Empathic Attitude Research Articles

The Origin of Social Skills: Manipulating Shared Intentionality in Bioengineering Systems for Empathy Training

This pilot study (<em>N</em><em> </em>= 28) aims to develop universal computer-aided empathy training. The experiment tests a research design of manipulating behavior in subjects toward non-affective cues in a bioengineering system. The study implements the Mother-Fetus Neurocognitive Model to involve subjects in subliminal cognitive collaboration with confederates, which enables subjects to associate the meaning of empathy with the picture only seen by confederates. The outcome shows the feasibility of the chosen research design with the efficiency of the 7-minute training: 50% of subjects confidentially attribute an empathic attitude to the neutral stimuli, and the probability of such an outcome, in a case if achieved by chance, is only <em>p</em><em> </em>= 0.004. Since subliminal collaboration in adults benefits from the innate quality of shared intentionality, the paper also discusses the genesis of basic emotions and social skills through neuronal coordinated activity in the mother-child dyad beginning from the pregnancy period.

Effectiveness of Classical Services with Jigsaw Technique to Improve Pancasila Student Profile in Madrasahs

Although various previous studies have examined the theme of Jigsaw as an active learning approach in the classroom, no one has examined it from the aspect of student character development. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of classical services with Jigsaw techniques to improve the profile of Pancasila students in madrasah. The setting of this research is Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 3 Langkat, North Sumatra. This research used quantitative experimental method, by comparing the experimental group that received classical service with Jigsaw technique and the control group with conventional classical service. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed statistically. The results of this study showed a significant increase in students' empathic attitudes after treatment, with the experimental group showing a higher increase. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov 2 Independent Samples analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the Jigsaw technique (p < 0.05). The majority of experimental group students (88%) achieved the very high category in empathic attitude. This success was attributed to students' active participation, cooperative learning, and diverse interactions. Despite limitations, this study provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of the Jigsaw technique in improving empathic attitudes, contributing to the development of students' character and social skills as per the Pancasila Learner Profile.

Good reasons for bad behavior: a randomized controlled experiment on the impact of narrative reading and writing on empathic concern, perspective-taking, and attitude.

Empathic concern and perspective-taking may contribute to avoiding stigmatization of adverse health behavior. Narrative writing has been shown to be effective in promoting perspective-taking and empathy. But since narrative writing is time consuming, we tested in the present study narrative reading as an alternative, more parsimonious approach. In a randomized controlled experiment, we compared writing a narrative text about a fictitious person who displays disapproved of health behavior to reading such a text and to a control condition in which participants wrote about an unrelated topic. With a sample of n = 194 participants, we investigated the impact of writing and reading a narrative text on promoting empathic concern and perspective-taking as well as on attitude change. We found that both writing and reading a narrative text about the fictitious character increased empathic concern, F(1, 191) = 32.85, p < 0.001, part. η2 = 0.15, and perspective-taking, F(1, 191) = 24.76, p < 0.001, part. η2 = 0.12, more strongly than writing about an unrelated topic. Writing and reading a narrative text also resulted in a more positive attitude toward this person, F(1, 191) = 17.63, p < 0.001, part. η2 = 0.08. Simply reading a narrative text was equally efficient as narrative writing with respect to empathic concern, p = 0.581, perspective-taking, p = 0.629, and attitude, p = 0.197. The finding that narrative reading is as effective as narrative writing suggests that the readers appear to be able to comprehend and engage with the story being told. When narrative reading is as effective as narrative writing, it can succeed with reduced effort in increasing empathic concern, perspective-taking, and attitude. We discuss the benefits of this approach for reducing stigmatization of adverse health behavior.

