Emotional Violations Research Articles

The benefits of meeting buyer privacy expectations across information, time, and space dimensions

Business-to-business (B2B) research has yet to address managerial concerns about privacy security. Privacy breaches are a growing global epidemic and cause substantial disruptions. Extending work from the consumer domain, this research introduces the notion that buyers have expectations regarding privacy security beyond information protection. They have expectations that include time and space protection as well. This research posits that suppliers often overstep these expectations by misusing buyers' personal information and intruding upon their private time and space. Building on the meeting privacy expectations (MPE) theoretical framework, this research investigates the benefits of suppliers meeting/exceeding privacy expectations. Results from 385 buyers indicate that MPE has a positive effect on privacy trust and satisfaction. MPE plays a critical role in reducing privacy emotional violation which affects outcomes including privacy satisfaction and intentions to do business. Trust in privacy activities helps increase privacy satisfaction and intentions to do business, and bolsters buyer-supplier relationship commitment. The positive impact of MPE persists when testing for only time and space dimensions suggesting the importance of time and space privacy. This research provides several theoretical and managerial contributions.

Emotional violation of faces, emojis, and words: Evidence from N400

Human social interactions depend on the construction of emotional meaning. The present study used event-related potentials to investigate the neural features of emotional violation processing in facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words. Behavioral results showed emotion congruency effects among facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words. Emotional violations resulted in a longer response time than emotion congruent conditions in happy context conditions. Responses to angry faces were slower in angry sentences than in happy sentences. As expected, the classic N400 effect was obtained for the emotional violations among facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words. Emotional violations resulted in more negative-going N400 amplitudes. Moreover, the N400 effects elicited by facial expressions and emojis were significantly smaller than emotion words, and there were no significant differences in N400 effects between facial expressions and emojis. The findings suggest that the emotional violation processing of facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words could be reflected in an electrophysiological index of semantic processing, and that emotional violation elicited higher levels of semantic retrieval. In addition, there were differences between nonverbal and verbal information processing in emotional violation, while the emotional violation of words induced greater semantic retrieval demands than facial expressions and emojis.

Impact of Unmet Privacy Expectations Across Information, Time, and Space: Evidence from Four Countries

Globally, consumers and firms are negotiating rising privacy expectations. This article advances research by developing a multidimensional privacy measure that captures the idea of privacy as an expectation to be left alone through control and access of their personal information, time, and space. Drawing on boundary regulation perspectives from law and environmental psychology, the authors conceptualize, develop, and measure the meeting privacy expectations (MPE) scale. Six studies show the reliability and stability of the 12-item MPE scale in depicting the three subdimensions and in meeting reliability and validity criteria. The results indicate that the MPE scale is not only distinct from previously established privacy scales but also a better predictor of behavioral intentions. Moreover, the scale is invariant across different cultures and influences cognitive trust and emotional violation. The authors find that meeting privacy expectations vary in their levels and outcomes cross-culturally. Marketers can use the MPE scale to globally track, assess, manage, and plan for meeting the changing consumer privacy expectations. The MPE scale is a good candidate to address the rising public policy issues related to privacy.

When Big Data Backfires: The Impact of a Perceived Privacy Breach by Pharmaceutical E-Retailers on Customer Boycott Intention in China.

The objective of this study was to explore the impact of a perceived privacy breach by pharmaceutical e-retailers on customer boycott intention, especially the mediating role of emotional violation and the moderating effect of customer previous trust. Data were collected via a questionnaire survey of 335 customers of pharmaceutical e-retailers from China. Our research results showed that a perceived privacy breach by a pharmaceutical e-retailer had no direct effect on customer boycott intention; a perceived privacy breach positively affected emotional violation; emotional violation led to customer boycott intention; emotional violation played a mediating role in the relationship between a perceived privacy breach and customer boycott intention; and customer previous trust positively moderated the mediating effect of emotional violation.

Hotel data privacy: strategies to reduce customers’ emotional violations, privacy concerns, and switching intention

ABSTRACT This study develops a solid theoretical framework explaining data vulnerability, psychological anxiety, and switching intention of customers through hotel data privacy. Data privacy developed in this study is classified into four sub-factors. The results of the analysis show that data privacy reduces data breach and access vulnerability, which increases privacy concerns, emotional violation, and switching intention. The results of this study successfully confirm the importance and necessity of data privacy and discover the positive effects of data privacy on hotels, while also providing valuable and meaningful insight based on the positive effects on hotel guests.

