, increases their ability to manage their IBS in a psychologically flexible manner, subsequently helping them maintain their quality of life.

Gender and regional differences in the manifestation of emotional intelligence of the adolescents

The subject of the research is the study of sexual and regional differences in the manifestation of emotional intelligence of the adolescents. The object of the study is the emotional intelligence of the adolescents, which affects their self-regulation, relationships and expression of emotions. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the social environment, economic order and additional opportunities that determine the emotional stability and development of adolescents. Special attention is paid to the study of regional differences on the example of the quality level of educational institutions and cultural traditions. In addition, the peculiarities of adolescence, human rights, religion and religious education also lead to differences in the development of emotional intelligence. Each region has its own unique characteristics that affect how teenagers feel, react to other people and are able to solve life problems. The study used: the methodology "Diagnosis of the level of empathic abilities" (V.V. Boyko), the test "Assessment of emotional intelligence" (N.Hall), the test "Measurement of social intelligence" (J.Guilford), the methodology "Indicator of coping strategies" (adapted by V.M. Yaltonsky), a questionnaire "Learning with the help of 16 personality factors" (R.B. Ketell), the test "The level of personality claims" (V.K. Gerbachevsky). The main conclusions of the study are that by comparative analysis of the development of emotional intelligence of adolescents, considered by region, is possible to understand the influence of socio-cultural (regional) environmental factors and conditions on the experiences, goals and situations of adolescents. The peculiarities of adolescence, human rights, religious and upbringing lead to differences in the development of emotional intelligence of adolescent boys and girls. The main contribution of the author to the topic of the study is the confirmation of significant differences in terms of dominance and subordination (Y=37062,000; p"0.05). Thus, the desire for dominance is stronger in teenage girls than in teenage boys. The advantage of teenage girls is that they are most able to understand concepts, control their emotions, and establish empathic relationships with others, which plays an important role in increasing their emotional stability. Teenage boys are stronger in self-expression than teenage girls. Their skills of self-expression and negotiation make them stronger in their quest for dominance.

Tomorrow Never Comes, But It [Education] Gives You Hope

Higher education in the correctional environment is endorsed globally as the most effective tool for rehabilitation. Studies from the Global North have researched correctional education and its accessibility, but few of those have focused specifically on incarcerated women’s access to tertiary education online. Even fewer consider this topic within the context of the Global South. This study aimed to address that gap by providing a holistic perspective of South African women’s experiences of e-learning and distance higher education while incarcerated. As a qualitative research study utilising feminist narrative inquiry, the lived experiences of seven women incarcerated in the largest correctional facility in South Africa are uncovered through narrative analysis. The findings describe women’s pathways towards obtaining an education online, the challenges they encountered, and the role support played in their completing a tertiary degree through distance education. Ultimately, the findings reveal that online higher education moves beyond student rehabilitation, to enhance the overall well-being of these students and enable them to cultivate empathic relationships with their peers, which in turn fosters further education opportunities for incarcerated women in South Africa.

TRANSHUMANISM AS A TECHNOLOGY TO IMMORTALITY: HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL RAMIFICATIONS

In the article analytical-systemic, anthropological, conceptual, comparative-empathic, historical-chronological, historical-comparative and other approaches are used that allow us to rely on the terms: theohumanism, classical humanism, mechanistic-functional humanism, posthumanism, neohumanism. During the ancient period, different sources and approaches to understanding man as a natural being began to appear. There are a variety of origins and currents of understanding humanism. At that time, there was a slave system in which slaves were viewed as tools of labor with the ability to speak, in contrast to oxen, carts, spades and plows. Such relationships cannot be called empathic relationships, but at the same time, slave owners showed empathy for equals in their social class. In the Middle Ages, humanism emerged as based on the essence of some kind of deification a person as a god, his relationships with his own kind and the world through the prism of theocentrism. This approach formed the theory of theohumanism, on the basis of which theotranshumanism was formed, which used religious and spiritual technologies to improve the soul. At this evolutionary stage of humanism, the body is seen as a source of brute egoistic desires and sins. Theotranshumanism opens the way to immortality through deliverance from sinful thoughts and actions, and relationships between people are based on love through the divine spark in each individual. During the Renaissance, there was a return to human naturalness, but on a biological basis. This humanism is based on anthropoempathy and uses body-oriented technologies to improve the individual. Anthropohumanism, in contrast to theohumanism, considers human bodily needs not as a sinful nature, but as a source that allows one to conquer animals and the nature of one’s will. This evolutionary stage of humanism is based on anthropocentrism and anthropoempathy and sees human improvement through body-oriented technologies. Thanks to the active development of a variety of technologies plants and factories appear, emphasis is placed on the need to meet the ever-growing needs of society, and man begins to be viewed as a naturally functioning phenomenon. Mechanistic humanism emerges, within which the individual is identified with a mechanism, a clock and a perpetual motion machine, and uses the features of the operation of machine tools, machines and other mechanisms to improve his physicality. The use of mechanistic technologies makes it possible to increase the functional capabilities of a person, and physicality acts as a spatio-temporal limitation. At this stage, posthumanistic tendencies emerge. While mechanistic humanism considers technologies to improve functioning processes, posthumanism applies them in the aspect of improving the quality of the bodily container, which is the limit of human existence. There is a deeper understanding of the possibilities of human functioning and the prospect of realizing humanity's ancient dream of achieving immortality. Within the framework of posthumanism, the problem of establishing the boundaries of human existence arises. After all, their techno-transhumanistic violation leads to deformation of anthropocentrism and leads to the leading positions of technology and egoism. Within the framework of posthumanism, a new attitude to understanding man as a biologically artificial phenomenon is being formed. When using bioethics, the limit of human understanding is constantly changing and depends on the progress of science and technology. All this leads to the formation of a new evolutionary stage of humanism – neohumanism, based on anthropobiocentrism and bioanthropoempathy, and influences the formation of the modern planetary worldview.