A study evaluating the relationship between phubbing levels and empathic attitudes of college students

The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between phubbing levels and the empathy attitude of college students. In our descriptive and correlational study, data were gathered from 528 college students studying in the undergraduate program of a university in Eastern Türkiye. Personal information form, Phubbing Scale, and Empathic Tendency Scale were employed as data collection forms. The research’s findings were examined using the SPSS 22.00 package program, and all analyses were judged significant if the p-value is less than 0,05 (p&lt;0.05). The average total scores of the college students were found to be 42.77±19.09 on the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and 62.52±7.56 on the Empathic Tendency Scale (ETS). We found a significant difference between the mean phubbing and empathic tendency scores of college students and the number of book readings per week, the number of friends, and the meeting with friends weekly. The conclusion was that there was a strong negative and significant association between students’ total mean scores on the ETS and GSP scales (r=-0.581, p=0.00).

Examining nurses' humanistic behaviour ability and empathy levels in clinical practice: A descriptive and exploratory study.

It is critical for nurses to provide healthcare services to healthy/sick individuals with a humanistic approach and with empathy. This research aimed to determine nurses' humanistic behaviour ability, empathy levels and related factors in clinical practice. A descriptive cross-sectional and exploratory study. Probability sampling method was used, and 337 nurses working in two public hospitals were included in the study. Data was collected using the Humanistic Practice Ability of Nursing Scale and the Empathy Level Determination Scale. Structural equation model analysis and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the hypothesised model. This study adhered to the STROBE checklist for reporting. Nurses' humanistic ability and empathy level in nursing practices were found to be above average. Both the ability to act humanely in nursing practices and their empathy levels were found to be significantly higher in nurses who were married and had children. A significant relationship was found between empathy levels and humanistic behaviours. Accordingly, nurses' empathy levels positively affected their humanistic care behaviours, and the model established between the two concepts was found to be statistically appropriate. Nurses' empathy levels positively affect their ability to act humanistically. The result of the model established between the two concepts also supports this. Care strategies should be developed that consider factors that will improve empathetic and humanistic behaviours in nurses and maximise individualised care practices. Increasing the awareness of nurses about the factors affecting humanistic behaviours and empathic attitudes while caring for individuals in clinical practice, will contribute to improving the quality of nursing care.

Communication skills of medical students: Evaluation of a new communication curriculum at the University of Augsburg.

Teaching communication skills plays a pivotal role in medical curricula. The aim of this article is to describe and evaluate a new communication curriculum developed at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg (KomCuA), which was conceptualized by an interdisciplinary team based on recommended quality standards (i.e., helical, integrated, longitudinal). A total of 150 medical students enrolled in the 1st, 3rd, and ≥5th semester participated in the study. They completed an online survey (numerical rating scales and validated questionnaires) evaluating their current communication skills, how these developed across the curriculum in terms of quality and self-confidence, and how helpful they considered practicing in small group tutorials with simulated patients. The students' attitudes towards communication and empathy in the context of medical care were additionally assessed. The students' responses were compared across semesters using one-way univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Overall, students reported improved communications skills due to attending the KomCuA and further considered practicing with simulated patients as being very helpful (large effect sizes). Compared to 1st semester students, 3rd and ≥5th semester students reported better communication skills (medium to large effect sizes). Additionally, ≥5th semester students showed stronger agreement towards the relevance of empathy in the context of medical care (medium effect size) compared to both 1st and 3rd semester students. The KomCuA has shown to be an effective communication curriculum to support medical students in the development of their communication skills and positive attitudes towards empathy. Additional studies assessing students' communication skills and empathic attitudes longitudinally are warranted to confirm the present results and to gain further knowledge on how these essential skills and attitudes develop across medical curricula.

Balance scorecard (BSC): Incorporating "Key performance indicators" (KPI) in the Evaluation of the Healthcare System

Using the balanced scorecard approach, Strategic Management Initiative (SMI) driven Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have allowed measurable data regarding various clinical, medical, patient and logistic outputs for healthcare leadership to managean ongoing improvement system in real-time. We underwent a comprehensive search to have 168 articles with the keywords "Balanced Scorecard in healthcare". We applied filters for the last ten years only. We shortlisted 14 studies. The study highlighted various KPIs utilised in different healthcare settings, with most authors favouring BSC methodology as a comprehensive strategy to deal with multi-dimensional hospital processes. The most utilised KPIs included service quality, patient safety, increased healthcare literacy, empowering patients, developing the empathic attitude and social skills in medical staff, professional human resource management and financial management and interests of stakeholders. In short, the BSC strategy is suggested for implementation to improve healthcare-related processes.

