Adolescent Emotional Well-being Research Articles

Title: Supporting Adolescent Well-being at School: Integrating Transformative Social and Emotional Learning and Trauma-Informed Education

There is an urgent need to support the social and emotional well-being of adolescents with experiences of adversity and trauma. Adolescence is a critical period of development for promoting social and emotional competencies, which can prevent poor mental health and problematic substance use and promote thriving during challenging teenage years and beyond. Both transformative social and emotional learning (TSEL) and trauma-informed programs for schools (TIPS) have been identified as promising practices for supporting social and emotional well-being among young people with experiences of adversity. We propose a pragmatic theory of action for schools for implementing and evaluating initiatives that integrate TSEL and TIPS made up of three iterative components: awareness, assessment, and action. The TSEL +TIPS Theory of Action is illustrated by a case study of a cross-sectoral collaboration of government schools, researchers, healthcare, and adolescents to implement TSEL and TIPS initiatives in British Columbia, Canada. The case study provides evidence forthe feasibility of TSEL + TIPS Theory of Action and may serve as an example for other regions as experiences of adversity and poor mental health continue to rise among adolescents globally.

Is bronchial asthma a risk factor for emotional well-being in adolescence? A comparative study

Objective This study aimed to investigate whether bronchial asthma could be a risk factor for emotional well-being during adolescence. Methods and measures This is a comparative cross-sectional design. A total of 450 participants aged 12 to 16 years (M = 13.61 and SD = 1.84) were included (150 with bronchial asthma and 300 healthy). For both groups, self-esteem, emotional distress, problems with peers, family styles and psychosocial bonds were assessed. T-tests and multi-group structural equation modelling were used for comparative analyses, and the moderating role was analysed through PROCESS. Results The t-tests showed a difference in means between the groups, finding lower self-esteem scores in adolescents with asthma, but better emotional well-being, a greater number of bonds and healthier family styles than those of their healthy peers. In the multi-group, the moderating role of bronchial asthma on emotional well-being in adolescence could not be assessed. Moderation analyses indicated that asthma was a moderating variable for the relationship between self-esteem and emotional well-being in adolescence. Conclusions Asthma can be a stressful event that makes emotional well-being difficult in the adolescent stage, but there seem to be other more influential factors such as perceived family style or self-esteem.

The role of maternal emotional expressivity in maternal marital satisfaction and adolescents' depressive symptoms among Chinese families: Moderated by family socioeconomic status

The present study aims to investigate the complex interplay among three family factors: maternal marital satisfaction, maternal emotional expressivity, and family socioeconomic status, and their impact on adolescent depression in Chinese families. A total of 542 Chinese adolescents and their mothers from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds completed the survey. The data revealed that higher maternal marital satisfaction correlated with more positive emotional expressivity and less negative emotional expressivity. Both types of maternal emotional expressivity were associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Moreover, both maternal positive and negative emotional expressivity mediated the relationship between maternal marital satisfaction and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Notably, the mediating role of maternal negative expressivity was only evident when the family’s socioeconomic status was moderate to high. These findings underscore the important role played by maternal emotional expressivity and family socioeconomic status in the dyadic processes between the marital relationship of mothers and the emotional well-being of adolescents in Chinese families. The present study also indicates potential targets for parenting interventions aimed at promoting the mental health of adolescents.

Cyberbullying and Its Impact on Adolescent Emotional Well-Being

The proliferation of social media networks has been remarkable, offering easy access and the ability to connect with a vast network of friends, which has captivated people of all ages and social backgrounds. This enthusiasm for social media is particularly prominent among teenagers. While social networks provide a platform for emotional expression, unfortunately they are also used to vent anger and use insults and derogatory comments, a phenomenon commonly known as cyberbullying. This section aims to explore the impact of cyberbullying on adolescents within the realm of social media. A literature review method was used, taking articles and journals published between 2013 and 2023, collected from the Google Scholar electronic database. Findings from numerous studies consistently highlight that cyberbullying on social media significantly impacts adolescents, affecting them across psychological, physical, and social dimensions. Importantly, this impact goes beyond just the victim, also affecting the perpetrator and even bystanders.

