Emotional States Of Fear Research Articles

Hiding in plain sight? A review of post-convulsive leukocyte elevations.

During physiological stress responses such as vigorous exercise, emotional states of fear and rage, and asphyxia, the nervous system induces a massive release of systemic catecholamines that prepares the body for survival by increasing cardiac output and redirecting blood flow from non-essential organs into the cardiopulmonary circulation. A curious byproduct of this vital response is a sudden, transient, and redistributive leukocytosis provoked mostly by the resultant shear forces exerted by rapid blood flow on marginated leukocytes. Generalized convulsive seizures, too, result in catecholamine surges accompanied by similar leukocytoses, the magnitude of which appears to be rooted in semiological factors such as convulsive duration and intensity. This manuscript reviews the history, kinetics, physiology, and clinical significance of post-convulsive leukocyte elevations and discusses their clinical utility, including a proposed role in the scientific investigation of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).

Echolocating the Social: Silence, Voice, and Affect in China's Hundred Flowers and Anti-Rightist Campaigns, 1956–58

What is the catalytic element that brings about widespread participation in a mass campaign? Is it ideology? Self-interest? Emotional states of fear, hatred, or love? Taking into account the recent proliferation of sound studies approaches to the history of the People's Republic of China, this article explores this question through the sonic experience of the campaign. Previous studies of the soundscapes of the Mao era have focused upon state initiatives of sound-borne propaganda and their role in the transmission of revolutionary ideas. Using a case study of the Hundred Flowers and Anti-Rightist campaigns of 1956–58, I examine the reception of such propaganda with a focus on silence, sound, and voice and their affective qualities. Through the use of diaries, memoirs, contemporary newspapers, and interviews, I explore the extra-linguistic aspects of the campaign to ask what, outside of revolutionary words and emotions, brought the subjects of a campaign from silence to vocal participation.

Contrastive Analysis of Metaphorical Means of Representation of the Concept “Fear” in the Novel by G. Muller “Herztier” and its Translation into the Russian Language

This article studies metaphorical expressions, as well as comparative phrases that represent the emotional state of fear. The material of the study was the novel by German writer Gerta Muller “Herztier” and its translation into the Russian language. It is worth mentioning that this investigation is not only congruent with the system-structural approach but also with the system of cognitive approach to language. In the novel by Gerta Muller “Herztier”, which we analyze, and its translation into Russian, figurative devices, that is, metaphorical expressions and comparisons are used to nominate the emotional state of fear. The factual analysis has shown that the so-called anthropomorphic metaphors demonstrate a greater frequency of use. Fear is personified and acquires physical characteristics peculiar to man. We have disclosed verbal zoomorphic metaphors in which the characterization of the emotional state of fear is represented through comparing with the image of an animal. In addition to metaphors, of special interest are the comparisons which are formed by adding an insertion word. We have analyzed the syntactic structure of the formation of comparisons in German and Russian, namely: Субъект (Subject)+ глагол (Verb)+ объект сравнения (Comparing Object)/ Praposition + Subjekt + (Praposition) Objekt; Субъект (Subject) + глагол (Verb) + как (like) + объект сравнения (Comparing Object) / Subjekt + Verb; Субъект + прилагательное / Adjektiv + Subjekt. The result of complex analysis reveals that a more emotionally vivid description of the emotional state of fear is observed in the Russian translation, while in the original text the author’s language is less metaphorical and the emotion is expressed less expressively.

Heritability of fear: Ukrainian experience

BackgroundA wide range of normal and clinically significant behavior traits, including fears, were intensively studied and heritability coefficients were obtained for many of them. A heritability value is a population-based trait, so it may significantly vary in different human populations. In the former Soviet Union, research on human behavior traits was mostly tabooed. Ukraine is a population with a unique history and cultural background and with a specific multiethnic composition. Until 1991, Ukraine was part of the former Soviet Union. The current research is devoted to heritability of fear assessment in Ukrainian megapolice sample. Subjects and methods2305 individuals (741 males and 1564 females), aged 14–72years, participated in the current study. Data were collected during 2004–2007. All participants lived in Ukraine and were Slavs (predominantly Ukrainians and Russians). Most of them were Kharkov city residents (Kharkov is the second city in Ukraine by its population size after the capital Kiev city, and Kharkov region includes about 1,730,000 inhabitants). Most participants were engaged without relatives and were used only for population distribution evaluation. Some volunteers were enrolled with a relative of the first degree of relatedness (with a parent or a sibling). These formed 352 parent–offspring pairs and 104 sibling pairs. Spouses were enrolled in the experiment for a potential assortative mating effect searching. The total number of marital couples was 74.24 emotional states of fear have been studied by Ivleva–Shcherbatyh questionnaire, which was developed and validated by Russian psychologists in Slavs samples.Evaluation and decomposition of total phenotypic variance were performed according to the classical Falconer approach, based on correlation coefficients between relatives. Assortative mating effect was taken into account and correlation coefficients between relatives were adjusted for traits with statistically significant correlation coefficients between wives and husbands. ResultsAs a result of the research, correlation coefficients of fears ρ between relatives and mates were obtained in the range 0.18–0.77. In majority of cases, correlation coefficients were higher in sibling pairs compared to «parent–offspring» pairs. For three fears (psychiatric disorders development, disease of relatives, and suicide commitment) there was a positive assortative mating in the population (correlation coefficients ρ were in the range 0.35–0.43), so for these traits, correlation coefficients’ modification between relatives was needed to be done. Heritability coefficients of nine types of fear were in the range 26–48%, among them the lowest heritability coefficient was recorded for fear of suicide commitment and the highest one was recorded for fear of aggressive behavior possibility to the relatives. ConclusionsThe conducted research demonstrated genetic component presence for nine types of fear – psychic disorder development, complications in personal life, making responsible decisions, senility, closed spaces, sexual dysfunction, suicide commission, speaking in public, and aggressive behavior possibility to relatives. It helps to consider these fear perspectives for further molecular-genetic analysis in Ukraine.