Con-Temporary

The paper focuses on exhibition practice, taking exhibitions as the key to contemporaneity. I will make a strong plea for the mutuality between past and present, the encouragement of visitors becoming participants through soliciting affective empathic attitude, and the accommodation to make this possible thanks to the enticement of durational looking. I will do this through the theoretical analysis of what exhibiting means and does, and through a consideration of my recent video installation Don Quijote: Sad Countenances. One episode of this project will be the hook on which to hang my view of art-making as, not an illustration of but a method of cultural analysis.

Implementation of Hypnoteaching in English Language Teaching (ELT)

This research discusses the implementation of hypnoteaching in the teaching and learning process. This research is library research. The analysis shows several steps in implementing hypnoteaching: 1) Giving intentions and motivation. It is related to the teacher mastering the material and continuing to provide meaning to the things that are conveyed. 2) Pacing. Pacing is stepping/equalizing positions, gestures, language, and brain waves between teachers and students. 3) Leading. Leading is directing the class atmosphere to create a conducive and efficient manner, but still feel calm or relaxed. 4) Giving praise. Praise is a self-esteem boost and forms a person's self-concept so it is very important to provide sincere praise to students. 5) Modeling. Modeling is being a role model and setting an example through speech and behavior. Besides, teachers should consider using hypnoteaching including the teacher’s appearance, feeling of sympathy, empathic attitude, language use, demonstration, or issuing self-expression for the kinesthetic, and motivating learners. However, the teacher's proficiency in using hypnoteaching depends on the extent to which the teacher uses, applies, and practices their knowledge in the learning process. Hypnoteaching places more emphasis on the abilities of the subconscious brain than the student's conscious brain. By using hypnoteaching, teachers can create a variety of learning processes, the learning process will run dynamically, there is good interaction between teachers and students, students are more motivated to learn and understand the learning material, students enjoy learning activities, also there are positive suggestions for the subconscious language used by teachers.

Empathic Attitude of Dental Students from a Peruvian Public University Associated with Reading Habit: a Regression Analysis

The present study aims to identify the empathic attitude of dental students from a Peruvian public university, about their reading habits, as well as the level of studies and other sociodemographic variables. 226 first-, fourth-, and sixth-year students registered in the academic year 2022 were enrolled in the study. The Jefferson Empathy scale, which included 20 items, was used with a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7, i.e., from totally disagree to totally agree. A file containing questions about the sociodemographic data registry was prepared together with the Jefferson Empathy questionnaire. It was found that the profile of the students was mainly feminine, and the average age was 22 years; they came from Lima. They had the habit of reading and a little more than half of the group did not participate in sports activities. The "adequate" level of empathy was the highest (51.77%). By dichotomizing the response variable, it was found that adequate empathy was related to the habit of reading, especially reading dental books. Dental students from this public university mostly have an adequate level of empathy; it is independent of the sociodemographic variables but is related to reading habits.

Using Visual Arts Education and Reflective Practice to Increase Empathy and Perspective Taking in Medical Students.

Empathy is a critical competency for health care providers. However, empathy levels in medical students and residents have been shown to paradoxically decrease during training. Arts and humanities education and reflective practice may reduce burnout and promote empathy during medical school. We developed and implemented an art education elective for medical students focusing on observation and reflective practice and measured its impact on empathy. Between 2017 and 2022, first-year medical students were offered an annual, 4-week elective led by art educators that featured visualization exercises and discussions on the role of bias and perspective in art interpretation. Curriculum effectiveness and impact on empathy were measured using the validated Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and self-assessments. One hundred twenty-eight students participated in the elective over a 5-year period; 89 (70%) completed assessments. Students reported improvements in empathic communication, recognition of bias, and observation skills. IRI data demonstrated a significant increase in perspective taking (19.0 vs. 20.2; p < .0125). Participation in the elective was associated with self-reported improvements in visual observation, awareness of bias, and empathetic communication. IRI results showed that participants also demonstrated improved perspective taking. Since perspective taking is a cognitive component of empathy, we have provided some empirical evidence that arts education in medical school can promote empathic attitudes and skills.