Sexual Harassment to Male Hotel Employees: An Assessment of its Negative Consequences

Background: Sexual harassment in the workplace is an important issue that leaders should always be striving to address, but the public’s focus has always been on harassment by male perpetrators against women. Sexual harassment experienced by male employees has been easily overlooked by the public. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the effects of sexual harassment perceived by male hotel employees and its effects on their individual mental, emotional, and work outcomes. Methods: In this study, a qualitative survey was administered to male hotel employees over 20 years old regarding their experiences with sexual harassment. The reliability and validity of variables were verified through regression, and confirmatory factor analyses on the derived attributes and variables verified in previous studies. Results: The male hotel staff in this study reported negative effects of verbal, physical, visual, and psychological sexual harassment on their self-rated mental health (SRMH), whereas high SRMH positively affected the organization by increasing organizational citizenship behavior and self-efficacy and lowering turnover intention. The negative emotional experience of sexual harassment at work increased emotional violation, decreased organizational citizenship behavior and self-efficacy, and increased turnover intention. Conclusions: The seriousness of sexual harassment against men in the workplace has easily been overlooked, however, the findings here confirm that it is a severe crime for both male and female victims and has serious adverse effects on both individuals and workplaces. Consequently, hotel owners, leaders, managers, and other stakeholders are urged to acknowledge rather than overlook male sexual harassment in the workplace and take appropriate measures to eliminate such emotional boundary violations as harassment.

PERCERAIAN DAN KEKERASAN TERHADAP ISTRI DI KOTA JAMBI

This writing is aimed at elaborating the forms of violation against woman (wives) in the case of divorce in Jambi City. This research is exploratory. In this case, divorces in Jambi are predominantly dominated by sue-divorced, cerai gugat (67.975%). From the research, uncovered some facts that the dominant forms of violationos are: physical violatios (37.255 %), psychological and emotional violations (88.235%), and sexual violations (0.64%). All kinds of the above violations are interconnected into each other in causes. The law enforcement for equality and protection on the woman are still very far from perfedct. From this view, it is worth socializiing the gender equality to the society as well as to the law practitioner and to the law-decision maker.

The impact of working unit and being diagnosed with COVID-19 on secondary traumatic stress level in midwives: A cross-sectional and comparative study

Aim: This research aims to determine the impact of the unit they work at and being diagnosed with Covid-19 on the secondary traumatic stress level in midwives. Method: Sample of the cross-sectional and comparative research consists of 170 midwives working in a province located in the east of Turkey. The data was collected with Personal Information Form and Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS). Descriptive statistics, t-test in independent groups and One-way Anova Analysis were used for data analysis. Results: It was determined that 27.1% of the midwives work at Covid service, 28.8% work at community health/family health centres and 44.1% work at other services. It was determined that the rate of midwives who were diagnosed with Covid-19 during the pandemic was 69.4%, the rate of midwives whose close colleagues were diagnosed with Covid-19 was 90.0%. It was found that average scores that midwives get from STSS total and all subdimensions varied statistically significantly between the units they work at (p<0.05) and this variance was caused by midwives working at Covid service and other services. It was determined that average score obtained from STSS total, “avoidance” and “stimulation” subdimensions was statistically significantly lower in midwives who were diagnosed with Covid-19 (p<0.05). In addition, it was determined that average score obtained from STSS total, “emotional violation” and “stimulation” subdimensions was statistically significantly higher in midwives whose close colleagues were diagnosed with Covid-19 (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that midwives working at Covid-19 services experience higher secondary traumatic stress than those working at other services. In addition, while secondary traumatic stress level is higher in midwives whose close colleagues were diagnosed with Covid-19, it was determined that secondary traumatic stress level is lower in midwives who are diagnosed with Covid-19 than those who are not diagnosed.

Medieval Emotions and Posthuman Subjectivities: Cyborgs and Desire

Medieval studies is an excellent vantage point from which to complicate and elucidate current discussions of futurism, particularly around ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) and technology should inform constructions of future humanisms. Much of the recent work in post-humanist and ecocritical discussions critique and evaluate AI’s success in terms of its humanity, often focusing on how well machines can mirror or imitate human reactions, thus inadvertently privileging human emotions as better and more desirable than those of the planet’s other beings. This scholarship inadvertently creates and reproduces a hierarchy of the human through a politics of emotional exceptionalism. In contrast, my essay explores how reading with the medieval offers surprising resonances with concerns about power in the posthuman and reveals human privilege as constructed through political inequalities instantiated by the violation of emotional norms. Power in the medieval and in the post-Anthropocene is structured around emotional violation, through an erotics of grief that privileges human violence and transgression of the rights of other beings and fantasizes that some human emotions are more valid than those of other beings. Examining the extremes of privilege in medieval culture illuminates the relation between emotions and human privilege in current discourses around AI, technology, and the human. The essay considers how and why grief is eroticized in service of power in the medieval period (in texts such as Tristan et Yseut and Daphne and Apollo) and how emotional exceptionalism naturalizes elite human power in pop culture (as in the privileged human violence enacted over cyborgs in recent films such as Ex Machina and Her). In short, I explore how reading with the medieval questions the hypermodernist assumptions undergirding much of the thinking on cyborgs and power in work by Donna Haraway, Rosi Braidotti, and Judith Halberstam.