Effects of psychedelic microdosing versus conventional ADHD medication use on emotion regulation, empathy, and ADHD symptoms in adults with severe ADHD symptoms: A naturalistic prospective comparison study.

Adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often struggle with emotion regulation (ER), impacting their empathic skills and relationships. ADHD medication might not be as effective for ER issues as for ADHD symptoms. Microdosing (MD) psychedelics has shown promise for ADHD treatment and previous studies reported social-emotional benefits. Two online prospective studies investigated MD effects on ER and empathy in adults with severe ADHD symptoms across three assessments: baseline, two-, and four-week post-initiation. Study 1 examined adults initiating MD on their own (n = 233, n = 64, and n = 44) and found positive effects on ER (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and aspects of empathy (perspective-taking and personal distress). Study 2, including a control group and an ADHD symptom scale, compared individuals only MD (n = 180, n = 50, and n = 38) to individuals using conventional ADHD medication (n = 37, n = 27, and n = 28). After 4 weeks, ADHD symptoms were lower in the MD group. Only improvements in expressive suppression persisted after adding the control group. This study indicates the positive effects of MD psychedelics on ADHD symptoms and ER in adults with severe ADHD symptoms while lacking evidence for effects on empathy.

Physicians’ attention to patients’ communication cues can improve patient satisfaction with care and perception of physicians’ empathy

The pathway that links good communication skills and better health outcomes is still unclear. However, it is known that the way that physicians and patients communicate with each other has direct consequences on more "proximal outcomes", such as perceptions of physician empathy and patient satisfaction. However, which specific communication skills lead to those patient outcomes is still unknown. In this study, the authors aimed to analyze which specific patient and physician communication skills are correlated to patients' satisfaction with care and patient-perceived physician empathy. The authors classified and quantified verbal and nonverbal communication of second-year internal medicine residents and their patients through video recordings of their consultations. Patients also rated their satisfaction with care and the physician's empathy for them. Using a linear regression model, the authors identified that patients' and physicians' expressions of disapproval, physicians' disruptions, and patients' use of content questions negatively correlated to patients' satisfaction and patient-perceived physician empathy. Conversely, patient affective behaviors and the physician's provision of advice/suggestion were positively correlated to at least one of the patient-measured outcomes. Our findings point to the importance of physicians' attentiveness to patients' communication cues. Training physicians to interpret those cues could help develop more satisfactory and empathic therapeutic relationships.

Interview Completion Protocol

The article raises the question of the necessity to develop clear procedures and regulations for completing interviews that would allow the interviewer, regardless of the type of interview, not only leave a good impression of himself and maintain an empathic relationship, but also not violate the fundamentals of research ethics and maintain high standards of field work. The reader is provided with a protocol for completing an interview, consisting of five requirements, the fulfillment of which guarantees the successful completion of even the most difficult conversation. We are not talking about a set of instructions; rather, basic recommendations and guidelines are presented, guided by which the interviewer will be able to develop his own communicative techniques for completing the interview. The presented protocol is universal and suitable for qualitative and quantitative interviews.

The use of homeworkin emotion-focused therapy for depression.

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is an empirically supported treatment of depression, and an integrative, transdiagnostic therapy approach focusing on transforming emotions that are the cause of a person's emotional pain and suffering. In-session experiential work and two-chair interventions are consolidated and expanded by between-session homework which is viewed as a natural extension of in-session work. As the focus on emotion in EFT necessitates the provision of a safe, attuned, empathic relationship and a good collaboration on the tasks and goals of therapy the use of homework is very well-suited to this approach. An EFT case example is discussed to illustrate how homework can be an important ingredient to strengthen and facilitate change in treating a depressed client with a core underlying feeling of shame related to unresolved childhood trauma.