Medical empathy in the physician-patient relationship: A review from a cultural perspective.

Medical empathy is a fundamental pillar in the social construction of the physician-patient relationship. In this light, patients' beliefs and perceptions of medical empathy, and physicians' empathic attitudes towards their patients are guided by their socio-cultural understandings and expectations, which naturally vary from culture to culture. Such considerations are particularly relevant to the field of social psychology and to public healthcare systems where a growing number of foreign physicians characterise their highly diverse socio-demographic makeup. However, there is no clear research agenda concerning the way in which medical empathy should be investigated from a cultural point of view in years to come. To this end, the paper presents a systematic review of studies that examines medical empathy in healthcare contexts from a cultural perspective to synthesize their findings, evaluate their limitations and propose future lines of research. The review considers articles published from January 2010 to June 2022 in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases and follows the PRISMA methodology. Three studies, of the 314 articles analysed, met the criteria established for this investigation. The analysis shows that research on medical empathy has analysed the cultural diversity of physicians of a limited range of cultural backgrounds, exclusively from a cross-cultural perspective, employing quantitative research designs and exclusively using the Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale. We suggest that future studies adopt an intercultural perspective of medical empathy as a psychocultural construct rather than as merely a sociocultural one.

텍스트 네트워크 분석을 통한 ‘좋은 상담교사’에 대한 예비 교원의 인식

The purpose of this study is to explore pre-service teachers' perception of 'good counselors'. To this end, data were collected through open-ended questions about 'good counselors' from 111 students in the college of education who agreed to participate in the study. For data analysis, a text network analysis method was applied using the NetMiner program. As a result of the study, it was found that the most important things in the pre-service teachers' perception of a 'good counselor' were 'student', 'conversation', and 'empathy'. In addition, as a result of exploring the substructure of the perception of 'good counselor' through community analysis, it was classified into five communities. The five communities appeared as Building relationships of trust, empathic attitude, professional competence, communication skills, deep understanding of students. After discussing this, the research and limitations were identified, and further research was suggested.

A study of empathy levels among nursing interns: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEmpathy is one of the therapeutic communication techniques used to help the client feel better. However, there are a few studies have investigated level of empathy among enrollers at nursing colleges. The aim was to examine the level of self-reported empathy among nursing interns.MethodsThe study was a descriptive, cross-sectional in nature. A total of 135 nursing interns fill in the Interpersonal Reactivity Index from August to October 2022. Data was analyzed through the SPSS program. An independent –sample t-test and one way- ANOVA was used to explore differences in the degree of empathy with respect to academic and sociodemographic factors.ResultsThe results of this study showed that nursing interns showed a mean level of empathy of 67.46 (SD = 18.86). This result indicated that the nursing interns have moderate levels of empathy overall. There was statistical significant difference in the mean level of subscales of perspective-taking and empathic concern between males and females. Additionally, nursing interns who are less than 23 years old scored high in the subscale of perspective-taking. Married nursing interns and who preferred nursing as a profession scored higher in the subscale of empathic concern than unmarried ones and who did not preferred nursing as a profession.ConclusionPerspective taking incresed with younger male nursing interns, this reflects high cognitive flexibility with younger age nursing interns. Morover, the empathic concern incresed with male married nuring interns who preferred nursing as a profession. This implies that they should engage in continuous reflection and educational activities as part of their clinical training as nursing interns in order to improve their empathic attitudes.