Evaluating the effect of action-like video game play and of casual video game play on anxiety in adolescents with elevated anxiety: protocol for a multi-center, parallel group, assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial

BackgroundAdolescence is a critical period for the onset and maintenance of anxiety disorders, which raises the importance of intervening early; one possibility of doing so is via digital interventions. Within that research field, at least two important research paths have been explored in the past years. On the one hand, the anxiolytic effect of casual video games has been tested as such gaming activity may distract away from anxious thoughts through the induction of flow and redirection of attention toward the game and thus away of anxious thoughts. On the other hand, the bidirectional link between weak attentional control and higher anxiety has led to the design of interventions aiming at improving attentional control such as working memory training studies. Taking stock that another genre of gaming, action video games, improves attentional control, game-based interventions that combines cognitive training and action-like game features would seem relevant. This three-arm randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the feasibility and the efficacy of two video game interventions to document how each may potentially alleviate adolescent anxiety-related symptoms when deployed fully on-line.MethodsThe study aims to recruit 150 individuals, 12 to 14 years of age, with high levels of anxiety as reported by the parents’ online form of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders questionnaire. This trial contrasts a child-friendly, “action-like” video game designed to improve attentional control abilities in a progressive and stepwise manner (Eco-Rescue), a casual puzzle video game selected to act as a positive distraction tool (Bejeweled) and finally a control group with no assigned training intervention to control for possible test-retest effects (No-training). Participants will be assigned randomly to one of the three study arms. They will be assessed for main (anxiety) and secondary outcomes (attentional control, affective working memory) at three time points, before training (T1), one week after the 6-week training (T2) and four months after completing the training (T3).DiscussionThe results will provide evidence for the feasibility and the efficacy of two online video game interventions at improving mental health and emotional well-being in adolescents with high levels of anxiety. This project will contribute unique knowledge to the field, as few studies have examined the effects of video game play in the context of digital mental health interventions for adolescents.Trial registrationThe trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05923944, June 20, 2023).

Intervensi Cognitive Behaviour Therapy dalam Mengatasi Perilaku Maladaptif: Program PKBI di PSBR Taruna Jaya 1

Maladaptive behavior has implications for the mental and emotional well-being of adolescents. This behavior risks hindering the formation of healthy social relationships, and interferes with their academic and social development. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic approach that focuses on the relationship between one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior. In this study, researchers used a learning approach through learning theory in implementing CBT to overcome maladaptive behavior at the Taruna Jaya 1 Youth Development Institution. This study used a descriptive research method. This study explains the maladaptive behavior of 1 child at the Bina Adolescent Social Institution Taruna Jaya 1 by conducting an intervention in the form of a reflection of the cognitive behavioral therapy method. The results of this study show that the integration of learning approaches and psychosocial therapy in CBT can be effective in overcoming maladaptive behavior in adolescents in social institutions through BENI's English Character Learning program.
 

The role of the multiple Index of deprivation in predicting mental health outcomes after the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe number of children and young people (CYP) diagnosed with mental health problems has increased over the past decade. The COVID-19 pandemic also has accelerated this increase, raising significant concerns about adolescent emotional wellbeing. Research suggests that adolescents who live in more deprived areas are more likely to experience poor emotional wellbeing. Children in the northwest of England are among those with the poorest outcomes in the UK. We aimed to investigate the association between deprivation and mental health outcomes from 2019 to 2022. The aim was to support local authorities with targeted provision of public health services as well as predicting service need for 2022 onwards. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we analysed routinely collected Schools Health Needs Assessment (SHNA) data. The School Health Needs Assessment dataset contained 32 676 responses from Year 6 (ages 10–11 years) and Year 9 (ages 13–14 years) who completed the annual survey in 2019–22. The questionnaire was offered to all mainstream schools, delivered by the public health school nursing service. Index of multiple deprivation (IMD) data were provided for household postcodes. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS. Factor analysis created a composite emotional wellbeing scale (EWS) and estimates generated by school year (Years 6 and 9) and three academic years (2019–22). We calculated correlations between IMD and EWS overall and within school and academic year samples. FindingsThe final total sample across the three consecutive survey years and the two school years was 32 659. The sample consisted of 15 932 (49%) female students and 5066 (16%) students who registered at school as from an ethnic minority. Of the total sample, 9209 (28%) lived in a postcode in the most deprived IMD quintile in England. There was an overall decrease in EWS from Year 6 to Year 9 and from 2019 to 2022. The Year 6 students in 2022 reported mean levels of EWS equivalent to Year 9 students in 2019 indicating a shift toward poorer mental health in younger children. The correlational analyses showed no significant associations between IMD and EWS scores within the school or academic year cohorts. A follow-up analysis of children in receipt or not in receipt of free school meals also showed no significant association with EWS scores. InterpretationFindings showed that the emotional wellbeing of children and young people in the northwest of England has deteriorated since 2019, with greatest changes observed in the younger cohort of children in Year 6. This was not explained by postcode-based indices of multiple deprivation. Although it is recognised that deprivation is both a cause and a result of poor mental health, policy decisions on service provision for children and young people should not be based solely on IMD or receipt of free school meals. A rapid response is required to address the decline in emotional wellbeing currently observed in younger children of the northwest of England. FundingNone.