Increased Alexithymia But No Profound Emotion Processing Disorder in Burnout Syndrome.

Our objectives were to investigate alexithymia in burnout patients while controlling for depression and anxiety, as well as to evaluate whether alexithymia may be part of a profound emotional processing disorder or of a mentalization deficit. Alexithymia, depressive, and anxious feelings were compared in patients with burnout, depression, and healthy controls using an age-, sex-, and education-matched cross-sectional design (n = 60). A facial emotion recognition task and an emotional mentalizing performance test as well as physical and emotional violation experiences were conducted. Alexithymia was significantly increased in burnout patients, mediated by negative affect in this group. No impairment of facial emotion recognition or mental attribution could be shown. Burnout patients demonstrated slightly increased emotional abuse experiences in early childhood. The present results corroborate the supposition that alexithymia in burnout primarily depends on affect and may rise due to current strain and overload experience, rather than based on a profound developmental disorder in emotion processing.

Correction of citizenship of population by types of healthy oriented therapy

The most important feature of adolescence is awareness of responsibility for the content of their lives before themselves and before other people. The psychological signs of a mature adult present a certain level of self-regulation, the specifics of experiencing ontological problems, the relation to the environment, the existence of a balance between the level of appetites and the satisfaction of their achievements. Overcoming the age limits of youth, the individual experiences differently. Some consider this stage of life as a new opportunity to realize their potential, others feel dissatisfied, internal embarrassment and anxiety. A man’s view of his mature adult may be due to the economic conditions of life, social circumstances and peculiarities of the time in which he lives. Many adults begin to feel that it is difficult for them to dispose of their own lives. In a situation of psychological deprivation, an adult is worried and confused about whether she really understood and realized the true purpose of her life. That is why it is important to notice in time and respond to emotional violations of the ontological direction. In our study, we aimed to analyze the empirical indicators of adult anxiety and test the means of correctional influence in the perspective of bodily oriented psychotherapy (TOP), which indicates the path to effective problem-solving without time and cognitive resources. The main task of our corrective work with the researchers was to intensify the manifestation of positive emotions through the removal of bodily and psychological clamps; personal anxiety was regulated by promoting physical and psychological liberation; extending the range of emotions in interaction with the outside world. In addition, we have induced participants of the TOP to form new, more effective patterns of motion; learning self-regulation skills and ability to realize stress through situations of stress. The correctional program had a positive effect on the emotional state of the participants in the experiment. In particular, it proved to be effective for dealing with reactive (situational) anxiety.

INFLUENCE OF INCORRECTED RISK FACTORS ON CLINICALNEUROPSCHOLOGICAL, HAEMODYNAMIC CHANGES AND LIFE QUALITY IN PATIENTS IN THE RESTORATIVE PERIOD OF STROKE

Purpose. An increase of rehabilitation efficiency of patients with consequences ofhemispheric brain infarction including cognitive and emotional violations at the expenseof determination of influence of the basic incorrected risk factors: arterial hypertension,dyslipidemia, activity of the blood coagulation system, hyperglycaemia on its results andlife quality by the improvement of the rehabilitation measures policy.Material and methods. A complex clinical - laboratory examination andneuropsychological testing of 109 patients under 65 years of age with a history of ischemicstroke (IS) and neurological deficiency in anamnesis, and one or another neurologicaldeficit have been carried out in the course of study. SF-36 questionnaire was used for thecomplex estimation of the life quality.Results. A thorough clinical and neurological examination, conducted in the IS recoveryperiod, allowed us to identify different degree of cognitive impairment expressionin patients, and divide them into two groups in the first stage of the study: with mildneuropsychological disorders and moderately pronounced impairment of the cognitivefunctions.Further studies have confirmed that in addition to primary severity of IS, risk factors(RF), which also determine the degree of recovery or impairment of cognitive function inthe restorative period of cerebral infarction, are arterial hypertension, hypercolesteremia,impaired blood viscosity, hyperglycemia.Conclusions. 1. Use of the worked out rehabilitation program for patients with ISconsequences, directed to the correction of the changed homeostasis, removal ofhypercholesteremia, hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension enables to achieve a definitedegree of restoration of the cognitive and emotional disorders in 6-12 months aftertherapy.2. Application of the suggested individualized method of medicinal therapy has a positiveeffect on the life quality of patients with IS consequences, provides a decline of disabilitydue to the aimed correction of the basic risk factors of IS development and reductionof the negative contribution of the cognitive disorders and depression in the process ofrehabilitation.