A Qualitative Study on the Experience of Buddhist Performers' Participating in Empathy Education Program

The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of Buddhist practitioners participating in empathy education programs. The research problems of this study are as follows. First, what did Buddhist practitioners experience in empathy education? Second, what effect did the experience of empathy education have on Buddhist practitioners? Third, what are the future implications of the empathy education experience for Buddhist practitioners? The research results are as follows. First, in 'Experience in empathy education,' 'Understanding me and the world','knowing the need for an empathetic attitude','knowing what real empathy is', and 'experience of learning and practicing how to express empathy' were derived. Second, in “The Influence of Empathy Education Experience,” 'Recognizing the importance of empathy', 'starting with empathy for oneself', 'increased attention and observation toward oneself', and 'willing to improve the empathic attitude through constant training' were derived. Third, in ‘What the experience of empathy education implies for practitioners in the future’, 'It becomes an opportunity to meet me', 'I realize that solving my inner problems is the priority', 'I will understand more about the friends I study with', 'I want to further develop my qualities as an expert', and 'I want to help Buddhists through empathy' were derived. This study is meaningful in that it provided basic data for the development of empathy education programs targeting Buddhist practitioners.

The relation of emotional intelligence with the peculiarities of experiencing happiness in psychology students

Introduction. The authors consider emotional intelligence in scientific psychological consciousness as a ‘living basis’ for the combination of all mental processes. Emotional intelligence is claimed to be associated with mental states and the possibility of influencing them, which sets new perspectives for the investigation of the most intimate phenomenon in human nature, happiness.Purpose. Identification of interrelations between indicators of emotional intelligence and empathy and correlates of happiness experience in graduate students.Materials and methods. The study sample consisted of 39 female psychology students in the master’s degree programme. The methodological instruments were made up of the Hall Emotional Intelligence Test and Diagnostics of the Empathic Abilities Level (V. Boyko). The authors made a questionary that aims to study the derivative value characteristics of experiencing happiness and assess the severity of enjoyment, optimism, and health level as its correlates. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, Cronbach’s alpha test, Pearson’s Chi-square test, descriptive statistics, and methods of correlation, factor and cluster analysis.Results. For people with a high level of emotional intelligence, higher indicators of enjoyment and optimism were revealed. A factorial correlation of the indicators of enjoyment and optimism with the indicators of emotional intelligence and empathy was observed, with a ‘weight’ representation of all these indicators at least equal to the average, in 47% of the respondents in the sample. For people with a high level of EI, the determinacy of enjoyment with their studying, self-realization in their major and communication was found. There are links between the level of experiencing enjoyment and its peculiar predictors: love, family, hobbies, having friends, material well-being, and self-realization in the profession.Discussion and conclusion. A high level of emotional intelligence has a positive effect on the experience of enjoyment and optimism. At the same time, the relationship of EI with indicators of enjoyment, optimism, and the level of health seems to be heterogeneous and ambiguous. It is necessary to separate the understanding of EI with the concentration of the aspect of the analysis of this phenomenon mainly on the phenomenon of an entirely empathic attitude towards Other, and separately on the ability to “understand other people well enough, but not have an interest in them”.

The Role of an Exoskeleton Simulation of Senescence in Health Sciences Education.

Education in the formation of human capital in health constantly presents challenges. New tools in the emerging contexts may strengthen empathic attitudes. We developed an educational intervention that included a senescence simulator and assessed its impact on perception and attitudes in healthcare students. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted that assessed acquired knowledge and self-perception using a semistructured survey administered before and after the demonstration and intervention using the simulator and reported the experience through the role of the patient and caregiver. The data were analyzed statistically to identify the demographic characteristics and differences between the groups of students. The data were analyzed statistically to identify the demographic characteristics and differences between the groups of students in the responses pre-post intervention, using statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0). Of the 256 participants surveyed before the intervention, 93.8% described cognitive deterioration as a significant disability and 53.1% considered the health system to be inadequate in meeting the needs of older individuals. Only 59.8% stated that the current academic training meets the educational requirements for the care of the elderly. In total, 98.9% of the participants reported that the simulator changed their perception by increasing their empathy. In total, 76.2% showed greater sensitivity to older adults and 79.3% reported that the experiential learning consolidated their professionalizing perspective. Among the younger participants (aged 18-20 years), sensitivity and reorientation toward pursuing an associated graduate degree were higher after the intervention (p=0.01). Educational strategies, such as the senescence simulator, offer an experiential intervention that strengthens the knowledge and attitudes toward older individuals. During the pandemic emergency, it proved to be a useful educational strategy in consolidating caring behavior as a hybrid educational tactic. The senescence simulation enabled the participants to widen their educational and professional schemes to encompass the care of the older population.