The Influence of Parenting Patterns, Self-Perception, and Social Support on the Emotional Well-Being of Adolescents in Indonesia

This study explores the complex connections between Indonesian adolescent emotional wellbeing, social support, self-perception, and parenting style. Using a mixed-approaches strategy, 350 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 were randomly selected and then subjected to both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. The quantitative results showed a strong correlation between more emotional well-being and authoritative parenting. Higher levels of self-perception—including self-efficacy and self-esteem—were associated with better emotional results. Robust family support was found to be a significant predictor of improved emotional well-being, and supportive peers and schools were also found to be beneficial. Depth was given by qualitative insights, which disentangled the complex experiences of parenting philosophies, self-perception, and social support. The amalgamation of both quantitative and qualitative findings provides a thorough comprehension of the elements influencing the psychological welfare of teenagers in Indonesia. There is discussion of the implications for interventions and policies aimed at promoting mental health in this population.

Longitudinal relationships among sociocultural pressure for body image, self-concept clarity, and emotional well-being in adolescents.

This study examined the longitudinal relationships among sociocultural pressure for body image (SPBI), self-concept clarity (SCC), and emotional well-being (EWB) at both the between- and within-person levels. The participants were 2001 Chinese adolescents (age range 11-24, 42.9% males). Recruitment of participants occurred for 1 year across three waves (i.e., 6 months apart across three cohorts). The baseline and follow-up questionnaire surveys were utilized to assess SPBI, SCC, EWB, and background variables. Longitudinal associations between the above main variables were tested using a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and multilevel regression analysis. The CLPM and multilevel-model analysis showed that SCC longitudinally mediated the relationships between SPBI and EWB. Besides, gender and age were considered moderators in the associations among SPBI, SCC, and EWB. SCC could be an underlying mechanism for the longitudinal relationship between SPBI and EWB among Chinese adolescents, which provides a potential intervention target for improving adolescents' well-being from a sociocultural framework.

Pengaruh Medsos Terhadap Kesejahteraan Emosional Remaja

The influence of social media (medsos) on the emotional well-being of adolescents has become a topic of increasing importance in recent years. Social media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat, have changed the way teenagers interact and communicate with other people. However, the impact that the use of social media has on the emotional well-being of adolescents has a complex side. One of the main influences of social media on adolescents' emotional well-being is feelings of dissatisfaction with themselves and social comparison. In a virtual world that is often filled with the best photos and seemingly perfect lives, it's easy for teenagers to get caught up in feelings of inferiority and anxiety over the judgment of others. They often compare their life to the ideal life presented on social media, and this can lead to depression, anxiety and other emotional well-being issues. In addition, excessive use of social media can also trigger feelings of alienation and loneliness in adolescents. While they can connect with many people through these platforms, these virtual interactions often don't have the same depth as in real life. Teenagers may feel less emotionally and socially connected, as they focus more on interacting through screens than on developing direct relationships with others. This can lead to feelings of loneliness and loss of social connections that are important for their emotional development. In addition, bullying and online bullying (cyberbullying) are also one of the negative impacts of using social media on the emotional well-being of adolescents. Teenagers are often the target of verbal abuse, threats or defamation through social media platforms. This can seriously impact a teenager's mental and emotional health, increasing the risk of depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation. However, it is also important to remember that social media can also have a positive influence on adolescents' emotional well-being. They can help teens make new social connections, express themselves, and seek support from similar online communities. Apart from that, social media can also be a valuable source of information and knowledge for teenagers, if used wisely and with discipline.