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DISORDER OF FUNCTIONING IN DISABLED CHILDREN IN TERMS OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE

Introduction. Currently, there are still problems in the rehabilitation of children with chronic diseases and children with disabilities, as well as in the establishment of the disability itself, which is primarily due to the lack of common criteria for describing the health, functioning of the child’s body, their disorders at different ages and assessing the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures. Purpose. To develop criteria of functioning disturbance in children suffered from various chronic disabling diseases in terms of quality of life. Materials and methods. By means of the developed Russian-language version of the standardized international questionnaire (HUI) applicable for children’s age, 832 children at the age of 5-17 years were examined (healthy children, children with chronic disabling diseases and the children in need of palliative care). Results. For the first time, domestic pediatrics profiles of functioning disturbance with the use of HUI questionnaire in healthy and sick children are developed. Indices of healthy children can be used as standard criteria. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients were revealed to have functioning disturbances in almost all aspects, except sight, hearing, and speech. In children with the heart diseases followed by chronic heart failure, the capability to move, cognitive abilities are disturbed, emotional violations and a pain syndrome were noted. Patients with cystic fibrosis had functioning disturbance concerned emotions and pain. The most expressed disturbances on all aspects included in the HUI questionnaire, except hearing, are noted in disabled children needing palliative care. Conclusion. The data can be used for obtaining information of impact of the disease on the activity of a child, extent of functioning disturbance on this or that aspect of quality of life, for development and assessment of efficiency of individual rehabilitation programs.

Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale: an adaptation study

Objective: The aim of the study is to carry out the adaptation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale to Turkish and seek evidence of validity and reliability of the scale. Methods: The study was conducted with a total of 334 health professionals, ranging in age from 17 to 64 years and seniority from 1 to 33 years. Of the participants, 197 (59%) were female, 137 (41%) were male. The study was conducted in psychiatry, emergency and intensive care services and outpatient clinics in Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital. 103 of participants were physicians, 188 were nurses, 21 were emergency medical technicians, and 22 were other health professionals. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the construct validity of the scale in the study. The relationship between the scale and Organizational Cynicism Scale (OCS) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) has been looked into to test criterion validity. The reliability of the scale was calculated by using the Cronbach alpha internal consistency inference method and confirmatory factor analysis was calculated with the LISREL 8.7 program. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis resulted in compliance indices confirming three dimensional originality, factor loadings ranged from 0.29-0.79 and t values were found as significant. In addition, Organizational Cynicism Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory which examined similar constructs resulted in high and significant relationships. The reliability coefficients of the scale were found to be α=0.91 for the total scale of 17 items. In addition, α=0.78 for avoidance from sub-dimension, α=0.82 for arousal and α=0.84 for emotional violation was calculated. Discussion: As a result of the analysis of the data, it was concluded that traumatic stress scale was a valid and reliable measurement tool.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN AND BRITISH APPROACHES TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION

Introduction . This article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the Russian and British approaches to restoration of the highest mental functions in patients with neurological disorders. The applicability of development of effective programs for neuropsychological rehabilitation of neurological patients is represented, where one of the main directions is the reconstruction of higher mental functions. Results . This article shows the importance of cooperation and understanding of specialists among the multidisciplinary team in medical rehabilitation system. The history of origin of the concept «multidisciplinary approach» is cited, it was spoken about by V. M. Bekhterev for the first time, emphasizing the necessity of multidisciplinary study of neuropsychic system of a healthy and ill person. Special aspects of rehabilitation process in Russia and in England were considered. Results of the comparison of neuropsychological rehabilitation models of two countries were presented. Conclusions . Further guidelines of cooperation between Russian and foreign neuropsychologists were identified. The attention is focused on determination of rehabilitation potential and inclusion of the patient and his family in rehabilitation process as it allows to solve problems of insufficiency of motivation, a self-assessment and to prevent emotional violations, increasing quality of life of patients.