Pretransplant hemodialysis: Lived experiences

ABSTRACT Introduction: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a rapidly increasing global health problem where the kidney damage is irreversible. Worldwide, hemodialysis is the most common kidney replacement therapy which increases longevity but is not the ultimate cure, and at the same time, there are multiple complications associated with this treatment modality making life miserable for these patients. Plenty of literature is available on patient education, side effects, and complications of hemodialysis, but very few attempts have been made to understand patients’ experiences living on dialysis. Materials and Methods: A phenomenological research design was adopted to explore lived experiences of patients on hemodialysis. Using purposive sampling technique, adult (60 years) posttransplant patients who had hemodialysis at least for 6 months during pretransplantation phase were enrolled. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, analyzed using descriptive statistics for quantitative and Colaizzi’s method for qualitative data. Results: The most common medical diagnosis was unknown chronic glomerulonephritis, and the prevalent comorbid condition was hypertension. Based on participants’ verbatim, total 5 themes and 13 subthemes were extracted after data analysis. The main themes emerged were disease- and dialysis-associated problems, emotional turmoil, financial burden, social isolation, and changes in lifestyle. Conclusion: The present study concluded that ESRD patients on haemodialysis experienced physiological disturbances, emotional distress and financial burden. Social isolation, financial constraints, and changes in lifestyle were major challenges faced by patients. Professionals need empathic attitude to deal with patients on hemodialysis to minimize their sufferings.

Intercultural Approach as a Methodological Basis for Teaching Foreign Language Professional Reading to Students Majoring in International Affairs

The article deals with the issue of professional language training of international students. The article considers the principles of intercultural approach in professional foreign language education, including the principles of extracurricular intercultural cooperation, empathic attitude and the choice of effective speechbehavioral strategies. The article outlines the components of intercultural competence in the context of language mastering by “International Relations” students, including the ability to identify the political ideas in texts; to decode the language means, typical for the political discourse; to identify the differences in understanding political reality by the representatives of different language societies, to use communicative strategies, ensuring the success of political communication, etc. The focus is made on the peculiarities of improving the ability of professional reading, the content of teaching this type of reading is disclosed. Its linguistic component, formulated taking into account modern challenges for the Russian specialist in the field of international relations, is specified

The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder.

Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by self-absorption, grandiosity, exploitation of others and lack of empathy. People with that disorder may switch from an overt form, mainly with grandiosity, to a covert presentation, with fears, hypersensitivity and dependence from others. Empathy represents a key point in detecting people affected by narcissistic personality disorder because, even if it is described as reduced, it plays a fundamental role in exploitation and manipulation. A systematic search of Literature without any language or time restriction, was performed combining thesaurus and free-search indexing terms related to Narcissistic personality disorder and empathy and produced 531 results. Fifty-two papers that analyzed possible issues in the empathic attitude of people with narcissistic personality disorder were included in this narrative review. Empathy is the capability of understating and feeling others emotions. It is not a unitary construct and can be distinguished in cognitive and affective. It might be channeled into prosocial and antisocial behaviors. A crucial trait identified in narcissistic empathy is affective dissonance that is closely related to rivalry as part of the dark tetrad (narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism). Subjects affected by narcissistic personality disorder show greater impairment in affective aspects while their cognitive part of empathy appears preserved. Saving at least the cognitive aspects of empathy may contribute to therapeutic improvement of affective aspects.