Image and Emotion: From Outcomes to Brain Behavior

A systematic review of neuroscience articles on the emotional states of fear, anxiety, and pain to understand how emotional response is linked to the visual characteristics of an image at the level of brain behavior. A number of outcome studies link exposure to visual images (with nature content) to improvements in stress, anxiety, and pain perception. However, an understanding of the underlying perceptual mechanisms has been lacking. In this article, neuroscience studies that use visual images to induce fear, anxiety, or pain are reviewed to gain an understanding of how the brain processes visual images in this context and to explore whether this processing can be linked to specific visual characteristics. The amygdala was identified as one of the key regions of the brain involved in the processing of fear, anxiety, and pain (induced by visual images). Other key areas included the thalamus, insula, and hippocampus. Characteristics of visual images such as the emotional dimension (valence/arousal), subject matter (familiarity, ambiguity, novelty, realism, and facial expressions), and form (sharp and curved contours) were identified as key factors influencing emotional processing. The broad structural properties of an image and overall content were found to have a more pivotal role in the emotional response than the specific details of an image. Insights on specific visual properties were translated to recommendations for what should be incorporated-and avoided-in healthcare environments.

Effect of risperidone versus haloperidol on emotional responding in schizophrenic patients

Studies on emotional processing report that schizophrenic patients present a specific pattern of emotional responding that usually includes deficits in emotional expressiveness, increased feelings of unpleasant emotion but decreased feelings of pleasant emotion, and increased physiological reactivity. However, studies have rarely controlled the nature of antipsychotic medication. Yet, the influence of these drugs on emotional response is uncertain and could vary depending on their pharmacological profile. This prospective and randomized study aimed to compare the effects of an atypical antipsychotic, risperidone, to a typical one, haloperidol, on patients' emotional responding during an emotional induction task. Twenty-five schizophrenic patients underwent two emotional and clinical evaluations: one before treatment initiation and a second 4 weeks after. Emotional states of fear, sadness, anger, joy, and disgust were induced, as well as a neutral baseline state. Video recordings of patients during the induction task allowed for assessment of emotional expressiveness. Self-reports and measures of skin conductance and heart rate were performed to determine both subjective and physiological reactions to emotional experience. Compared to haloperidol, risperidone did not reduce patients' facial expressiveness, decreased physiological reactivity, and decreased experience of unpleasant emotion but maintained experience of pleasant emotion. Emotional expressiveness was negatively correlated to parkisonism. Our preliminary results suggest that atypical antipsychotics allow for better-adapted patterns of emotional responding than typical ones do. We suggest that this effect is due to reduced striatal D2 blockade, therefore, attenuating akinesia, coupled with increased 5HT and DA levels in prefrontal cortex, which improves emotional regulation.

Separable Brainstem and Forebrain Contributions to Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Infant Rats.

Competing views persist concerning the functional significance of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by infant rats. One perspective holds that USVs result from an emotional state of fear and anxiety, the adult expression of which depends in part on forebrain mechanisms. Here the authors examine whether pups lacking forebrain input are capable of emitting USVs. Aspirations of neocortex and hippocampus or precollicular decerebrations were performed on 8-day-old rats. After the rats recovered, USV responses were recorded for 10 min at room temperature (Phase 1) followed by enhanced cooling for 20 min (Phase 2). Experimental pups emitted significantly fewer USVs than shams during Phase 1 but vocalized at similar rates during Phase 2. Thus, in infants, brainstem neural circuitry is sufficient to support emission of USVs.

Effects of threatening and reassuring components of fear appeals on physiological and verbal measures of emotion and attitudes

Physiological processes are integral components of (a) many conceptualizations of emotion, (b) the emotion of fear, and (c) the fear-as-acquired-drive model of attitude change. Nevertheless, few studies of fear and persuasion have simultaneously measured self-reports of fear and autonomic activity. The present factorial experiment manipulated high versus low fear and high versus low reassurance and monitored self-reports and cardiovascular and electrodermal activity. The results disclosed that heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were highly correlated ( r = .70). Although the multiple correlation among HR, SC, and a self-report measure of fear was a modest .44 ( p < .05), additional evidence suggested that self-reports were the most sensitive measure of the construct of fear. The fear-film manipulation, which is typical of many fear-arousing communications, had identical effects upon the autonomic and self-report measures of fear. These data support the construct validity of the self-report measure of fear and increase our confidence that “fear” has been aroused in previous studies of fear and persuasion. Neither the fear-film manipulation nor the autonomic components of fear were associated with attitude change. The reassurance variable facilitated attitude change. Overall, the findings emphasized the importance of cognitive mediational processes rather than an emotional state of fear.