Couple similarity in empathic accuracy and relationship well-being

Are intimate partners similar in how accurately they infer each other’s feelings and thoughts, and if so, does this similarity predict their relationship well-being? To answer this question, we analyzed data from two laboratory-based studies ( n = 155 and n = 172 couples) in which couples participated in a conflict interaction task and afterwards reported on their own feelings and thoughts and inferred those of their partner. Relationship well-being was measured on both a global (i.e., relationship satisfaction) and a situational level (i.e., post-interaction closeness and satisfaction with the outcome of the interaction). We found that intimate partners were more similar in their empathic accuracy than randomly-paired individuals. This similarity predicted the extent to which partners reported that the conflict interaction had led to a positive outcome for their relationship, but was not associated with partners’ global relationship satisfaction or their post-interaction closeness.

How exposure to patient narratives affects stereotyped choices of primary care clinicians.

In this paper, we examine whether patient narratives alter the impact of stereotyping on choice of primary care clinicians: in this case, the common presumption that female doctors will be more attentive to empathic relationships with patients. 1052 individuals were selected from a nationally representative Internet panel to participate in a survey experiment. Participants were given performance data about 12 fictitious primary care physicians, including a randomized set of narrative feedback from patients. We compared the choice of clinician made by participants who value bedside manner and were exposed to narratives in the experiment, compared to those valuing bedside manner who had not had this exposure. We estimated multivariate logistic regressions to assess whether exposure to patient comments that "disrupt" stereotypes influenced choice of physicians. Participants who saw patient comments and had previously reported caring about bedside manner had a 67% higher odds of choosing a female physician than those participants that did not see a patient comments, controlling for the content of the narratives themselves. When participants were exposed to patient comments that disrupt gendered stereotypes, they had a 40% lower odds of choosing a female physician. Simple exposure to patient narratives that do not clearly disrupt gendered stereotypes increased the likelihood of choosing a female clinician by priming attention to relational aspects of care. However, when the content of a sufficient proportion of patient comments runs counter stereotypes, even a minority of narratives is sufficient to disrupt gendered-expectations and alter choices.

Re-storying SDG 14: life below water

In this text the focus is on re-telling multispecies stories about life below water, and the specific focus is on how to tell such stories, which awake moral agency in humans to care what happens with life below water. Sustainable development goal (SDG) number 14 Life below water concerns about “conserving and sustainable use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. To be able to achieve the goal there are created ten targets to create action for sustainable future. All ten targets are closely related with human use of life below water as a resource for own needs. What about thinking water as home for many living creatures and life below water as something we humans could have an empathic relationship with? The text suggests that the use of dramatic empathy in multispecies storytelling practice is close of the strategies of feministic care ethics where other-directedness and openness to difference may create empathic relationship with the other, which is essential for achieving attitude change and moral agency for more sustainable future.

ORGANIZATION OF A FAVORABLE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE AT RISK CHILDREN IN THE USA

This article considers the issue of deviant behaviour and its prevention among the children at risk in the USA. The aim of the study is to reveal the influence of a favorable educational environment on the at risk children. Theoretical research methods have been used in this study: analysis of scientific sources, systematisation and generalisation of available data. The results of this investigation give possibility to state that among other ways of overcoming deviations in the behavior of at-risk minors, scientists consider the possibility of creating such an educational environment in which the educational influence of the team on the individual is fully realized. The axiological content of the idea of collectivity as a factor in overcoming the deviant behavior of minors during pedagogical interaction with them consists in changing their worldview. They get rid of the feeling of loneliness, isolation, their uselessness, the external environment is no longer seen as distant and hostile, but open, more understandable and benevolent. Such processes activate the need for communication and interaction in a teenager with deviant behavior, which leads to the improvement of such mechanisms as self-awareness, self-acceptance, and praxis. A teenager learns to understand and adequately perceive others, control his actions and emotions, feels the need for empathic and long-term relationships. All these phenomena in their totality, in our opinion, determine the processes of self-correction and overcoming deviations in behavior. The study of the researches of US scientists shows that the pedagogy of the country has already accumulated some experience in educating minors in the spirit of collectivism. In particular, the idea of country camps and the scouting movement, which is one of the traditional forms of organizing educational space in America, finds a new sound in the context of its importance for the process of overcoming deviant behavior of teenagers in the team. A favorable educational environment is created for minors with deviant behavior, who find it difficult to study in traditional educational institutions and often stop studying, also through social inclusion. Inclusion of children with deviant behavior is implemented with the help of alternative education, which in the USA is represented by alternative schools (public or private); alternative educational programs that can operate in regular traditional schools; original teaching strategies aimed at the assimilation of knowledge by all students. Alternative schools are characterized by expanding the degree of freedom of children both in choosing the content, forms and methods of learning, and in evaluating the results of activities, which always contributes to the formation of the child and as a subject of culture within the framework of his life activities and life creativity. Alternative schools for at-risk minors include charter schools, magnet schools, contract schools, correctional schools, multicultural schools, mixed schools, voucher programs, and homeschooling.