Study of the emotional adjustment of the caregiver-patient dyad to bronchial asthma in adolescence.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of bronchial asthma-related factors on the emotional well-being of adolescents with bronchial asthma and their primary caregivers. Bronchial asthma is a common chronic disease in childhood and adolescence that can have a psychological impact on both patients and their primary caregivers. The study used a cross-sectional design and included 150 patient-caregiver dyads diagnosed with bronchial asthma, aged between 12 and 16 years and collected between 2018 and 2020. It assessed the emotional adjustment of both patients and caregivers and recorded variables related to the disease. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to perform statistical analyses. Caregivers had higher anxiety and depression scores than patients. Good adherence to treatment was necessary for the emotional adjustment of the dyad. Controlled asthma, good adherence to treatment and a reduction in medical treatment were the primary predictors of emotional adjustment. The study highlights the importance of assessing anxiety and depression levels in both patients and caregivers because the presence of these symptoms can lead to the misuse of medication, inadequate inhalation techniques, the omission of medication and reduced confidence in controlling asthma symptoms.

Body perception and frequency of exposure to advertising on social networks among adolescents

The marketing actions of influencers promoting unhealthy targeted products can aggravate the problem of childhood obesity and thus generate self-esteem problems. The influence of exposure to this type of sponsored content can also have an effect on the emotional well-being of adolescents. This is the context of this study, which seeks to analyze the relationship between exposure to food or body care advertising on social networks (YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok) of adolescents and their perception of their physical appearance. Online surveys were distributed between April and June 2022 to 1,055 adolescents aged 11-17 years and residing in Spain. The main results show that 16- and 17-year-olds have a heavier figure as an ideal reference, but they are also the group that presents the thinnest evaluation of their current figure. Their level of satisfaction is the lowest compared with the rest of the age groups, and they attach greater importance to the social role of a good physical appearance. Thus, exposure to advertising by influencers on social networks is directly related to lower satisfaction with their bodies. This assessment is based not so much on individual reasons related to health or personal well-being, but rather on fundamentally social reasons, and considers that physical appearance is a determining factor for social success. Therefore, it is advisable to study in more detail the beliefs that directly affect adolescents’ self-esteem to improve their critical competence in the face of this idealized content.

0759 Multidimensional Sleep Health is Associated with Emotional Well-being in Adolescents

Abstract Introduction Multidimensional sleep health (MSH) is a population-based approach to capture the 24-hour experience of sleep by incorporating measures of nighttime sleep and daytime functioning that promote physical and mental well-being. We have updated the existing adolescent MSH model to incorporate objective and subjective sleep measures and, in the present study, examined its utility in identifying associations between MSH and behavioral and emotional well-being. Methods We studied 377 adolescents (16.4 ± 2.3 yr; 46.4% female; 21.5% racial/ethnic minority) from the Penn State Child Cohort, a randomly-selected population-based sample. Using the RU-SATED framework – regularity, satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, and duration – we derived an MSH composite score based on actigraphy-measured and self-reported sleep data. We examined the associations between MSH and scores on both the adolescent version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and on the Pediatric Behavior Scale (PBS). CBCL’s internalizing, externalizing, thought and attention problems scores were self-reported, while similar behavioral and emotional cluster scores on the PBS were parent-reported. Results Higher MSH scores were associated with lower thought (r=-0.21, p< 0.001), externalizing (r=-0.18, p< 0.001), attention (r=-0.16, p< 0.01) or internalizing (r=-0.12, p< 0.05) problems. Higher MSH scores were associated with lower scores on the rule-breaking (r=-0.27, p< 0.001) and aggressive (r=-0.21, p< 0.001) externalizing subscales. For the internalizing subscales, higher MSH scores were associated with lower anxious-depressed (r = -0.17, p< 0.01), withdrawn-depressed (r=-0.14, p< 0.01), and somatic complaints (r=-0.12, p< 0.05) scores. Analyses based on parent reports on the more fine-grained PBS cluster scores replicated CBCL’s associations; for example, higher MSH scores were associated with lower depression (r=-0.19, p< 0.01) and inattention (r=-0.12, p< 0.05) as observed by parents. Conclusion Optimal sleep health, when considered as a multidimensional construct, is associated with emotional well-being and better behavioral outcomes in adolescents. Our MSH model, derived from objective and subjective sleep metrics, is able to capture similar trends from self-report and parent-report measures of emotion and behavior. Support (if any) National Institutes of Health (R01HL136587, UL1TR000127)

Digital Health Nudging to increase physical activity in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease: A randomized controlled trial