PROBLEM OF RESEARCH OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN IN FOREIGN PSYCHOLOGY

The review of psychology and pedagogical researches of the mentally retarded children devoted to studying of a problem of emotional development in foreign science and practice is presented in article. Various approaches to an assessment of the importance of violations of the emotional sphere of the personality at mentally retarded children for all mental development of the child are considered, need of the accounting of emotional frustration of mentally retarded children for their education and education, and also social adaptation and integration into sociocultural and educational space is discussed. Research of emotional development of mentally retarded children in the course of training is important for development of programs of psychology and pedagogical diagnostics and correction of emotional violations at this category of school students, formation of their self-control, development of the emotional relations.

Examining the N400m in affectively negative sentences: A magnetoencephalography study.

Magnetoencephalography was used to examine the effect on the N400m of reading words that create emotional violations in sentences. The beginnings of the sentences were affectively negative and were completed with either a negative congruous, positive incongruous, or neutral incongruous adjective (e.g., "My mother was killed and I felt bad/great/normal"). The task conditions were also manipulated to favor semantic over affective processing. Compared to the sentences with the congruous negative adjectives, the results of sensor space analysis showed that there was an N400m effect with the sentences with the neutral but not positive adjectives, despite both types of sentences containing an emotional violation. Source localization results showed a similar pattern where the sentences with the incongruous positive versus congruous negative adjectives showed no significant N400m effect in the temporal and frontal areas examined, but the sentences with the incongruous neutral versus incongruous positive adjectives in the temporal areas did, particularly the left middle temporal gyrus. These results suggest that (a) the N400m effect was likely to be caused by the incongruous neutral adjectives being comparatively harder to integrate into a negative emotional context than the incongruous positive ones, (b) emotional context created by the negative sentence stems caused deeper semantic processing of the incongruous positive adjectives to be bypassed, and (c) negative affective context was generated from reading the sentences even in task conditions where it has not been generated with isolated words.

Dimensions of driving anger and their relationships with aberrant driving

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between driving anger and aberrant driving behaviours. An internet-based questionnaire survey was administered to a sample of Chinese drivers, with driving anger measured by a 14-item short Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and the aberrant driving behaviours measured by a 23-item Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ). The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated that the three-factor model (hostile gesture, arrival-blocking and safety-blocking) of the DAS fitted the driving anger data well. The Exploratory Factor Analysis on DBQ data differentiated four types of aberrant driving, viz. emotional violation, error, deliberate violation and maintaining progress violation. For the anger–aberration relation, it was found that only “arrival-blocking” anger was a significant positive predictor for all four types of aberrant driving behaviours. The “safety-blocking” anger revealed a negative impact on deliberate violations, a finding different from previously established positive anger–aberration relation. These results suggest that drivers with different patterns of driving anger would show different behavioural tendencies and as a result intervention strategies may be differentially effective for drivers of different profiles.

An analysis of reported driver behaviour in samples of domestic and expatriate Iranians

Objective: Few studies have examined the differences in self-reported driver behaviour between drivers of one nationality who live in their country of origin (domestic drivers) and those who live abroad (expatriate drivers). This study aimed to explore the differences in self-reported driver behaviour among domestic and expatriate Iranian drivers. In addition, we explore the factors associated with self-reported accident involvement including personal injuries in these groups. Methods: A web-based version of the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) measuring self-reported driver errors and violations was distributed to respondents by availability sampling in social networks and by bulk email services. About 1000 individuals living in all provinces in Iran were invited to participate in the survey. We also invited Iranians living in more than 20 countries. A total of 634 domestic Iranians and 135 expatriate Iranians responded to our enquiry. The measure of driving behaviour asked the respondents about violations and error conduct during the last two years on any kind of road. The sample of domestic and expatriate drivers did not differ significantly in gender, age, education and driving hours per day. Domestic drivers were more likely to have experienced an accident in their lifetime. Both samples were relatively young of age (Domestic M integer = 28.53, SD = 6.85; Expatriate M integer = 29.21, SD = 7.71). Results: The results suggested that emotional violations were more common among the drivers living in Iran. Emotional violations and driver errors were related to self-reported accident involvement among domestic drivers while ordinary rule violations were associated with such accidents in the expatriate group. Conclusions: Iranian expatriate drivers reported less emotional violations than domestic drivers. A potential reason is that road traffic infrastructure and regulation enforcement in high-income developed countries do not facilitate emotional violations. Implications for road traffic safety and methodological limitations of the study are discussed.

The Bad, the Good, and the Neutral: Emotional Violations in Affectively Negative Sentences. An MEG study.

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