Digital nudging is a modern e-health approach to increase physical activity (PA) in younger age groups. As activity promotion is particularly important in adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) this randomized-controlled trail examines if Digital Health Nudging via daily smartphone messages increases PA, activity-related self-efficacy (ArSE) and health-related quality of life (HrQoL) in adolescents with CHD. From May 2021 to April 2022, 97 patients (15.1 ± 2.0 years, 50% girls) with moderate or severe CHD were randomly allocated 1:1 to intervention (IG) or control group (CG). Daily PA was objectively assessed in minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) by the wearable "Garmin Vivofit jr. 2®" over the entire study period. The IG received daily smartphone messages based on Bandura's social cognitive theory on the subject of PA over a period of 12-weeks. According to the linear mixed model, the change of MVPA over the study period did not significantly differ between IG and CG when taking baseline MVPA into account (b=0.136, 95%-CI [-0.355; 0.627], p=0.587). Activity level was comparably high and showed only minor variability in both groups with 73.7 [62.3; 78.8] min/day in IG and 78.4 [66.6; 93.9] min/day in CG throughout the whole 12-weeks. Emotional well-being significantly increased over the study period in the IG (IG: Δ1.60 [-0.2; 6.3] vs. CG: Δ0.0 [-12.5; 6.3], p=0.043), but not total HrQoL (p=0.518) and ArSE (p=0.305). 12-weeks of Digital Health Nudging did not increase PA, but improved feelings of emotional well-being in adolescents with CHD. Clinical Trials Identifier NCT04933786.

The relationship of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok and WhatsApp/Telegram with loneliness and anger of adolescents living in Turkey: A structural equality model

PurposeThe aim of this study is to determine the relationship of social media with loneliness and anger levels of adolescents living in Turkey. Design and methodsThis study used a cross-sectional descriptive design. Loneliness and anger were measured with “University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale” and “Adolescent Anger Rating Scale”. Data collection forms were prepared on Google Form and form’ link was sent to adolescents. ResultsA total of 1176 adolescents aged 13–18 years within four high schools were included. The results obtained show use of Facebook and duration of Facebook use of adolescents were not related to mean scores of loneliness. Adolescents with high duration of Instagram use was to be found that loneliness scores were statistically high, but anger scores were similar. Twitter users had lower loneliness mean scores and higher anger scores. TikTok use was not related with loneliness scores. ConclusionIn conclusion, this study found that high duration of Instagram use was associated with higher loneliness scores in adolescents, while Twitter users had lower loneliness scores and higher anger scores. The use of Facebook and TikTok did not significantly affect loneliness and anger levels. Practice implicationsThis study suggest that pediatric nurses can play a significant role in promoting balanced social media use and healthy coping strategies to mitigate the negative impact of excessive social media use on adolescent mental health. Pediatric nurses can support adolescent emotional wellbeing and promote a healthier digital environment.

Pelvic Pain, Mental Health and Quality of Life in Adolescents with Endometriosis after Surgery and Dienogest Treatment

Diagnostic and treatment delays have caused significant impacts on the physical and emotional well-being of adolescents with endometriosis, though such research is limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of one-year dienogest therapy on the clinical picture, pain patterns, psycho-emotional status, and quality-of-life indicators in adolescents with endometriosis after surgical treatment. The study enrolled 32 girls aged 13-17 with peritoneal endometriosis to analyze one-year dynamics of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), McGill Pain Questionnaire, Beck Depression Scale (BDI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and SF-36 quality-of-life survey scores along with clinical and laboratory indicators before surgery and after one-year dienogest therapy. The therapy provided a significant alleviation of endometriosis-associated clinical symptoms, including dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, gastrointestinal/dysuria symptoms, decreased everyday activity (<0.001), a decrease in anxiety/depression scores (BDI, HADS, STAI), and quality-of-life improvement (<0.001). These effects were accompanied by beneficial dynamics in hormone and inflammatory markers (prolactin, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, CA-125, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; <0.005) within reference ranges. A low body mass index and high C-reactive protein levels were associated with higher VAS scores; a high estradiol level was a factor for anxiety/depression aggravation (<0.05). Dienogest, after surgical treatment, significantly improved quality of life and reduced pain symptoms while showing good tolerability and compliance, and reasoning with timely hormonal therapy in adolescents with endometriosis.

Adolescents' academic self-efficacy and emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent profile analysis of family and school risk factors.

The study sought to identify family conditions and school actions associated with academic self-efficacy and emotional well-being of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. School closures are likely to have affected students' sense of academic efficacy and emotional well-being by removing support factors such as teacher and peer support for both academic and social tasks. At the same time, family stressors caused by the pandemic are also likely to have affected children. Data were collected by a Chilean school district about the family conditions and well-being of 5th-12th-grade students (N = 1,941) during lockdown. Exploratory factor analysis and latent profile analysis were applied to parents' and students' reports about family processes and material conditions. Family profiles and school responses to lockdown were used to predict students' academic self-efficacy and emotions. Family profiles were mainly differentiated by parenting processes, material conditions, and parenting stress. Regression analyses showed that the family profile predicted students' negative emotions and low self-efficacy. Specifically, children of families with higher scores in all dimensions were less at risk of reporting low academic self-efficacy and negative emotions, but the two average profiles-with high and low stress-were not different in this regard. Student gender and age were predictors of negative emotions but not self-efficacy. In contrast to family factors, school actions during the pandemic did not predict academic self-efficacy and well-being. Results suggest that family processes continue to be relevant beyond early infancy. Implications for the targeting of policies to support parenting are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Relationship between parenting styles and school bullying behaviour among adolescents

In recent years, the pervasive issue of school bullying has surfaced as a focal point of concern, given its deep-seated implications on the mental and emotional well-being of adolescents. This paper seeks to unearth the complex relationship between parenting styles - classified as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved - and the prevalence of bullying behaviours among adolescents in school environments. Through a meticulous analysis of recent empirical studies, the paper highlights the significant influence parenting styles exert on a child’s developmental trajectory, molding their attitudes, behaviours, and peer interactions. Particularly, the study underscores the role of authoritative parenting as a protective factor against bullying, fostering resilience and positive peer relations. In contrast, authoritarian and uninvolved parenting styles may potentially fuel bullying tendencies due to the absence of warmth and the establishment of rigid rules and severe punishments. The paper further identifies a notable gap in current research, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive studies that integrate cultural nuances to develop culturally sensitive intervention strategies. In aiming to pave the way for safer and more nurturing school environments, this research illuminates the potential strategies through parental interventions to mitigate the negative impacts of bullying, promoting positive child and adolescent development globally.

Concept analysis of adolescent use of social media for emotional well-being.

The aim of the study is to conduct a concept analysis of adolescents' emotional well-being resulting from healthy social media use. Adolescents are the group that uses mobile social media the most. They connect to others and achieve life satisfaction via social media. Here, we consider both the positive and negative aspects of social media use and recognize the need for clear guidance on proper social media use among adolescents. This study utilized an eight-step method of concept analysis. A systematic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL and PsycInfo was conducted, and 10 articles were selected. We defined attributes, model cases, antecedents, consequences and referents. The attributes of adolescent emotional well-being on social media are (a) relationships with others, (b) internet-based communication and (c) being happy and maintaining emotional health. Adolescents use social media to feel safe, seek information and connect to others. Adolescents reported having better relationships and positive affect as a result of social media use. This concept analysis will help health-care providers understand how adolescent emotional well-being is attained through social media. Additionally, this study will provide the basis of behavioural theories and future interventions that guide adolescent use of social media.

The roles of caregivers and friends in adolescent daily emotion dynamics.

Daily emotion dynamics provide valuable information about individuals' emotion processes as they go about their lives. Emotion dynamics such as emotion levels (mean), emotion variability (degree of fluctuation), and emotion network density (strength of temporal connections among emotions) are associated with risks for various psychopathology in youth and adults. Prior work has shown that caregivers and friends play crucial socializing roles in adolescent emotional well-being, but less is known about their roles in daily emotion dynamics. This study examined whether caregiver emotion coaching, caregiver-adolescent closeness, and friendship quality were associated with adolescents' emotion levels, emotion variability, and emotion network density. Further, we examined whether caregiver-adolescent closeness moderated the associations between coaching and emotion dynamics. Participants were 150 adolescents (61% girls; Mage = 14.75) and one of their caregivers (95% female; Mage = 43.35) who completed a baseline survey and 21 daily surveys. Results showed that caregiver emotion coaching interacted with caregiver-adolescent closeness in predicting emotion levels and variability. Specifically, when closeness was higher, emotion coaching was significantly associated with lower sadness and anger levels, higher happiness levels, and lower happiness variability. Caregiver emotion coaching, independent of closeness, was also associated with lower anxiety levels, lower sadness variability, and lower emotion network density. Friendship quality was significantly associated with lower levels of sadness, anxiety, and anger, higher levels of happiness, and lower variability in anxiety and anger. These findings suggest that caregivers and friends are central to everyday emotion levels and variability and a more flexible emotion system in adolescents.